A  Modern 
French  Grammar 


Philippe  de  LaRochelle 


How  to  use  La  Rochelle's  Grammar  for  the 
First  Year's  Work  in  French 

Madame  de  Sevigne"  compared  La  Fontaine's  fables  to  a  basket  of 
cherries:  First  we  wish  to  eat  only  the  ripest  ones,  then  we  finally 
devour  every  one. 

In  studying  a  language  for  the  first  time  it  is  often  a  question  of 
going  to  the  trouble  of  picking,  of  securing  a  basket,  and  of  eating  and 
digesting  its  contents. 

Now  let  us  proceed  as  follows: 

LESSON 


I. 
II. 
III. 
IV. 
V. 
VI. 
VII. 
VIII. 
IX. 
X. 
XI. 
XII. 
XIII. 
XIV. 
XV. 
XVI. 
XVII. 
XVIII. 
XIX. 
XX. 
XXI. 
XXII. 

XXIII. 

XXIV. 

XXV. 

XXVI. 

XXVII. 

XXVIII. 


Alphabet.     Orthographic  marks. 
Table  of  French  Sounds  and  Syllables. 
Rapid  glance  over  Punctuation. 
Drill  on  a,  and  dictate. 


"  two  vowels  (pp.  14-15) 

"  eo,  ie,  eu,  etc.  (pp.  15-16) 

"  ou  and  oi. 

"  ui,  oui.     Dictation. 

Nasal  vowels.     Review  same  as  per  table  (p.  8). 
Drill  on  an,  or  dictate,  p.  18. 

"  en,  "  "  18-19. 

"  am,"  "  19. 

"   em,  "  "  19. 

Drill  on  in,  or  dictate,  pp.  19-20. 

"    im,  etc.  p.  20 

"    on,    "  "  20. 

"    un,    "  Review. 

Consonants.     Pronunciation,  p.  21. 
Syllables.     Spelling. 
Drill  on  6,  c,  d,f. 

"  g,  or  use  Table,  p.  8. 

"  h,  "  dictate. 


Home  work:  25  sentences  illustrating  the  use  of  the 
various  tenees. 

LXIX.  Pp.  216-223  for  one  week.  Follow  directions  within 
same,  and  look  up  Index  for  further  use  of  regular  verbs 
or  idioms,  etc.  The  soul  of  a  sentence  is  always  the 
verb.  See  sec.  105  for  instance  and  note.  Home 
work:  25  typical  sentences. 

LXX.  Pp.  223-230  for  one  week.  Peculiarities  of  the  verbs 
of  the  first  group,  and  oral  drills  on  parler,  and  its  uses 
with  various  tenses  emphasized.  Home  work:  25 
typical  sentences. 

LXXI.  Pp.  230-237  for  one  week.  Same  directions  as  parler 
followed, and  Index,  p. 450-2,  closely  adhered  to.  Home 
work:  25  typical  sentences. 

LXXII.  Pp.  237-248  for  one  week  (and  ne  for  variety). 
Home  work :  25  sentences. 

LXXIII.  Pp.  248-264  for  one  week.  Third  irregular  verb  (so 
far)  and  of  frequent  use  with  review  of  plus  (and  de), 
etc.  Note  sec.  73,  or  p.  452  or  sec.  78.  Home  work: 
25  sentences  as  above. 

LXXIV.     Pp.  264-271  for  one  week.    Sec.  75-8  to  be  noted 

specially.     Home  work:  25  sentences. 

LXXV.  Pp.  271-280  for  one  week.  Drill  on  equivalents,  etc. 
See  p.  452.  Home  work :  25  sentences. 

LXXVI.  Pp.  280-5  f°r  one  week.  Pupils  are  given  an  oppor- 
tunity (for  the  last  time)  to  review  not  only  the  sub- 
junctive but  the  imperfect  of  the  subjunctive,  etc.,  with 
a  synthetical  tableau.  Home  work:  25  sentences 
based  on  all  previous  types  of  conjugations. 

LXXVII.  Pp.  285-291  for  one  week.  Sees.  156,  163  should  be 
reviewed  for  oral  drill,  etc.  Home  work:  25  typical 
sentences. 

LXXVIII.     Pp.  291-7  for  one  week.     Sees.  156-169  to  be  reviewe  ^ 
and  Sees.  126-7  or  128  distinguished.    Home  work:  : 
sentences. 

LXXIX.  Pp.  298-301  for  one  week.  Sec.  177  (pp.  202-206)  1 
Sec.  181  to  be  mastered.  The  reflexive  verbs  in  Frenc, 
being  of  frequent  use,  are  to  be  specially  emphasizea 
Home  work:  25  sentences. 

LXXX.  Pp.  302-306  for  one  week.  Compare  y  avoir,  p.  1 16,  or 
tl  est  (there  are)  p.  122  or  sec.  128.  Time  also :  Pp.  139- 
140.  Homework:  25  sentences. 

Irregular  verbs:  3  or  4  may  be  assigned  at  a  time — preferably 
with  the  Reader.  Cognates  or  other  words  relative  to  the  same  idea 
should  be  written  in  the  margin  (or  across  each  verb  from  p.  309  to 
the  very  end).  For  instance:  allee,  allure,  envahir,  s'  en  oiler,  vade- 
mecum,  evasion, or  ambulant,  etc.,  contribute  to  better  understanding. 
Other  suggestions  like  these: 

vas-y;  n'y  va  pas.    See  sec.  105,  108,  p.  155. 

N.B. — Some  teachers  combine  Lesson  I.  with  Lesson  LI.;  Lessen 
II.  with  Lesson  LI  I. ,  etc. ,  for  quick  survey  of  the  whole  book ;  others 
prefer  to  use  both  Modern  Grammar  and  Composition  book  together — 
as  the  latter — with  its  copious  Vocabulary,  brings  out  more  clearly 
the  practical  aspects  of  the  former.  For  prose  composition  both 
vocabularies  (in  either  text)  and  verb  index  are  found  exceedingly 


A   MODERN    FRENCH 
GRAMMAR 

FOR    SECONDARY     SCHOOLS    AND 
COLLEGES 


BY 
PHILIPPE  DE  LA  ROCHELLE 

ROMANCE     DEPARTMENT,    COLUMBIA     UNIVERSITY 


G.  P.  PUTNAM'S  SONS 

NEW    YORK    AND  LONDON 

Cbe    f?nicfcerbochet    press 

1919 


COPYRIGHT.   1919 

BY 

PHILIPPE    DE    LA    ROCHELLE 


ttbe  Htnfcfeerbocfter  press,  mew 


PREFACE 

THE  purpose  of  the  author  in  the  preparation  of  this 
book  is  indicated  in  the  title :  A  Modern  French  Grammar. 

In  this  Grammar,  special  attention  has  been  given  to 
the  points  of  contact  between  the  English  and  the  French 
tongues. 

The  author  believes  that  his  text  will  be  found  both 
comprehensive  and  practical  for  the  use  of  instructors 
in  colleges  and  in  higher  grade  schools.  The  attention 
given  to  the  grammatical  nomenclature,  to  drill  in  oral 
and  reading  exercises,  to  topics  of  composition  and  con- 
versation, and  to  the  presentation  of  idiomatic  expressions 
and  of  the  equivalent  terms  in  the  two  languages,  will, 
the  author  believes,  have  value  in  making  clear  to  the 
student  the  nature  of  the  French  language,  and  the 
relations  borne  by  it.  to  the  English  language. 

The  Section  of  Pronunciation  has  been  placed  at  the 
beginning  of  the  book  for  use  in  reference,  and  with 
this  is  connected  a  phonetic  transliteration  for  the  use 
of  elementary  classes.  It  is  important  that  the  voice 
of  the  instructor  should  be  heard  in  all  grades,  in  each 
and  every  lesson,  and  in  Dictation  and  Oral  Drills.  Care 
should  be  taken  to  emphasize  with  the  student  the  fluent 
cadence  or  ring  of  the  French  language  and  the  method 
of  the  blending  of  words. 

Two  University  Professors,  in  recent  addresses  to 
French  high  school  instructors,  on  Methods  of  Improv- 
ing the  Teaching  of  Modern  French  in  Secondary  Schools, 
have  pointed  out  that  in  such  instruction  sufficient  em- 
phasis had  frequently  not  been  given  to  the  Gender 
of  Nouns.  In  the  present  work,  this  subject  has  been 
iii 

2032078 


iv  PREFACE 

very  thoroughly  cared  for,  and  a  long  series  of  examples 
is  presented. 

In  not  a  few  Grammars,  the  elimination  or  the  mini- 
mizing of  introductory  work  has  left  the  student  without 
the  ability  to  compose  correctly  even  short  sentences. 
To  students  who  desire  simply  to  learn  to  read  French, 
the  usual  course  of  grammatical  topics,  together  with 
an  Elementary  Reader  may  properly  be  recommended; 
but  for  the  student  who  is  anxious  to  solve  the  problem 
of  wording  a  sentence  correctly,  and  to  make  further 
progress  towards  accurate  and  graceful  expression,  it 
is  essential  that  the  two  languages  be  compared  and 
contrasted.  It  is  through  comparison  and  assimilation 
that  the  interest  of  the  pupil  is  aroused  and  his  mind 
is  sharpened.  When  a  certain  mastery  has  been  secured 
of  French  composition,  the  pupil  is  able  to  make  com- 
paratively rapid  progress  in  the  expression  of  his  ideas 
with  a  wider  choice  of  phrases  and  a  trustworthy 
vocabulary. 

A  method  of  study  of  a  foreign  tongue  which  aims  at 
simplicity  may  easily  lead  to  a  knowledge  that  is  but 
superficial.  An  intelligent  study  of  French  calls  for  a 
wide  range  of  treatment ;  and  the  examples  of  expression 
given  in  this  volume  have  been  selected  with  the  purpose 
of  enabling  the  student  to  secure  a  proper  form  of 
expression  for  his  ideas. 

It  has  been  thought,  advisable  to  group  together  the 
vital  divisions  of  the  Grammar,  and  for  this  purpose 
the  presentation  of  a  verb,  a  tense,  a  pronoun,  or  an 
idiomatic  expression  is  interpreted  and  illustrated  under 
various  relations  so  as  to  meet  as  far  as  possible  varied 
requirements. 

The  use  of  a  Modern  Reader  and  the  reading  of  se- 
lected stories  will  bring  to  a  pupil  a  reading  facility,  but 
if  he  is  ambitious  to  secure  familiarity  with  the  intrica- 
cies of  a  living  language,  it  is  essential  that  he  shall 


PREFACE  V 

obtain  a  mastery  of  Syntax.  The  student  must  observe, 
compare,  analyze,  connect,  and  direct  the  mechanism 
of  the  language  so  as  to  secure  a  fair  grasp  of  its  nature 
and  its  genius. 

The  author  emphasizes  the  importance  of  the  mastery 
of  a  comprehensive  vocabulary,  which  alone  can  bring 
to  the  student  the  requisite  knowledge  of  the  various 
interpretations  or  phases  of  meaning  of  words;  but  in 
this  Grammar  it  is  the  structure  of  a  sentence  that  receives 
special  attention.  Unless  a  trustworthy  model  is  kept 
before  the  student  or  a  text-book  be  utilized  as  a  guide 
or  reference,  he  may  easily  be  led  into  a  pitfall  of  clumsy 
expression  as  a  result  of  the  different  phases  of  meaning 
attaching  to  the  same  word  when  connected  with  different 
prepositions  or  verbs. 

//  est  ban  de  limer  et  de  f  rotter  notre  cervelle  contre  celle 
d'autrui. — MONTAIGNE. 

P.    DE    L. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS  (Table  des  Matieres) 

PAGE 

PREFACE  ...  iii 

INTRODUCTION 

PART  I 
PRONUNCIATION  AND  PRACTICAL  PHONETICS 

PAGE 

I. — PUNCTUATION        .....         3 

II. — FRENCH  ALPHABET         ....         6 

III. — ORTHOGRAPHIC  MARKS  ....         6 

IV. — PHONETIC  SYMBOLS  AND  FRENCH  SOUNDS         8 

V. — PRONUNCIATION  OF  VOWELS    ...         9 

VI. — NASAL  VOWELS      .         .         .         .          .17 

VII. — CONSONANTS  AND  THEIR  PRONUNCIATION        21 
VIII. — SYLLABLES     ......       22 

IX. — LINKING        .     '    .  .         .         -35 

X. — ELISION         ......       43 

XI. — PRACTICAL  FRENCH  PROSODY    .  46 

XII. — LIST  OF  h  (aspirated)      .          .          .          .       49 


Viii  CONTENTS 

PART  II 

ETYMOLOGY  OR  PARTS  OF  SPEECH 

PAGE 

LESSON  I  .......       63 

§  I  gender  of  nouns;  parts  of  speech;  the  definite  article ; 

nouns  are  either  masculine  or  feminine 

§  2  Latin  feminines 

§  3  general  rule 

§  4  double  gender 

§  5  few  change  their  meaning  according  to  the  gender 

§  6  few  are  either  masculine  or  feminine 

LESSON  II         .......       70 

PLURAL  OF  NOUNS  AND  ADJECTIVES 

§  7  general  rule 

§  8  double  plurals 

§  9  invariable  nouns 

§  i  o  substantives  always  in  the  plural 

§  1 1  noun  with  an  adverb  or  a  preposition 

§  12  when  de  is  understood 

§  13  foreign  nouns 

§  14  determinatives  of  nouns  (with  a;  de;  en;  sans;  pour] 

§  1 5  definite,  indefinite  and  partitive  article 

§  1 6  gender  and  number 

§  17  general  rule;  use  of  the  article 


LESSON  III 77 

QUALIFYING  ADJECTIVES 

§  1 8     rule 

§  19     exceptions 

LESSON  IV  ....  gj 

§  20    avoir  to  have;  principal  parts 
§21     indicative  mood 
§  22     imperfect 


CONTENTS  IX 

PAGE 

§  23  past  definite  (preterit) 

§  24  past  indefinite  (perfect) 

§  25  review  rules  governing  nouns  and  adjectives 

§  26  past  anterior 

§  27  pluperfect 

§  28  future 

§  29  future  past 

§  30  conditional  mood 

§  31  material  for  review  and  dictation 

§  32  conditional  past  (ist  Form) 

§  33  conditional  past  (ad  Form) 

§  34  imperative  mood 

§  35  subjunctive  mood 

§  36  imperfect  (subj.)  and  review  of  rules  with  nouns  and 

adjectives 

§  37  past  (subj.) 

§  38  pluperfect  (subj.) 

§  39  infinitive  mood 

§  40  participial  mood ;  material    for    short    compositions 

and  review  of  adjectives 

§  41  comparison  of  adjectives  (with  plus,  mains) 
§42  "  "        "          (continued) 

§  42  "  "        "  (continued)    with    ban    and 

mauvais 

§  43  comparison  of  adjectives  (with  comme) 

§  44  adverbs:  bien,  mal,  pen,  mieux  followed  by  review  on 
adverbs  and  adjectives 

LESSON  V          .  ...         .         .         .98 

§  45  Ure  to  be  (conjugated  at  p.  291)  and  its  various  uses 

§  46  position  of  certain  adverbs 

§  47  a;  de;  en;  envers  as  complement  of  adjectives  with 

impersonal  verbs 

§  48  oral  drill  with:  a;  de  on  adjectives,  etc. 

§  49  adjectival  forms:  certain,  chaque,  chacun,  etc. 
§  50  "  "       (with  oral  drill)  etc. 

§  51  "       (    "       "       "      continued)  and  on 

LESSON  VI        .         .         .  .         .         .116 

§  52     y   avoir   to   be    (there   to   be)    [conjugated   in   full); 
con  ersational  exercise  with:  le;  en 


CONTENTS 


§  53     present  indicative  and  its  uses 

§  54     review:  rules  for  using  le;  la;  les;  un(e) 

§  55    possessive  adjectives 

§  56     il  y  a  and  wild. 

§  57     negative  and  interrogative  forms 

§  58     review  of  interrogative  forms 

§  59     en  and  le;  (I');  la;  les  as  pronouns 

§  60  avoir  faim;  avoir  soif;  avoir  chaud,  etc. ;  various  ex- 
amples on  avoir  and  etre ;  general  review  on : 
there  is  (are) 

LESSON  VII 124 

§  61  de  plus  le  contracted;  de  plus  les;  des;  de  I';  de  la; 
au;  a  I';  a  la;  aux  (partitive  sense^ 

§  62     imperfect  (indicative)  and  its  uses 

§  63     rules  requiring  same 

§  64  de  (some  or  any)  in  partitive  constructions  after 
adverbs  of  quantity;  verbs,  adjectives  or  expres- 
sions requiring  it 

§  65     de  or  du;  de  I';  de  la;  des  in  negative  interrogations 

§  66    past  definite  (preterit)  and  its  uses 

§  67     rule;  also  de  plus  infinitive  of  narration 

§  68     possessive  pronouns 

§  69     past  indefinite  and  its  uses 

§  70  rule  on  same;  past  indefinite  and  definite  distin- 
guished 

§  71     demonstrative  adjectives:  ce  (cet);  cette;  ces 

§  72  demonstrative  pronouns:  celui;  celle;  ceux;  celles; 
ceci;  cela  (ca);  -ci;  -la 

§  73    future  and  its  uses 

§  74    relative  pronouns :  qui;  que;  ce  qui;  ce  que 

§  75     important  rule  on  futurity  (implied) 

LESSON  VIII     .          .          .          .      ;   .          .          .132 

§  76  ce  (plus  est)  or:  y  sont;  demonstrative  pronouns 
before  a  proper  noun,  pronoun,  superlative;  general 
review 

§  77  ce  as  a  conclusive  statement  or  as  above  and  general 
review 

§  78  rule  and  si  (if)  plus  present  (indicative)  etc. ;  con- 
versation; time  of  day,  etc. 


CONTENTS  XI 


§  79  conditional  present  and  its  uses 

§  80  conditional  present  answers  to  the  imperfect  with  si 

§  8 1  quel;  guelle;  quels;  quelles  as  adjectives 

§  82  interrogative  pronouns:  lequel;  laquelle;  lesquels;  les- 

quelles  and  duquel  or  auquel,  etc. 

§  83  lequel,  etc.,  in  the  body  of  a  sentence 

§  84  imperative  and  its  uses  and  review  of  above  pronouns 

LESSON  IX 138 

§  85     subjunctive  present  or  future 

§  86  rule;  main  clause;  subordinate  clause;  after  verbs 
implying  will,  order,  fear,  etc. 

§  87  subordinate  clause  with  present  or  past  idea ;  uncer- 
tainty or  certainty;  independent  clauses  and:  que; 
what  time  is  it?  etc.;  verbs  of  emotion:  esperer 
and  'penser;  impersonal  verbs;  superlatives;  after 
le  seul,  etc. ;  after  que  preceded  by  soil;  after  adver- 
bial clauses,  substantive,  temporal,  concessional, 
hypothetical,  final,  consecutive  clauses  and:  que, 
subject  or  object  of  a  verb;  adjectival  clauses; 
adverbial  clauses;  general  review;  conversation 

LESSON  X 144 

§  88  moods  and  tenses  reviewed ;  infinitive  mood  and  its 
uses;  as  a  noun  or  subject;  as  direct  (indirect) 
object;  as  attribute;  in  prepositional  phrases; 
infinitive  of  narration 

§  89     present  indicative  (reviewed) ;  its  uses 

§  90    direct  interrogation ;  examples 

§  91     imperfect  (indicative) ;  its  uses  and  fully  illustrated 

§  92  imperfect  in  speaking  or  quotations ;  rule ;  imperfect 
and  past  definite  distinguished 

§  93     past  definite  (preterit) ;  its  uses 

§  94    past  indefinite  (perfect) ;  and  its  uses 

§  95     past  anterior  or  pluperfect 

§  96     compare  the  pluperfect  and  perfect 

§  97     pluperfect  used  with  the  imperfect 

§  98     future  (absolute  and  simple) ;  its  uses 

§  99     future  past  (anterior) ;  with  quand  (mdme) : 

§  too    two  future  past  (anterior)  in  one  sentence 


Xil  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

§  i oi  conditional  (present);  its  uses;  fully  illustrated 

§  102  would  and  should  distinguished 

§  103  conditional  past;  its  uses 

§  104  conditional  past  (2nd  Form) 

§  105  imperative;  its  uses 

§  1 06  few  verbs  as  interjections 

LESSON  XI        .         .  •     155 

§  107  personal  pronoun;  its  uses;  complex  pronouns,  etc. 

§  1 08  two  possible  pronouns  after  the  verb 

§  109  two  possible  pronouns  before  the  verb 

§  no  imperative  of  command  (wish) 

§  1 1 1  infinitive  instead  of  imperative 


LESSON  XII      .  .158 

§  112  subjunctive  fully  explained  and  illustrated 

§113  "         after  verbs  of  doubt,  etc. 

§114  "  "    adjectives  or  various  expressions  of 

joy,  etc. 

§  1 1 5  subjunctive  after  interrogative  or  negative  verbs,  etc. 
§  116  "  "    other  verbs  of  uncertainty 

§117  "    impersonal  verbs 

§  1 1 8  indicative  after  certain  impersonal  verbs 
§  119  "         or  subjunctive  in  special  cases 

§  1 20  subjunctive  always  after  certain  conjunctive  clauses 

§  121  que  may  stand  for:  sans  que,  etc. 

§  122  general  review  on  the  above 

LESSON  XIII     .         .        -v.        .         .         .         .     167 

§  1 23     drill  on  the  indicative  with  temporal  clauses 

§  124    observe  de  maniere  que;  de  sorte  que,  etc. 

§  125     subjunctive  (absolute)  with  or  without  que 

§  126  "  with  relative  pronouns  or  conjunctive 

adverbs 

§  127  ne  after  a  principal  clause  (negative), verbs  of  fearing, 
etc. 

§  128  general  rule  and  final  review:  subjunctive  or  indica- 
tive 

i  129  few  exceptional  cases  after  verbs  of  saying,  etc.,  and 
a  past  subjunctive 


CONTENTS  Xlii 

PAGE 

LESSON  XIV .     173 

§130     infinitive  reviewed  with  d  or   de;  etc.,  and  rules 

§  131  answering  to  a  present  or  past  idea  may 

replace  all  tenses  of  indicative 
§  132     infinitive  (perfect)  corresponds  to  what?    . 
§  133  as  subject;  de  after  nouns,  etc. 

§  134  as  attribute;  de  in  predicate  uses 

§  135  as  direct  object;  le  or  /«*,  etc.,  with  faire, 

etc. 

§136     infinitive  after  de;  illustrative  sentences 
§  137  "       as  indirect  object;  a  or  de? 

§  138  clause 

§  139     absolute  infinitive;  independent  propositions 
§  140     infinitive  in  subordinate  clause  and  que 
§  141  used  alone;  oral  drill;  seasons;  months 

§  142     infinitive  etre  omitted;  various  examples 
§  143     few  verbs  linked  without  preposition 
§  144     all   prepositions   followed   by  infinitive   except   en; 

general  review 

LESSON  XV 183 

§145  participle  in  general 

§  146  participial  clause 

§  147  participle  related  to  subject  (object) 

§  148  gerund  and  en 

§  149  specific  distinction 

§  150  present  participle  as  adjective 

§  151  "  preposition 

§  152  "  "         "  substantive 

§  !  53  prepositional  locutions,  etc. 

§  154  orthography  varying  in  verbal  adjectives 

§  155  en  plus  a  verb;  its  use;  further  drill  on  prepositions 

LESSON  XVI 190 

§  156  past  participle 

§157  "  "  implying  a  state  of  being 

§  158  "  as  adjective 

§159  "  "  plus  de 

§  1 60  "  "  related  to  a  pronoun 

§  161  as  a  noun;  en  with  names  of  countries 

§162  "  "  as  preposition 


XIV  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

§  163  past  participle  with  Ure 

§  164        "  "         in  passive  verbs 

§165        "  "         in  neuter  verbs  and  fare 

§  1 66        "  "         of  passive  and  neuter  verbs 

§  167        "  "         of  impersonal  verbs 

LESSON  XVII    .  .  .          .     196 

§  1 68  past  participle  with  avoir  (or  etre  in  the  reflexive 
verbs);  after  combien  de;  autant  de;  que  de;  la  joule 
de,  etc. ;  after  a  few  gallicisms ;  after  redundant  past 

§  169     remarks  on  avoir  plus  past  participle 

§  170     special  rules  on  past  part,  plus  an  infinitive,  etc. 

§  171  same  rule  when  followed  by  another  past  or  present 
participle  and  exceptions 

§  172     past  participle  between  two  que 

§  173     past  participle  preceded  by  le  (I');  cela 

§  1 74     en  and  the  past  participle 

§  175      "     "      "      "  "  (continued) 

§  176     and  after  le  pen  de;  la  joule  de 

§  177     past  participle  of  a  reflexive  verb 

§  178     a  reflexive  verb  expresses  what? 

§  179     reciprocal,  reflexive,  pronominal  verbs 

§  1 80     list  of  verbs  essentially  pronominal 

§  181  active  or  neuter  (intransitive)  may  take  reflexive 
form;  illustrated 

PART  III 
REGULAR  VERBS  ENDING  IN  -ER  CONJUGATED  IN  FULL 

LESSON  XVIII 209 

§  i     parler  to  speak ;  present  indicative,  etc. ;  conversation 

only 
§2     tout  (m.) — toute    (f.);   tons    (m.    pi.) — toutes    (f.   pi.) 

all,  every,  whole,  any;  all,  every,  whole,  any 
§  3     imperfect  of  parler  and  previous  rules  applied 
§  4    je  parlai  past  definite  (preterit) 
§  5    Je  parlerai  future;  its  uses 
§  6    je  parlerais  conditional  (present) 
§  7     parle;  parlous;  parlez  imperative 


CONTENTS  XV 

PAGE 

LESSON  XIX     .         .  .  .216 

§  8  queje  parle  subjunctive  present 

§  9  queje  parlasse  imperfect  (subj.) 

§  10  subjunctive  past  and  pluperfect 

§  ii  past  indefinite  j'ai  parle 

§  12  pluperfect  (indicative)  j'avais  parle 

§  13  past  anterior  j'eus  parle 

§  14  future  past  j'aurai  parle 

§  15  conditional  past  (first  form)  j'aurais  parle 

§  1 6  conditional  past  (second  form)  j'eusse  parle 

§  1 7  imperative  perfect  aie  parle 

§  1 8  subjunctive  past  quej'aie  parle 

§  19  subjunctive  pluperfect  que  j'eusse  parle 

LESSON  XX       ...  .223 

§  20  various  expressions  on :  parler  and  verbs  of  the  first 

group 

§  2 1  verbs  ending  in  -ger 

§  22  "     ending  in  -cer 

§  23  "     with  e  on  the  penultimate 

§  24  "     with  an  unaccented  e 

§  25  "     ending  in   -ler  or  -ler 

§  25  "     ending  in  -ler  or  -ter;  eer  or  -ier 

§  26  "           "       "  -oyer;  -uyer 

§  27  "  -ayer;  -eyer 

LESSON  XXI 230 

REGULAR  VERBS  OF  THE  SECOND  GROUP  IN  -IR 

§  28  present  indicative  je  finis  with  full  practice 

§  29  imperfect  jefinissais;  its  uses 

§  30  past  definite  (preterit)  je  finis 

§31  past  indefinite    (perfect)  j  'ai  fini  and   with  le;  la; 

les;  en 

§  32  redundant  past 

§  33  past  anterior  j'eus  fini 

LESSON  XXII  .         .         ..."        •         •         -237 

§  34    pluperfect  j'avais  fini 

§  35     future  (and  near  future)  jefinirai 


XVi  CONTENTS 


§  36  future  past  j'auraifini 

§  37  redundant  past 

§  38  conditional  present  je  finirais 

§39  "         past  (first  form)  j'auraisfini 

§40  "    (second  form)  j'eussefini 

§41  ne  after  si  (unless);  depuis  que;  il  y  a  (voild)  .  .  . 

que 

§  42  ne  in  a  subordinate  clause,  etc. 

§  43  ne  in  certain  independent  clauses 

§  44  ne  preceded  by  a  negative  interrogative 

§  45  ne  and  negation  implied 

§  46  imperative  finis;  finissons;  finissez 

§47  imperative  perfect  aiefini 

§48  subjunctive  (present)  quejefinisse 

§49  imperfect  (subj.)  quejefinisse 

§  50  subjunctive  past  que  j 'aiefini 

§51  subjunctive  pluperfect  que  j'eussefini 

LESSON  XXIII  .         .         .         .         .         .248 

§  52  recevoir  (to  receive)  of  frequent  use;  present  indica- 
tive je  re$ois 

§  53  imperfect  indicative  je  recevais  with  important 
vocabulary 

§  54     past  definite  (preterit)  je  regus 

§  55     past  indefinite  (perfect)  j'ai  re$u 

§56  note:  plus;  mains;  autant;  combien,  etc.;  tant;  assez; 
trap;  un  peu 

§  57     positive;  comparative;  superlative 

§  58     and  with  possessive  adjectives 

§  59     pluperfect  (indicative)  j'avais  re$u 

§  60  de  after  a  negation ;  before  an  adjective  as  some  (any) ; 
reviewed: 

§  6 1     du;  de  I';  de  la;  des 

§  62     past  anterior  j'eus  re$u 

§  63     future  je  recevrai;  and  near  future,  etc. 

§  64     future  anterior  (past)  j'aurai  re$u 

§  65  conditional  present  je  recevrais;  imperfect  with  si; 
as  review 

§  66    conditional  past  (first  form)  j'aurais  re$u 

§  67  '     (second  form)  j'eusse  re$u 

§  68     imperative  regois;  recevons;  recevez 


CONTENTS  XV11 


§  69  subjunctive  present  gueje  refoive 

§70  imperfect  subj.  gueje  re$usse 

§  71  subj.  past  que  j'aie  requ 

§  72  pluperfect  subj.  que  j'eusse  re$u 

§  73  six  verbs  conjugated  likewise 

LESSON  XXIV 264 

§  74  devoir  to  owe  (and  which  is  of  frequent  use)  followed 
by  a  verb  may  mean:  must,  etc.;  its  compound 
tenses:  j'ai  du;  etc. 

§  75     devoir  as  auxiliary 

§  76     du  as  a  noun ;  also  devoir 

§  77     re?M  as  a  noun 

§  78  various  examples  on:  devoir,  recevoir,  etc.;  material 
for  composition 

LESSON  XXV 271 

THIRD  GROUP  OF  REGULAR  VERBS  ENDS  IN  -RE 

§  79  rompre  to  break  (off,    up,  etc.) :    present  indicative 

je  romps;  its  uses 

§  79  note  other  verbs  ending  in  (d)  re 

§  80  present  indicative  je  romps;  its  uses 

§  8 1  imperfect  je  rompais;  its  uses 

§  82  past  definite  je  rompis;  its  uses 

§  83  past  indefinite  j'ai  rompu;  its  uses 

§  84  pluperfect  j'avais  rompu;  its  uses 

§  85  past  anterior  j'eus  rompu;  its  uses 

§  86  future  je  romprai;  its  uses 

§  87  future  past  j'aurai  rompu;  its  uses 

§  88  conditional  present  je  romprais,  etc. 
§  89  past  (first  form)  j'aurais  rompu 

§  90  past  (second  form)  j'eusse  rompu 

§  91  imperative  rom  ps;  rompons;  rompez 

LESSON  XXVI  •         •         •         •         •     280 

§  92     present  subjunctive  que  je  rompe 

§  93     imperfect  subjunctive  que  je  rompisse 

§  94    review  of  above 


CONTENTS 


§  95  hypothetical  clause 

§96  subjunctive  past  (perfect)  que  j'aie  rompu 

§  97  pluperfect  subj.  quej'eusse  rompu 

§  98  pluperfect  subj.  and  final  review 

LESSON  XXVII 285 

§  99  all  tenses  of  a  passive  verb  (conjugated)  in  -er 

§  100  present  indicative  je  suis  dime  (e) 

§  101  imperfect  j'etais  aime  (e) 

§  1 02  past  definite  jefus  aime  (e) 

§103  past  indefinite  (perfect)  j'ai  etc  aime  (e) 

§  104  pluperfect  j'avais  ete  aime  (e) 

§  105  past  anterior  feus  ete  aime  (e) 

§  1 06  future  je  serai  aime  (e) 

§  107  future  anterior  j'aurai  ete  aime  (e) 

§  1 08  conditional  present  je  serais  aime  (e) 
§  109  past  j'aurais  ete  aime  (e) 

§  no  imperative  sois  aime  (e) 
§  1 1 1  perfect  aie  ete  aime  (e) 

§112  present  subj.  que  je  sois  aime  (e) 

§  113  past  subj.  que  j'aie  ete  aime  (e) 

§  114  imperfect  subj.  que  jefus se  aime  (e) 

§  115  pluperfect  subj.  que  j'eusse  ete  aime  (e) 

§  116  infinitive  present  etre  aime  (e) 

§  1 1 7  infinitive  perfect  avoir  ete  aime 

§  118  present  part,  etant  aime 

§  1 19  perfect  part,  ayant  ete  aime 

§  1 20  past  (part.)  aime;  aimee 

§  121  rule  governing  past  part. 

LESSON  XXVIII        .         .  ...     291 

§  122  etre  conjugated 

§  123  present  indicative,  etc.,  je  suis 

§  124  conjugation  of  a  neuter  (intransitive)  verb;  tomber 

to  fall;  conjugated  in  full 

§  125  tomber  and  its  compound  tenses 

§  126  other  neuter  verbs  conjugated  with  etre 

§  127  other  neuter  verbs  with  etre  and  avoir 

§  128  other  neuter  verbs  with  avoir  only;  few  impersonal 

verbs ;  material  for  general  conversation 


CONTENTS  XIX 


PAGE 


LESSON  XXIX  .          .          .298 

§  129     reflexives      distinguished;     pronominal;      reflexive; 

reciprocal 

§  130    reciprocal  action 
§  131     reflexive  for  the  passive  voice 
§  132     pronominal  verb  (conjugated)  in  -ir 
§  133     s'etre  repenti  to  have  repented 

LESSON  XXX  .......     302 

§  134  conjugation  of  an  impersonal  verb:  neiger  to  snow 

§  135  cardinal  numbers 

§  136  ordinal  numbers 

§  137  ages — dimensions 

§  138  time  of  day — dates — fractions 

PART   IV 
IRREGULAR  VERBS     .......     309 

(all  in  alphabetical  order) 
ending  in  -er 
ending  in  -ir 
ending  in  -oir 
ending  in  -re 

GENERAL  VOCABULARY 363 

INDEX  OF  VERBS        .         .         .         .         .         .     439 


PART  I 

PRONUNCIATION   AND  PRACTICAL   PHONETICS 


I. — Punctuation 

Its  first  use  dates  200  years  B.C.  and  is  attributed 
to  Aristophanes  of  Byzantium.  But  it  was  not  generally 
used  as  the  pauses  replaced  it.  In  French  it  plays  an 
important  part. 

§  i.      Virgule. — The  comma  (virgula  or  little  rod  used 
by  the  Romans)   was  first  us,ed  in  correcting  sen- 
tences, then  for  pauses  in  sentences. 
Le  pere,  la  mere,  le  fils  sont  bans. 
Le  frangais  est  facile,  le  travail  difficile. 
La  Lexicologie,  ou  etude  des  mots,  du  vocabulairc. 
La  Morphologic,  ou  etude  des  formes. 
La  Syntaxe,  ou  etude  des  propositions. 
L'inspecteur,  dit  le  maire,  est  un  dne. 

L'an  /pop,  le  6  mars,  a  huit  heures  du  soir,  les  eleves  se  sont  reunis 
en  assemblee  generate,  au  lieu  ordinaire  de  leurs  seances,  a  X.  .  , 
rue  Z.  .  ,  no.  .  . 

New-  York,  le  4  Janvier  /pop. 

Monsieur  X.  .  ,  agriculteur  a   X.  .  ,   25,   rue  Saint-Saens,  Aix. 
Monsieur, 

«.Je  dis  toujours  la  meme  chose,  el,  si  ce  n'etait  pas  toujours  la  meme 
chose,  je  ne  dirais  pas  toujours  la  meme  chose.))     (Don  Juan,  II,  i.) 
Le  voila,  le  chameau. 
A  votre  age,  Napoleon  etait  mort. 
La  France,  amis,  sera  toujours  la  France. 
Et  les  Fran$ais  seront  toujours  Fran$ais. 
Petite  dme  errante,  caressante. 
Allans,  enfants  de  la  patrie, 
Le  jour  de  gloire  est  arrive! 
Et  moi  aussi,  je  suis  peintre. 
La  mer  est  belle,  calme,  tranquille. 
Qui  va  doucement,  va  surement. 
Je  suis  venu,j'ai  vu,j'ai  vaincu. 
Le  temps,  c'est  de  I  'argent. 
Madame,  etes-vous  protectrice  de  cette  ecole? 


4  PUNCTUATION 

Rule:  A  comma  contributes  to  clearness  by  indicating  small 
interruptions  between  subjects,  attributes,  verbs,  and  propositions. 
Words  in  apposition,  explanations,  etc.,  require  the  comma;  in 
fact  any  group  of  words  or  short  clause. 

§  2.  Point-  Virgule  ( ;)  or  semicolon  marks,  as  in  English, 
the  division  of  sentences  somewhat  more  lengthy 
although  strictly  connected  by  the  sense. 

Son  rhumatisme  le  fait  souffrir;  la  fievre  I' a  repris. 

Man  cheval  est  blanc;  celui  de  man  pere  est  noir. 

§  3.     Point  (period) . — In  abbreviations  or  at  the  end  of 

a  complete  sentence. 
M.  ou  Mme.  Mile.,  etc. 
L'Amerique,  I'Europe,  I'Asie,  I'Afrique,  el  I'Oceanie. 

§4.     Point    d1  Interrogation   (?). — In    questions;    not    in 

indirect  questions. 
Quel  est  cet  homme? 
But,  je  demande  quel  est  cet  homme. 

§5.     Point  d1  Exclamation  (!). — In  interjections  or  sen- 
tences expressing  joy,  admiration,  terror,  etc. 
O  Libertet  que  de  crimes  on  commet  en  ton  nom. 
Dieu  sauve  le  roi! 

§6.  Points  de  Suspensions  (.  .  .  ). — In  quotations  they 
mark  the  omission  of  superfluous  words ;  in  descrip- 
tions they  mark  interruptions,  reticence. 

Presents:  MM.  .  . 

Absents:  MM.  .  . 

Sur  la  premiere  question,  M.  C.   .   .  demande  la  parole  et  .   .   . 

Je  Vai  vu,  dis-je,  vu,  de  mes  propres  yeux  vu, 

Ce  qui  s'appelle  vu 

Oh!  sifavais  des  ailes 

Vers  ce  beau  del  si  pur  je  voudrais  les  ouvrir. 

(Musset,    Rolla) 

§  7.  Parentheses  (  ),  parentheses. — Any  special  and  com- 
plete sentence  is  inserted  between  (  ). 


PUNCTUATION  5 

§  8.      Crochets  [  ].  brackets. 

La  grammaire  nous  enseigne  d   parler   et   d    ecrire   sans  faire   de 

fautes  (c'est-d-dire  correctement}. 
Saint-Saens  [sanss]. 

Belise.      Veux-tu  toute  ta  vie  offenser  la  grammaire? 
Marline.     Qui  parle  d'offenser  grand'mere  ni  grand-pere? 
(Moliere,  Les  Femmes  savantes,  acte  II,  sc.  vi.) 
Ouvrez  la  parenthese:  (  ;  fermez-la:) 

§  9.  Guillemets  («  ))). — In  French  special  marks  are  used 
which  are  placed  at  the  beginning  and  end  of  a 
quotation,  but  on  the  line,  not  above  it,  as  in  Eng- 
lish; sometimes  at  the  beginning  of  every  line  and 
of  each  stanza  quoted. 

Madame  de  Sevigne  comparait  les  fables  de  La  Fontaine  d  un  panier 
de  censes:  ((D'abord,  disait-elle,  on  veut  ne  manger  seulement  que 
les  plus  belles,  puis  ensuite  on  finit  par  ne  rien  laisser  du  tout. » 

§  10.  Tiret  (  —  )  or  dash. — In  a  dialogue  it  serves  to  note 
the  remarks  of  a  different  speaker,  also  to  replace 
the  words:  repondit-il,  dit-il. 

((Mon  moulin  est  d  mot, 

Tout  aussi  bien,  au  mains,  que  la  Prusse  est  au  roi. 

— Allans,  ton  dernier  mot,  bonhomme,  et  prends-y  garde  ! 

— Faut-il  vous  parler  clair? — Oui. — C'est  que  je  le  garden 

(Andrieux.) 

§11.     *  asterisque. 

§  12.     •{  accolade. 

§  13.     f  croix  de  r envoi, 

§  14.     Majuscules  or  Capital  Letters. — Mostly  used    as 

in  English,  except  when  words  are  adjectives. 
Le  poete  americain,  franqais,  allemand,  anglais,  etc. 

§  15.  Minuscules  or  small  letters  are  used  in  the  days 
of  the  weeks,  months,  names  of  religions,  philo- 
sophical schools,  etc. 


6  FRENCH   ALPHABET 

Le  mardi,  le  samedi,  le  dimanche. 
Le  catholicisme,  le  protestantisme. 
L'ecole  pythagoricienne,  etc. 

II.— French  Alphabet 

Majuscules  or  Capital  Letters : 
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 

Minuscules  or  Small  Letters: 

ab  cd  efghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 

§  16.     Old  Pronunciation: 


A  as 

ah 

Has 

ash 

0  as 

oh 

V  as 

vay 

B 

bay 

I 

ee 

P 

pay 

W 

doobl-vay 

C 

say 

J 

jhee 

Q 

kii 

X 

iks 

D 

day 

K 

kah 

R 

air 

Y 

ee-grek 

E 

ay 

L 

ell 

S 

ess 

Z 

zed 

F 

eff 

M 

emm 

T 

tay 

G 

zhay 

N 

enn 

U 

{i 

Modern  Pronunciation  of  Consonants  (see  page  21) : 
B  as    be        H  as  he       N  as  ne       T  as  te     CH  as  she 

GN      gne 


C 

se 

J 

zhe     P        pe       V 

ve 

D 

de 

K 

ke       Q  (que)  ke  W 

ve 

F 

fe 

L 

le        R        re       X 

kse 

G 

jhe 

M 

me      S        se       Z 

ze 

(the  e  as  in  water.) 

III. — Orthographic  Marks 

are:  acute,  grave,  circumflex,  cedilla,  apostrophe,  diaere- 
sis and  hyphen. 

§  17.  The  acute  accent  occurs  only  on  e  which  is  sounded 
as  ay:  ete,  repete,  etc. 

§  1 8.  The  grave  occurs  on  a,  Id,  voild,  dejd,  ou  and 
mostly  on  words  ending  in  ere,  ete,  ene:  pere, 
mere,  frere,  je  repete,  je  mene,  etc. 


ORTHOGRAPHIC    MARKS  7 

§  19.     The    circumflex    (grave    and    acute)    shows    fre- 
quently the  loss  of  5  in  tete,  fete,  hopital,  hote,  etc. 
In  the  old  French  those  words  are  written  teste, 
feste,  etc. 

In  1680  P.  Richelet  wrote  these  words  with  the  cir- 
cumflex; the  5  being  no  longer  pronounced  in  those 
words  from  the  I3th  century  to  1740  was  continued 
however  to  be  used  by  some  writers. 

On  certain  vowels  it  is  a  sign  of  contraction:  m«r  = 
meur  =  maturum,  stir  =  seur  =  securum. 

§  20.     Cedilla  (introduced  in  1529) — in  Italian  zediglia 
or  little  z — was  placed  under  c  to  give  it  the 
sound  of  5  before  a,  o,  u. 
FranQais,  le^on,  re$u. 

§  21 .  Apostrophe. — As  in  English  it  shows  the  elision  of 
the  vowels  a,  e,  i,  at  the  end  of  a  word  and  before 
another  word  beginning  with  h  mute  or  a  vowel: 
thus:  Vami,  I'homme,  Vame,  s'il  vous  plait. 

§  22.     Diaeresis  (trema)  was  introduced  in   1540.     The 

two  dots  over  'i,  e\  u  in  Noel,  Sawl,  hair,  cigue,  etc., 

indicate  that  the  vowels  are  sounded  separately: 

No-el,  Sa-wl,  ha-ir,  etc.,  etc. 

Otherwise  the  words  do  not  form  a  diphthong:  ligue, 

catalogue,  etc. 

§  23.  Hyphen. — To-day  it  has  become  optional  in  con- 
necting words  or  groups  of  words  into  one;  we 
may  write  with  or  without  the  hyphen:  chef-lieu 
or  chef  lieu;  moi-meme  or  moi  meme;  ai-je  or  ai  je; 
dis-le  or  dis  le. 
The  hyphen  was  first  used  in  1573. 

NOTE. — It  may  not  be  advisable  to  omit  it  in  Verbs  of  the  first 
conjugation  such  as  aime-je,  flatte-je  or  in  a-t-il,  etc. 


PHONETIC    SYMBOLS   AND    FRENCH    SOUNDS 


Classification  of  Vowels  and  Consonants 

The  vowels  are  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  y.  —  They  are  either  short 
or  long:  thus,  d,  a  are  short;  a  (letter)  is  long.  More- 
over, they  are  divided  into  tonic,  atonic  and  nasal. 

In  the  1  6th  century  the  j  and  the  v  (i  and  u  con- 
sonants) were  often  written  i  or  j,  u  or  v  by  the  French. 
Dubois  (1531)  first  distinguished  i  from  j  and  v  from  u. 

In  the  following  lessons,  the  vowels  will  be  carefully 
studied  from  a  practical  point  of  view. 

§24.     Consonants: 


7  dental  —  d,  I,  n,  r,  s,  t,  z. 

6  labial  —  b,  f,  m,  p,  v,  w. 

3  palatal—  A:  (c),  g,  h. 

2  spirants  —  ch,j. 


IV.  —  Table    of    French    Sounds    and    Symbols    with    approximate 
English  Equivalents 


VOWELS 

SYMBOL  EXAMPLES 

ENGLISH 

APPROXIMATE 

a     ,potte 

rat 

a      pas 

calm 

a      an 

want 

e      ete 

fate 

e      tait,  fete 

met 

«      vin,  pain 

camp 

3      le,  mener 

villa 

i       si,  lyre 

police 

o      roti,  sot 

rose 

o      opeYa 

rwb 

5      ban,  pompe 
<t>     pen,  Mewse 

don't 
search 

ce    seul,  soeur 

tub 

ce     un,  partum 

«(r)n 

u     sow,  bowt 

mood 

y     su,  sdr 

u(German) 

SEMI-VOWELS 

j      rt'en,  bien 

year 

q      htttt,  tua 

sweet 

w     oui,  poele 

swell 

CONSONANTS 

IBOl.      EXAMPLES 

ENGLISH 

APPROXIMATI 

b     beau,  sobre 

beau 

d     dans,  sud 

seedy 

f    /aux,  neu/ 

fool 

g    gargon 

rig 

h    haut,  hair 

w(A)ere 

k     cargo,  cure 

sick 

1     la,  seul 

Lee 

m   ma,  rame 

me 

n    won,  wi 

not 

/*    cawon,  signe 

cation 

p    papa,  taper 

caper 

r     rat,  tres 

error 

s     si,  lance 

see 

f     machine 

machine 

t     trop,  patte 

senary 

v    vu,  arrii>er 

arrive 

z     ro^e,  zest 

breeze 

ge,  si,  gy  =  /s>,  ^ 

H,  Of;  J9,  ji 

:      sign  of  length 

PRONUNCIATION    OK    VOWELS  9 

V. — Simple  Vowels 

§25.  A. — Its  timbre  or  quality  of  voice.  When  long 
the  a  is  uttered  fully  and  deeply  in  upward 
direction : 

La  (note  in  music),  Jacques,  a  (letter  of  the  alphabet),  ante,  dne, 
grace,  mat,  Idche,  gars,  Dumas,  matin,  male,  rage,  pale,  tas,  bat,  crane, 
cable,  fable,  etc. 

Short  a: — //  a,  a,  ma,  ta,  sa,  la,  la,  ca,  sofa,  il  parla, — in  all  verbs 
ending  in — er:  nous  parldmes,  vous  parl&tes,  Versailles,  paille,  bague, 
champagne,  sicre,  tache,  place,  acte,  pacte,  patisserie,  lame,  etc. 

NOTE.— On  the  last  syllable  but  one,  the  vowel  is  generally  short 
when  followed  by  a  double  consonant:  salle,  pelle,  folle,  motte,  butte, 
ville,  etc. 

The  a  grave  sound  under  the  roof  of  the  mouth;  it  is  louder, 
larger,  fuller  than  a  aigu.  The  latter  requires  only  a  slight  effort 
and  expires  on  the  lower  lip. 

In  the  French  language  the  vowels  (short)  are  always  voyelles 
aigues  and  the  graves  always  long.  From  the  grave  to  the  aigu 
there  are  degrees  of  sonority  or  nuances  of  sound,  but  they  are  not 
as  sharply  defined  as  in  the  case  of  the  vowel  e. 

Some  writers  maintain  that  a  may  be  uttered  in  five  different 
ways  according  to  its  position  in  a  word.  The  first  a  in  papa  is 
shorter  than  the  last;  the  a  in  Paris  is  shorter  than  a  circumflex  in 
Paris;  the  a  in  pate  reaches  the  roof  of  the  mouth  while  the  a  in 
patte  is  flat;  the  a  in  phrase,  ecraser  is  deeper  than  a  in  race,  face; 
a  in  car  sounds  further  back  into  the  mouth  than  avoir;  the  last  a 
in  Canada  more  upward  than  at  in  avocat. 

E 

§  26.     E  naturel  in  le,  me,  te,  ce,  se,  qtte,  ne,  andje. 

Efermeinverite,  ete,  repete.  parler  (verbs  of  the  first 

conjugation) ;  leger,  chez,  entrez,  nez,  etc. 

E  ouvert  in  pere,  mere,  frere,  hiver,  fer,  vert,  cher, 

hier,  mer,  etc.,  sounds  as  ai  in  air. 

Also  in  les,  des,  mes,  ses,  tes,  ces,  est,  etc. 

E  ouvert  allonge  in  bete,  tete,  fete,  meme,  tempete, 

etc.,  sounds  as  a  prolonged  ai  in  air. 

NOTE. — The  e  ferme  is  called  masculin,  because  at  the  end  of  an 
adjective  or  past  participle,  it  denotes  the  masculine  gender:  aimt.. 


10  PRONUNCIATION    OF    VOWELS 

E  mute  without  accent  is  slightly  pronounced  at  the  end  of  a 
syllable:  monde,  pelle;  it  is  silent  in  soie,  soierie. 

The  mute  e,  medial  or  final,  seems  since  the  isth  century,  to 
have  been  either  mute  or  heard  as  it  is  to-day  in  conversation. 
Ex.:  J'  n'en  sais  rien,  but,  we  say:  je  n'sais  pas.  Other  examples: 
j'vais  mettre  un'  let'  a  la  pas'  for  je  vats  mettre  une  lettre  a  la  poste; 
c'est  un'  fenetre,  although  we  say,  laf'netre. 

E  mute  is  also  silent  in:  prierai,  jouerai,  prie,  pries,  prient,  oublierai, 
etc. 

Rule:  After  an  unaccented  (atonic)  vowel,  after  an  accented 
(tonic)  vowel,  the  e  is  silent;  after  a  consonant  it  is  almost  silent: 

11  criera,  il  louera,  samedi;  in  other  words,  the  mute  e  is  the  weakest 
of  our  French  sounds  generally  audible  at  the  end  of  words  like: 
monde,  fidele,  but  silent  in  jolie,  folie. 

E  mute  is  often  elided  at  the  end  of  words  immediately  followed 
by  a  vowel  or  h  mute:  une  oreille  attentive,  une  heureuse  annee,  la 
vie  est  un  songe. 

NOTE. — In  poetry,  a  mute  syllable  does  not  count  at  the  end  of 
a  line,  neither  in  any  part  of  the  line  when  elided. 

E  mute  is  called  feminin  because  it  forms  the  feminine  of  adject- 
ives: pur,  pure;  cher,  chere;  saint,  sainte;  complet,  complete;  in 
poetry,  it  designates  the  rimes  feminities. 

Grammarians  say:  there  cannot  be  two  mute  e's  in  succession 
at  the  end  of  a  word. 

Dieu  a  cree  le  monde;  in  this  example  both  e's  are  acute.  L'ecole 
fut  fondee;  the  final  e  is  silent. 

In  words  of  one  syllable,  the  voice  hardly  attacks  the  e;  especially 
in  colloquial  utterance:  je  ne  le  ferai  pas;  qu'est-ce  que  c'est  que  fa? 

Pronunciation  of  the  E. — Open  the  mouth  (drawing  a  long  breath) 
expel  the  breath;  the  full  sound  of  e  in  water  (no  r  sound)  is  reached 
in  French  by  advancing  the  lower  lip  downwards. 

Modern  pronunciation  of  French  consonants:  be,  ce,  de,  fe,  etc. 

From  the  preceding  remarks  pupils  may  be  able  to  read  several 
words,  to  spell  at  least  their  names  in  French,  to  divide  words  into 
syllables,  etc. 

Review 

§27.  For  our  practical  purposes  we  review  briefly: 
In  conversation  the  a,  e  (simple  vowels)  are 
sounded  more  quickly  than  in  elocution,  singing 
or  poetry. 


PRONUNCIATION    OF   VOWELS  II 

Feminine  syllables  characterized  by  the  so-called 

e  mute  are  very  quickly  sounded. 
To  avoid  monotony,  articulate  the  division  of  syllables. 
Dictation  from  the  first  lessons  will  gradually  help 
you  to  hear  and  distinguish  simple  sounds. 

Regies  Generates 

§  28.     Any  syllable  is  short  whose  last  vowel  is  followed 
by  a  final  consonant  (except  s  or  2) : 

Le  sac,  le  bac,  croc,  trie,  trac,  bal,  aval,  pal,  car,  instar,  par,  pare, 
arc,  cap,  combat,  avocat,  in  adjectives:  plat,  ingrat. 

Grec,  sec,  and  verbs  of  the  first  conjugation:  parler,  chanter, 
etc.;  et,  il  remet,  il  met,  and  its  compounds. 

All  the  preceding  nouns,  any  masculine  syllable  (i.  e.,  not  ending 
in  mute  e) ,  short  or  not  in  the  singular,  is  long  in  the  plural :  les  sacs, 
les  Grecs,  les  bals,  etc. 

A  and  E  a^  long  before  two  indivisible  RR:  bizarre,  carreau, 
arret,  terre,  verre. 

S  lengthens  the  a  and  e  in  the  penultimate  syllable:  case,  phrase, 
base,  table,  rase,  diocese,  these. 

Words  of  dictation: 

Pre,  gaz,  has,  bras,  mal,  the,  est,  rat,  ble,  arc,  chat,  sac,  mer,  dtre, 
etre,  dne,  hate,  rale,  reve,  rene,  peche,  cdpre,  patre,  chene.  Le  pre, 
le  gaz,  le  bras,  le  mal,  le  the,  le  rat,  le  ble,  I'arc,  le  chat,  le  sac,  la  mer, 
i'dtre,  I'etre,  Vane,  la  hdte,  le  rdle,  le  reve,  la  rene,  la  peche,  la  cdpre, 
le  patre,  le  chene,  etc. 

Other  examples: 

L'ete,  le  cafe,  la  pate,  le  trema,  le  chene,  la  serre,  la  terre,  le  nectar, 
la  vie,  la  patte,  I'armee,  la  mer,  le  general,  le  lac,  la  tdche,  la  tache, 
le  Idche,  la  vache,  I'acre,  la  cascade,  la  salade,  la  carafe,  la  balafre, 
le  male,  la  dalle,  Cesar,  la  trappe,  la  cabane,  la  cave,  la  taxe,  la  Grece, 
la  pelle,  la  scene,  Athenes,  la  gene,  Helene,  la  lepre,  je  pese,  le  metre, 
Geneve,  la  seve,  I'orfevre,  la  levre. 

I 

§  29.     /  has   the   sound   of  ee  in  English :  ami,  image 
timide. 


I2  PRONUNCIATION  OF  VOWELS 

NOTE.— ai,  la,  oi  are  sounded  separately  in  ]amaique,  iambique, 
egoiste,  etc. 

/  in  the  Parisian  pronunciation,  preceded  by  two  different  con- 
sonants, is  always  long:  patriarche,  etc. 

Dictation: 

L'ami,  I'amie,  les  amis,  les  amies,  le  mardi,  les  mardis,  le  samedi, 
les  samedis,  la  biche,  les  biches,  la  bible,  les  bibles,  la  vie,  I'amitie, 
la  maxime,  la  rime,  I'epine,  la  cire,  le  Christ,  le  litre,  I'epUre,  la 
vitre,  le  litre,  la  piste.  Hair,  Sinai,  Thais,  Mo'ise,  etc. 

Id,  Daniel,  animal,  aride,  acide,  defi,  garni,  minime,  niece, 
optique,  palmiste,  pipe,  rapide,  retreci,  riche,  ride,  rire,  rive,  the- 
baique,  visile,  vice,  la  vie,  vizir. 


§  30.  Long  and  closed,  generally  with  the  circumflex 
accent,  followed  by:  le,  me,  ne,  at  the  end  of  a 
word:  drole,  pole,  role,  dome,  fantome,  je  chome, 
Rhone,  cone,  prone,  also  in  apotre,  le  notre,  le  votre, 
la  votre,  les  notres,  les  votres,  etc. 
Short  in  any  syllable  when  vowel  o  is  followed  by 
final  consonant  (not  5  or  2). 

Roc,  bol,  Medoc,  pot,  robe,  globe,  sobre,  broche,  etoffe,  ode,  loge, 
golfe,  volte,  philosophe,  propre,  epoque,  mot,  sot,  hotel,  roti,  notre, 
votre,  col,  echo,  etc. 

Medium  in  homme,  comme,  somme,  pomme,  il  tonne,  je  donne, 
etc. 

Dictate  o  long  in  the  following  words : 

Tot,  hote,  rose,  les  dominos,  le,  la  poele,  il  rode;  a  few  Greek  words : 
zone,  arome,  atome,  hippodrome,  idiome,  axiome,  chrome,  atone,  tome, 
gnome,  Sodome,  amazone,  also  corps,  pore  (no  c),  repos,  gros,  prevot, 
depot,  table  d'hote,  alcove. 

Dictate  o  short  in: 

Rosee,  rotir,  devot,  orge,  orgue,  orme,  morgue,  madone,  Rome, 
econome,  ecole,  solde,  vogue,  loge,  dogme,  coffre,  noble,  opera,  hopital, 
bloc,  docte. 


PRONUNCIATION  OF    VOWELS  13 

O  has  the  same  sound  in  eau,  au,  eaux,  aux:  tableau,  tableaux, 
chateau,  chateaux,  beau,  beaux,  chapeau,  chapeaux,  peau,  peaux,  etc. 

Endings  in  and,  auld,  aut,  ault,  have  same  sound  as  o:  chawd,  La 
RochefoucawW,  saut,  Escaut,  Duiault,  etc. 

Review:  5  lengthens  o  in  the  penultimate:  prose,  chose,  etc. 

55  shortens  it:  brosse,  bosse,  brosse,  Ecosse:  a  few  exceptions; 
fosse,  grosse,  etc. 

O  long  in  rose,  etc.,  becomes  shorter  before  masculine  syllable: 
arroser,  oser,  poser,  etc. 

O  before  r  or  5  (sounded)  is  short:  ordre,  riposte,  paste,  posterite, 
pastiche,  porter,  apporter,  rosbif,  sorbet,  bosquet,  etc. 

O  final  is  short  in  the  singular:  zero,  duo,  cacao,  dynamo. 

§  31 .  U  is  difficult  to  master  at  first ;  by  placing  5  before 
it  you  control  your  lips  without  moving  them, 
first  hissing  slowly  su  (without  parting  lips  nor 
rounding  them)  then  more  forcibly  (always  avoid- 
ing oo  sound),  you  hear  gradually  u  on  the  tip 
of  the  tongue,  then  produce  it  suddenly  as  if  be- 
ginning to  hum. 
Constant  practice  with  5  before  u  as  if  striking  the 

notes  on  a  piano  or  humming  may  help  you  greatly. 

NOTE. — Once  you  control  the  lips,  then  practice  without  s. 

U  as  a,  e,  i,  o  is  generally  short  before  double  consonants:  lutte, 
butte,  Russe,  Russie,  Prusse,  Hussard. 

U  short  in  past  participles:  vu,  perdu,  su,  except  cru,  du,  mu,  and 
in  du,  cru. 

U  short  in  words  ending:  Me,  wme,  ttl,  wlbe,  ttlpe,  ttble,  Mbre,  MC, 
«ce,  wrne;  u  with  s  (sounded)  jwste,  bwste,  etc.,  or  MX,  «xe,  wne, 
tribwne,  brwme,  nul,  bwlbe,  pwlpe,  chas«ble,  dwc,  dittrne,  laxe,  etc. 

U  long  generally  with  a  circumflex:  flute,  affut,  fut,  piqure,  sur, 
mure;  also  in  verbs. 

U  with  plural  nouns  is  long :  les  dues,  les  menus,  etc. 

Ue  always  long;  cigue,  morue,  tortue,  statue,  vue. 

Dictation: 

Du,  tu,  lu,  su,  nu,  parvenu,  club,  il  remuera,  parfumerie,  dune, 
•    unanime,  unieme,  Ruth,  minute,  il  fut,  il  est  ruse,  elle  est  rusee, 
dur,  duree,  omnibus,  sur,  sur,  gageure,  eu,  la  jupe,  nous  eumes, 
etude,  la  buche  de  Noel,  etc. 


14  PRONUNCIATION   OF   VOWELS 

Y(ee) 

§  32.  Y  was  often  used  at  the  end  of  words  instead  of  i 
and  had  the  same  pronunciation. 
To-day  it  is  used  for  an  i  in  words  derived  from 
the  Greek;  and  for  two  i  in  words  strictly  French: 
myriade,  gymnase,  lyre,  style,  but  ayant  (as  two 
i  in  a  few  French  verbs),  in  pays,  pay  sage,  rayon, 
crayon,  aloyau,  payer,  etc. 

Dictation: 

Physique,  mystere,  Syracuse,  Syrie,  syllabe,  La  Fayette,  La  Haye, 
Cayenne,  Biscaye,  Mayence,  mayonnaise,  analyse,  Tyrol,  Egypte, 
gymnastique,  cynique,  il  y  a,  etymologic,  il  a  paye  sa  note,  Ivry, 
acolyte,  psyche,  Babylone,  homonymes,  Cyrus,  Le  Puy,  Thermopyles, 
polygone,  Voxygene,  les  Pyrenees,  paronymes,  Sylvestre,  Bayard, 
La  Bruyere,  Sully,  Valmy,  myope,  myosotis,  Tyr,  Pyrrhus,  Yvonne, 
Yves,  Ulysse,  Chateau-Thierry,  cyclone,  paysan. 

Union  of  Vowels:  ae,  ao,  ea,  ai,  ale,  ey,  ei,  eai,  eau,  eo,  ie,  oeu,  eu 

§33.     AE  in  Caen,   Saint-Saens,  the  a  is  silent:   kan, 
sain-sanss. 

AO. — 0  is  silent  in  Laon,  faon,  paon:  an  in  want 
(no  /)  as  Ian,  fan,  pan. 

AO. — A  is  silent  in  aout,  Saone,  taon,  but  in  the 
verb  aouter  a  is  sounded:  oo,  sone,  ton,  in  long 
(no  g)  and  ah-oo-tay. 

EA. — e  before  a  softens  the  g  in  verbs:  il  songea, 
mangea,  etc. 

§  34.     AI. — 4  sounds  of  ai. 

(1)  as  ay  (or  e)  in  verbs;  j'ai,je  parlai,  je  chantai,  je  parlerai,  etc. 

(2)  as  e  in  fazsant,  nous  faisons,  satisfaisant. 

(3)  as  e  in  ais,  ait,  aie,  aies,  aient  (verb  endings)  or  nouns  ais, 
ait,  aix,  aid,  air,  etc.     J'avais,  tu  avais,  il  avail,  quej'aie,  que  tu  aies, 
qu'il  ait,  qu'ils  aient.     In  plaie,  maison,  maitre,  air,  clair,  eclair,, 
chaise,  paire,  palais,  Anglais,  Franqais,  Ecossais,  lait,  s'il  vous  plait, 
parfait,  parfaite,  aile,  vrai,  vraie,  but  not  in  gaie  or  je  sais. 


PRONUNCIATION  OF   VOWELS  15 

(4)  as  a  in  douairiere,  Montaigne.  Larousse  says:  Monta-gne  or 
tegne.  L 'abbe  Rousselot  says:  dweryer  as  Larousse. 

A  IE. — Is  long  and  open  sound  of  e  (grave);  raie, 

futaie,  etc. 

EY. — In    whiskey    has    e    open:  e,  also    in    bey, 

Guernesey,  Jersey,  Brueys  (bru-ess),  Talleyrand- 

Perigord:   tal-e-ran.     In  other  cases  generally  e 

acute:  Ceylan,  asseyez-vous,  etc. 

El. — As  £  grave:  reine,  Seine,  seigle,  seize,  treize, 

beige,  peigne,  etc. 

EAI. — As  e  acute  in  je  voyageai,  mangeai,  jugeai, 

also  in  geai. 

In  d^mangeaison  and  eais,  eait,  eaient  (verbs),  has  open  sound  of 
e:  je  mangeais,  tu  mangeais,  il  mangeai,  ils  mangeaient. 

EA  U. — As  o  in  English:  beau,  chapeau,  etc. 

NOTE. — A  U  is  short  in  Paul,  aussi,  aussitot,  paupiere,  augmenter, 
austere,  Austerlitz,  Haussmann,  aurore,  sauf,  but  long  in  sauve,  in 
other  words  au  initial  or  medial  is  long  before  feminine  syllable  and 
in  endings  aux. 

Combined  Vowels 

§35.     EO. — In  geole,  geolier,  flageolet,  rougeole,  Georges, 
the  g  is  soft  and  e  is  silent. 

IE  final,  e  is  silent:  partie,  sortie,  also  in  je  prierai, 
supplierai,  etc. 

§  36.     EU,  (EU  has  4  sounds  of  eu:  eu,  oeu,  oe  in  ceil, 
in  endings  ueil. 
Eu  as  e  in  jeune. 

EU,  (EU  (i  in  sir) . — To  avoid  the  sounds  of  e  as  in  \e,  de,  ce,  you 
advance  the  lips  while  rounding  them  with  the  help  of  s  in  ,rir  (no 
r  sound),  you  explode  the  long,  upward  eu,  the  lower  lip  slightly 
downward.  Practice  first  with  s,  then  other  consonants. 

Eu  is  closed  in  peu,  feu,  chartreuse,  berceuse,  Meuse,  deux,  or  plural 
endings:  yeux,  ceux;  oeu/s  and  boeu/y  (fs  silent),  bleu,  bleus,  bleue, 
lieue,  lieu,  jeuner,  dejeuner. 


!6  PRONUNCIATION    OF   VOWELS 

Eu  open  in  seu\,  fieuve,  auvre,  fieur,  neuf,  heure,  beurre,  plusiewrs, 
ailleurs. 

Eu  medium  in  hewreux,  Europe,  generally  before  a  sonorous  syllable. 
Eu  is  u  in  eu  (avoir),  eue  in  gageurej'eus,  tu  eus,  il  eut,  nous  eumes, 
vous  elites,  Us  eurent,  que  j'eusse,  que  tu  eusses,  qu'il  eut,  que  nous 
eussions,  que  vous  eussiez,  qu'ils  eussent. 

EUR  in  monsieur:  me-si-eu,  or  in  the  plural. 
(EU  as  eu:  ceuf,  nceud,  sceur,  cceur,  choeur,  etc. 
OE:  eu   in   Goethe;    in   other   cases   is   e   acute: 
(Edipe,  assophage,  aecumenique. 

ou 

§  37.     Ou  as  oo  in  English:  tout,  sou,  boue,  atout,  loup,  ou, 
ou,  boule,  Louvre,  rouge;  advance  lips  while  round- 
ing them. 
OU  medium  in  cowrte,  langowste,  bourse,  source,  bouc,  crowte, 

owtre,  coupe,  troupe,  mousse,  powce,  oui\,  bouche,  fowle,  trouble, 

owbli. 

Diphthongs:  oi,  ui,  oui  and  oe 

§  38.  01  was  used  frequently  in  the  imperfect  and 
conditional:  favois,  je  dirois,  also  in  foible,  roide, 
harnois,  etc. 

To-day  ai  is  used  instead  of  above  examples. 
OI  (o-a,  long  o  with  short  a),  in  wot,  toi,  soi,  hi,  foi,  roi,  froid, 
trois,  mois,  pois,  etc. 

OI  medium  in  voix,  choix,  une  fois,  Gaulois,  je  dais,  bourgeois,  etc. 
01  open  in  poivre,  coiffeur,  turquoise,  bourgeoise,  boire,  soir,  poire, 
noir;  in  endings  oive:  que  je  recoive,  etc. 

01  in  oignon,  poigne,  poignard,  the  i  is  silent. 

01  in  roide,  roideur,  roidir,  we  write  now  raide  (re-de),  etc. 

Od  sound  in  moelle;  oS  long  in  poele. 

UI  (u-i) 

§  39.  U  is  very  long,  then  part  the  lips  for  i:  lui,  luisant, 
luire,  fuir,  suivre,  cuivre,  Juif,  juive,  cuisine,  cuir, 
suisse,  suite,  suivi,  suicide,  suie,  truite,  les  Tuileries. 


NASAL   VOWELS  IJ 

UI  in  a  few  words  with  g:  gu-i  in  le  due  de  Guise, 
aiguille  (ay-gu-ee-ye),  aiguiser,  in  other  cases  ui  is 
not  a  diphthong:  qui,  guitare,  guide,  Guy,  quitte,  etc. 

GUI 

§40.     OUI  (00-i)  in  Louis,   Louise,  jouir,  rejouir,  oui, 
joui,  rejoui,  eblouir,  ebloui.  ouir,  etc. 
-ouille,   final  in   many  words:   (oo-eSye)    houille, 
fouille,  rouille,  grenouille,  etc. 

Dictation  on  Diphthongs  (omitting  nasal  vowels  which  will  be  our 

next  study): 

die!,  bourgeois,  la  Pleiade,  je  priai,  le  fabliau,  plie,  pied,  priere, 
Dteu,  violer,  chwurme,  piano,  tonique,  diurne,  boa,  Noailles, 
moelle,  poele,  roi,  Edouard,  Douai,  rastaquouere ,  roue,  noueux, 
Louise,  fouine,  suave,  Suetone,  Bossuet,  Us  suerent,  Samuel,  lueur, 
fruit,  yacht,  hyene. 

VI.— Voyelles  Nasales 

Voyelles  nasales  (nasal  vowels)  are  only  four:  an,  en; 
in,  ein,  ain,  en;  on,  om;  un,  eun.  Others  can  be  classi- 
fied under  this  division. 

NOTE. — Diphthongs  may  become  nasal;  viande,  Vienne,  lion, 
point,  Roanne,  louange,  Rouen,  marsouin,  trouons,  Juan,  juin, 
excluons. 

Double  m  or  n  weakens  the  nasal  sounds. 

§  41.     An,  am,  en,  em  generally  as  an  in  want. 

§  42.  In,  im,  ain,  aim,  yn,  ym,  ein  as  an  in  anger  (no  g 
sound). 

§  43.     On,  om  as  on  in  long. 

§  44.  Un,  um  are  more  difficult.  Un  like  the  colloquial 
nasalized  sound  er  often  used  for  "what?"  between 
children,  when  they  wish  anything  repeated. 


1 8  NASAL   VOWELS 

Nasal  vowel:  on 

§  45.  After  having  reviewed  the  simple  vowels  and  their 
union  we  will  study  the  same  vowels  when  they 
are  nasalized  with  n  or  m  in  the  same  syllable. 

Nasalized  Vowel  Sounds:  an,  am  (aen),  en,  em;  in,  im,  ain,  aim, 
ein,  eim,  yn,  ym;  on,  om;  un,  urn,  eun;  their  nasal  quality  is  pro- 
duced only  when  those  nasal  vowels  are  followed  by  a  different 
consonant  or  at  the  end  of  a  word. 

NOTE. — Followed  by  another  n,  or  m,  the  latter  destroys  the  nasal 
quality. 

Few  words  are  exceptions:  ennui,  ennuyer,  emmener,  ennoblir, 
rewmener,  ewmagasiner;  also  in  enivrer,  enorgueillir,  where  em 
or  en  are  nasal. 

AN.  Open  the  mouth  as  if  to  pronounce  a  broad,  then  explode 
a  long  nasal  resonance  under  the  roof  of  the  mouth. 

NOTE. — No  g  sound  in  an,  etc.     Practice  first  with  son  (an  in 
want),  then  prolong  san,  san,  repeatedly,  till  an  comes  naturally. 
Fran(c),  ban(c),  blan(c),   plan,  danse,  lance,  gran(d),  savan(t), 

Alleman(d),  an,  dan(s),  ran(g),  san(g). 

An  is  ann  in  few  English  words:  alderman,  policeman,  etc. 

AN  followed  by  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  y  is  not  nasal:  dne,  platane;  or  h 
silent,  sanhedrin  (sa-ne-drin). 

AN  is  nasal  in  20  ways:  aen,  an,  anc,  and,  ang,  ans,  ant,  ants, 
aon,  can,  em,  emp,  emps,  empt,  en,  end,  ens,  ent,  han,  hen. 

AN  is  a-n  in  annee,  anneau,  canne,  Jeanne,  Lausanne. 

AN  not  nasal  in  manne  (long  d):  in  annoter,  annexe,  annales, 
awnuaire,  awnuite,  annuler,  aw  is  weak. 

AEN  like  an,  in  Caen,  Saint-Saens  (sanss). 

§46.     EN  (as  an) 

EN  also  -ent,  end  like  aw  in  enfant,  Rouen,  vente,  Saint-Ouen, 
science,  patience,  patiewt,  diffe"rend. 

ENT  is  an  in  adjectives,  nouns  and  adverbs. 

Exceptions. — en  with  n  is  not  nasal:  newni,  hennir,  sokwnel; 
as  na-ni,  a-nir,  so-la-nel. 

EN  as  an  open  e  in  many  words  (enn  or  iewn) :  Ardennes,  Etiewne, 
la  mienne,  la  tienne,  la  sienne  (in  the  plural  also),  ils  viewnent,  ils 
tiewnent,  etc. 

EN  as  in  in  Bewjamin,  agenda,  examen,  sensorium,  pentagone,  la 
Pewtateuque,  appendice,  benzine,  Mentor,  Penthievre,  Agen. 


NASAL   VOWELS  1 9 

NOTE. — ten  is  t-in  in  bien,  rien,  mien,  tien,  sien,  je  viens,  tu  views, 
il  vient,  je  tiens,  tu  liens,  il  tient,  je  viendrai,  tu  vie«dras,  il  viendra, 
tiendrai,  -a*,  -a,  etc. ;  also  in  many  French  names  or  foreign  names 
ending  in  -ien  or  e'en:  Julien,  Vendeen,  Enghien  (an-ghin). 

EN  as  enn  in  amen,  abdomen,  hymen,  pollen,  specimen,  and  other 
foreign  words. 

NOTE. — Hymen  as  in  and  enn;  as  it  is  doubtful. 

ENT.  In  verbs  (third  pers.  plural),  n  is  silent  but  /  may  be 
linked.  7/5  aiment  a  jotter. 

§47-     AM 

AM  followed  by  a  vowel  is  not  nasal;  dme,  j4mericain,  ami  tie", 
ami,  amour,  amuser. 

AM  final  is  sounded  in  Abraham,  Chaw,  Priam,  etc. 

Exceptions:  Adam,  quidam,  dam;  a-dan,  etc. 

AM  followed  by  n  or  m  is  as  m  in  amnistie,  etc.,  damner  and  its 
derivatives  are  excepted:  da-nay,  etc. 

AM  before  b  or  p  always  nasal:  ambulance,  amputation,  etc. 

AM  before  me,  ma,  mo  is  not  nasal  when  medial:  e'pigramme, 
gramme;  also  in  adverbs,  constamment,  etc. 

MM  is  heard  in  grammaire,  grammaticale,  grammatiste. 

§  48.     EM 

EM  is  a  in  femme,  and  adverbs:  prudemment,  re"cewment,  etc. 

EM  is  e  open  in  Emma,  dilemme,  ad  rem. 

EM  is  an  in  emmagasiner,  emmener. 

EMB  or  EMP  initial  or  medial,  the  em  is  an  in  most  words: 
empire,  tempete,  temps,  emileme,  Luxembourg,  etc. 

EM  in  a  few  words  is  ain  as  in  sempiternel,  Rembrandt  (Larousse 
says  ran-bran). 

EM  is  emm  final  or  medial:  item,  Jerusalem,  de'cemvir,  also  in 
iniemne:  in-dem-ne. 

EM  followed  by  vowel  is  heard  separately:  semer  (se-mer),  re- 
words, etc. 

§49-     IN 

77V  as  an  in  anger.  Practice  first  with  5  in  avoiding  g  sound, 
then  repeatedly:  sin,  s-in  as  if  striking  the  keys  on  a  piano. 

NOTE. — The  back  part  of  the  tongue  slightly  approaches  the 
soft  palate. 

For  practice  pronounce  the  following  words:  vin,  serein,  seing, 
tet'ttt,  pat'n,  saint,  fat'm,  je  cratns,  tu  crai'ns,  il  craint,  je  teins,  tu 


20  NASAL    VOWELS 

terns,  il  teint,  je  vaiwcs,  tu  vaincs,  il  vatnc,  Reims,  thym,  syntaxe, 
il  viwt,  instinct,  vingt,  or  vingts,  cinq  (francs),  tu  vins,  Charles- 
Quiwt. 

Je  tiens,  tu  tiens,  il  tient,  rien,  impossible,  Vendeen,  European, 
Mcwtor. 

IN  is  not  nasal  before  vowels  or  h  mute:  Chine,  cuisine,  inexact, 
inhumain. 

IN  is  nasal  followed  by  any  other  consonant  than  n:  vtngt, 
inte>et,  zn-folio. 

IN  is  i  in  innocence  and  derivatives  -ment,  -ter,  innocent. 

INN  sounded  in  iwnover,  -ation,  innombrable. 

§50.     IM 

IM  is  nasal  when  followed  by  any  other  consonant  than  m: 
simple,  Uwbre,  etc. 

IM  not  nasal  between  two  vowels:  i-wa-ge,  centime. 

IMM  is  imw  when  initial:  immortel,  iwmeuble,  etc. 

IM  (m)  is  ain  in  a  few  words:  immesurable,  imm  or  ain  in  im- 
wanquable,  iwmangeable. 

IM  is  not  nasal  at  the  end  of  a  few  foreign  words:  interim,  Grimm. 

§51-     AIN,  AIM 

A  IN  final  is  nasal:  pain,  saint,  mat'nt. 
AIN  is  ene  before  vowels:  haine,  saine. 
AIM  is  nasal  in  faim,  daim,  etc. 
AIM  is  erne  in  aimant,  j'aime. 

§  52.     YN,  YM 

FAT,  YM  are  nasal  in  many  words:  syntaxe,  symbole,  syndic, 
sjnthese,  symptome,  etc. 

YN,  YM  not  nasal  between  vowels:  synagogue,  dynastie,  homo- 
nyme,  or  before  n,  gymnase,  etc. 

§53-     ON,   OM,   OMB,    OMP 

ON,  OM  long  in  sombre,  pompe,  aplomb,  Colomb  (no  b). 

ON,  OM  short  in  mon,  ton,  son,  nom,  surnom,  prenom. 

NOTE.— one,  ome  long:  Sadne,  Rhone,  zone,  atome,  etc. 

ON,  ONT,  OND,  ONS,  ONC  long:  bronze,  bon/e",  bond,  ayon*. 
done,  jonc. 

ON,  OM  not  nasal  before  a  vowel  or  m  or  n:  Bonaparte,  donner, 
comment,  Rome,  automne  (m  silent). 


CONSONANTS    AND    THEIR    PRONUNCIATION  21 

§54.      UN,   UM,   HUM 

UN,  UM,  UN(D),  UN(T)  nasal:  un,  parfum,  \undi,  hwwble, 
d6tunt. 

UM  is  om  in  Latin  or  English  words:  humbug,  penswm,  possum, 
rumsteck,  or  romsteck,  album,  rhum. 

NOTE. — Urn  is  on  nasal  in  Humbert;  also  un  is  on:  de  profundis, 
punch,  secuwdo,  jungle,  etc. 

UN,  UM,  before  a  vowel,  not  nasal :  une,  parf  umerie,  etc. 

UN  is  u-n  in  tunnel  (tu-nell). 

§  55.     VII. — Consonants  and  their  Pronunciation 

B  is  labial  and  heard  softly:  be. 

C  is  explosive  before  a,  o,  u  and  pronounced  k:  ka,  ko,  ku;  the  c 
with  cedilla  before  a,  o,  u  is  s:  sa,  so,  su. 

C  followed  by  e ,  i,  y  is  pronounced  s. 

D  is  lingual  and  dental :  de. 

F  labial:  fe. 

G  lingual  and  palatal  is  soft  before  e  or  •/:  ge. 

Cue  called  hard  g  before  a,  o,  u  is  voiced  strongly:  ga,  go,  gu 

H  slightly  audible  when  aspirate  is  guttural  in  a  few  words:  he. 

J  identical  with  soft  g:  je  and  before  any  vowel. 

K  used  only  in  a  few  words  is  explosive  and  back  palatal:  ke. 

You  must  breathe  hard  upon  the  vowel. 

L  (sonorous,  prolonged  tongue-point  sound) :  le. 

M  labial  and  nasal  sound  with  lips  pressed  together:  me. 

N  (nasal  dental  sound) :  ne. 

Any  vowel  followed  by  two  consonants  of  which  the  first  is  m  or 
n  vibrates  in  the  nose  and  is  called  nasal  vowel. 

P  labial  and  explosive:  pe;  two  p's  are  voiced  as  one  p  and  PH 
(classical  origin)  is  heard  as  /. 

Que.     The  q  is  usually  followed  by  u  and  is  explosive:  ke. 

R  (classical  r)  has  a  vibration  more  or  less  prolonged  from  the  tip 
of  the  tongue  and  upper  front  teeth:  re. 

In  Paris  this  sound  is  preferred  in  singing  and  elocution. 

R  (the  re  modern  or  grasseye)  is  uttered  under  the  roof  of  the  mouth 
without  any  help  from  the  tip  of  the  tongue. 

NOTE. — TheZ,  and  R  are  often  liquefied  because  they  run  smoothly 
with  other  consonants  such  as  b,  c,  g,  p. 

S  is  sonant  or  buzzing  in  rose,  surd  or  continuable  in  gratis. 

This  sibilant  or  hissing  sound  is  frequent  in  French.  As  if  to 
whistle  we  press  the  tip  of  the  tongue  against  the  teeth?  se. 


22  SYLLABLES 

T  when  explosive  has  a  front-lingual  or  tongue-tip  sound :  te. 

V  has  a  fricative  or  continuous  labial  sound  in:  ve. 

W  is  not  a  French  letter;  in  some  English  words  it  is  pronounced 
oo  or  v:  in  German  words  as  v. 

X  has  no  sound  by  itself:  it  has  the  sound  of  s  in  Bruxelles,  dix, 
six;  of  z  in  dix-sept,  dix-huit,  dix-neuf;  of  r  in  exception;  of  gz  in 
exaci,  exode,  etc. ;  of  ks  in  luxe,  etc. 

Z  is  a  sonant  sibilant  like  s  in  rose:  ze. 

Ch  is  &  in  Christ,  cholera,  Chretien,  etc.,  and  .?&  in  machine,  cher, 
chapeau,  etc. ;  silent  in  almanack. 

Gn  (lingual  and  palatal)  is  heard  g-n  in  stagnant,  agnosticisme, 
Agnus;  gn  initial  is  aspirated  in  gnostique,  gnome;  gn  medial  is 
generally  ni  in  union:  the  tip  of  the  tongue  is  at  rest  while  the 
back  part  of  the  tongue  adheres  firmly  to  the  roof  of  the  mouth. 
The  sudden  separation  produces  the  sound  of  gne  as  in  Champagne, 
signe,  Allemagne,  etc. 

Few  Consonants 

B,  c,  d,  g,  p,  t,  called  consonnes  momentanees,  are    pronounced 
sharply;  in  poetry  they  may  be  used  to  express  noise  or  anger: 
Dors-tu  content,  Voltaire,  et  ton  hideux  sourire,  etc. 

§  56.     M  and  N 

like  the  nasal  vowels  are  lengthened  and   produce  a  soft  quality: 
maman. 

§57.     L  (11  liquid) 

is  an  old  appellation  now  rendered  by  ye  short;  these  liquids,  as  the 
name  implies,  tend  to  unite  with  other  consonants. 

VIII.— Syllables 

Spelling:  monsieur  may  be  spelled:  m(em)  on  (en)  =  man  s  (ess) 
*  =  si  (and)  e  (er)  u-r  =  (air)  but  pronounced:  ma-si-Q. 

Division  of  Syllables:  a  consonant  (or  two)  plus  the  vowel: 
pa-pa;  pre-po-si-tion;  o-pe-ra;  i-nu-ti-le;  ta-bleau;  in-sen-si-bi-li-te; 
res-pon-sa-bi-li-te;  don-ner  (first  n  not  heard);  homme  for  o-m,  h 
being  silent  and  last  e  unstressed;  ins-tru-ment ;  per-dre;  sug-ge-rer 
=  (siig-/e-re) ;  di-gni-te;  stag-nant;  tra-va-ill-er  =  (tra-va-je) ;  a-che-ter 
but  heard  ash-te;  che-veux  (shf<i>);  che-vaux  (shfo);  che-val  (shfal). 

NOTE.— Double  consonants  are  generally  heard  as  one  and  the 
last  belongs  to  the  following  vowel  or  sound:  al-ler  =  (a-ler),  in-no-cent 


SYLLABLES  23 

for  i-no-cent;  few  exceptions  to  the  rule:  im-mor-tel,  gram-maire; 
also:  chercher  (cher-cher);  an  er  in  the  body  of  a  French  word  is 
never  heard:  urr  but  air;  servir,  per-dre,  chere,  etc. 

§58.     F  and  V  (Spirants) 
§  59.     S,   Z,    CH,   J    (fricative,    continuous) 

5  and  Z  of  frequent  use  in  French  require  as  a  starting  point  of 
articulation  a  hissing  sound  capable  of  expressing  strong  feelings. 

§60.     B 

maintains  nearly  always  its  articulation.  Few  exceptions:  Lefelrvre, 
Colomb,  plomb  as  b  is  silent. 

§61.     C 

C  before  a,  o,  u  is  ka,  ko,  ku. 
Q  before  a,  o,  u,  is  sa,  so,  su. 
C  before  e,  i,  y  is  se,  si, 
C  is  g  in  second  and  kz  in  Czar;  also  Tsar. 
C  at  the  end  of  the  word  is  k:  Languedoc. 
NOTE. — C  silent  in  croc,  accroc,  marc,  pore. 
C  in  ac  like  ak,  except  in  estomoc,  tabac. 
C  final  is  k:  sec,  avec,  but  not  in  echecs. 
C  final  in  ic  (ik) :  silent  in  eric,  not  in  eric  crac. 
C  final  in  uc  is  uk:  Luc. 

C  final  heard  in  -inc,  -euc,  -ouc,  except  in  caoutchouc. 
C  preceded  by  s,  I,  r  is  heard  generally:  arc,  etc.,  but  not  in  clerc, 
marc,  pore. 

Ch  is  gh  in  drac&me,  k  in  c/tceur,  but  silent  in  almanack. 
Ch  like  sh  in  most  ordinary  words:  chemise,  mac&ine. 

§62.     D 

D  final  is  heard  in  proper  names:  David,  not  in  Gounod. 
D  silent  in  endings  -rd:  Edouard;  -and:  Allemand.     Also  in  -ond, 
Edmond;  -and,  Renaud;  -oud,  St.  Cloud. 

In  adjectives,  verbs  or  adverbs:  second,  froid,  sied,  quand. 
D  final  is  heard  as  t  in  liaisons:  grand  ami. 

§63.     F(PH) 

F  initial  as  in  English:  /ils  (fiss),  /ete,  etc. 

F  is  v   in   liaisons:  neu/  amis    (neu-vami),   neu/  hommes,   etc. 
But  not  before  months:  neuf/aout.     Some  Parisians  say:  neuf/amis. 


24  SYLLABLES 

F  is  silent  in  che/d'oeuvre  (she-deuvr),  oeu/s,  boeu/s,  cer/s,  ner/s, 
cer/-volant,  bceu/gras. 

§64.     G 

G  is  j  before  e,  i,  y;  gilet,  voyage,  gymnase. 

NOTE. — In  some  foreign  words  g  h  hard:  Gibbons,  etc. 

G  hard  before  a,  o,  ou,  u:  garcon,  gondole,  goujon,  virgule;  also 
before  the  other  consonants  except  n. 

NOTE.— In  Italian  words  gAetto,  etc.;  in  EngAien,  ghien  is  gAin. 

GN  (liquid)  in  most  words:  tip  of  the  tongue  inactive  while  the 
back  part  of  it  adheres  closely  to  the  roof  of  the  mouth,  and  then 
their  sudden  separation  produces  a  French  gne . 

Ex.     signe,  vignc,  signer,  r6gner. 

G-N  divided  in  Agnus,  diagwostique,  cognition,  cognation,  gnome, 
igwe,  physiognomic,  inexpugnable,  recognition,  stagwante. 

CUE,  GUA,  GUer,  as  ghe,  gha,  ghe  in  blague,  blagua,  blaguer, 
longue,  longueur,  etc. 

GUI  (ghee)  in  gui,  guide,  guider,  Guy,  angutlle,  guillotine, 
gutllemet. 

NOTE.— In  arguer  (gu-er),  Guise,  aiguille  and  its  derivatives, 
linguiste,  g-u  is  separated  in  Vogue";  also  in  lingual  (goo-al),  Guade- 
loupe, Guatemala,  e"<?uateur,  equation,  Quaker,  quantum,  quartz, 
guatuor. 

Gueu  (gheu)  in  gueux,  fougueux,  etc. 

G  silent  in  vingt,  legs,  Luxembourg,  sang,  bourg,  long,  coing,  etang, 
faubourg,  hareng,  rang,  seing,  Regnard,  but  is  linked  as  k:  long  espoir. 

G  is  hard  in  second,  seconde,  secondaire,  seconder,  instead  of  c. 

§65.     H 

H  aspirate  at  page  49.  The  A  aspirate  is  never  heard  in  literary 
French.  It  merely  prevents  elision:  la/Aaine,  les/Ae"ros,  etc. 

//  medial  is  generally  silent:  le  rAume,  1'aritAmdtique,  istAme, 
GotA,  VisigotA,  astAme,  also  in  MacbetA,  RutA. 

NOTE. — In  the  following  cases,  the  liaison  is  not  possible.  O  is 
(h)  o  in  h/oui,  le/onze,  la/ouate,  le,  or  la/onzieme,  also  in  le/un, 
le/yard,  le/yacht,  lefyatagan. 

CH  is  sh  in  chose,  cAirurgie,  cAat,  cAasser,  AcAille,  arcAidiacre, 
cAimere,  arcAitecte,  scAisme,  scAe"ma;  scAooner  [skooner],  etc. 

CH  is  k  in  c/taos,  HcAcn,  cAiromancie,  arcAiepiscopal,  cAretien, 
cAolera,  CAald^en,  CArist,  BaccAus,  CAam,  chceur,  MicAel-Ange, 
locA,  RocA,  MunicA. 


SYLLABLES  25 

NOTE. — CH  is  silent  in  almanack. 

PH  is  /:  philosophic,  ]oseph,  phtisie,  etc. 

TH  is  t  in  the,  theatre,  Theodore;  silent  in  as/Ame,  is<Ame,  Go/A. 

§  66.      J  (ge,  gi) 

/  (zh)  in  jadis,  jamais,  je,  j'irai,  fose,  j'use,  j'y  vais,  etc. 
NOTE. — G  is  j  in  geai,  and  in  verbs  in  -ger. 

§67.     K 

K  is  hard  in  £ilo,  /kilogramme,  £ermesse,  £iosque,  &irsch,  etc. 

NOTE. — Qu  is  k  in  qui,  gwalite,  gwestion,  que,  marque,  Inquisition, 
quasi,  Quasimodo,  egwilib'fe,  gwarante,  gwinzieme,  cinquante:  also 
in  cinq,  coq,  or  in  g  linked,  etc.,  or  c  and  ch  in  due,  bloc,  locA. 

§68.     L 

L  initial  is  /:  /e,  /'ami,  /'homme,  /es,  etc. 

LL  is  never  a  liquid  at  the  beginning  of  a  word:  i//ustre,  etc 

L  or  LL  may  or  may  not  be  liquid. 

NOTE. — Lh  is  liquid  in  Mi//an  or  Mi/Aan,  etc.,  or  in  genti/Aomme. 

L  is  silent  in  genti/,  fusil,  outi/,  sourci/,  bari/,  cheni/,  persi/,  norn- 
bri/,  couti/,  gri/,  fi/s,  sou/,  fourni/,  pou/s,  fau/x,  and  in  La  Roche- 
foucau/d,  Be/fort,  (be-fore),  etc. 

NOTE. — In  avri/,  babi/,  gri/,  gr^si/,  mil,  peril,  the  /  may  or  may  not 
be  pronounced. 

Fils  atne:  s  is  linked  as  ss  (fis-sai-ne). 

L  final  is  heard  in  fi/,  ci/,  ba/,  co/,  bo/,  mo/,  so/,  seu/,  cheva/.  gene?ra/, 
mie/,  nu/,  calcu/,  linceu/,  vi/,  filleu/,  aieu/  (a-i-eul). 

AIL,  or  at//e,  is  a- ye  in  final  words:  travail,  Versailles,  rail,  etc. 

EIL,  or  eille  (e-ye) :  soleil,  Marseille,  etc. 

NOTE. — Also  euil,  ueil,  as  eu-ye:  rectieil,  recueille,  cercueil,  etc. 

ILL  generally  ye  in:  vanille,  tt'//eul,  ft'//e,  iamille,  bille,  billard, 
billet,  quadrille,  aiguille,  Camille,  cedille,  "bouillon,  etc. 

NOTE. — Camille,  scintiller  may  be  pronounced  with  or  without 
liquid  sound. 

ILL  sounded  in  vt//e,  village,  villageois,  mille,  mil  (no.),  rm'//ion, 
pupille,  Achille,  vaudeville,  bacille,  distiller,  osciller,  vaciller, 
tranquille,  codicille,  il,  bill,  e-x.il,  profil,  subtil,  viril. 

NOTE. — LL  preceded  by  a,  e,  o,  u,  not  liquids:  ba//e,  sy//abe, 
co//e,  etc. 

///  initial  not  liquids:  illuminer,  etc. 


26  SYLLABLES 

UIL  is  u-ye  in  juillet  (zhu-i-e");  also  //  liquid  in  jonqwt/le,  aiguille, 
«tt/ler;  angitt/le  (ghi-ye)  and  qwtfle  (ki-ye). 

LL  is  /  in  college,  collation,  etc.,  except  in  co//ectif ,  and  derivatives, 
colliger,  co//0cation,  co/toque,  collision. 

§69.     M 

M  initial  or  between  vowels  is  m:  matin,  midi,  muse,  semer,  etc. 

NOTE.— In  foreign  words:  item,  idem,  decemvir,  opium,  triumvir, 
Bethleem,  Sem,  Chaw,  Potsdam,  also  in  mam'selle  or  mam'zelle 
(colloquially).  Exceptions:  Adam,  daw. 

MM  is  m  in  cowme,  comment,  homme,  fewme,  commerce,  commis, 
etc. 

Except  in  Emma,  Emmanuel,  ammoniac,  commentaire,  commotion, 
cowwuable,  comwemoratif  (derivatives),  commensal,  commisera- 
tion, sommite,  grammaire,  and  its  derivatives. 

I  MM  initial :  mm  are  sounded :  tmmeuble,  etc. 

NOTE.— /mwanquable,  iwwangeable,  the  im  may  or  may  not  be 
nasal. 

M  before  w  is  sounded:  calomnie,  indemne,  etc. 

NOTE. — M  in  dawner,  condamncr,  automne,  is  silent. 

M  before  b,  p,  t  is  long  nasal :  sombre,  pompe,  comte. 

Emm  initial  is  an:  emmener,  etc. 

Emm  is  a-m  in  adverbs:  prudemment,  etc.,  and  in  femme. 

NOTE. — Not  in  dilemwe,  gemme,  lemme,  Emma,  etc. 

M  (see  nasal  vowels)  is  nasal  when  final:  nom,  pronom,  surnofn, 
pronom,  parfum,  etc. 

§70.     N 

N  (see  nasal  vowels)  initial  or  between  vowels  is  n:  neuf,  Canada, 
Panama. 

NOTE.— Enivrer  and  derivatives  are  exceptions. 

TV  in  ent,  3d  pers.  plural  is  silent,  but  /  may  be  linked:  ils  aimen/ 
a  rire,  ils  expedient,  etc. 

N  in  nouns,  adjectives,  adverbs  is  nasal :  vewt,  patient,  vraiment, 
moment,  souvent,  expedient,  etc. 

N  in  bien  and  rien  may  be  linked:  bien  ecrire,  ne  rien  ajouter. 

N  nasal  followed  by  any  other  consonant:  encre,  e'tang,  chant, 
etc. 

NOTE.— See  nasal  vowels  when  weak,  short,  long. 

N  in  en  is  a:  solennel  and  derivatives,  hennir,  nenni. 

N  in  en  is  heard  in  a  few  words:  amen,  abdomen,  Eden,  etc. 


SYLLABLES  27 

N  nasal  is  linked  with  following  word  beginning  with  //  or  vowel: 
en  ami,  en  ^crivant,  mow  ami,  tow  ami,  sow  ami. 

NOTE. — In  liaisons  it  is  preferable  to  say:  bo-wami  instead  of 
bow  ami  or  bow  na-mi. 

NN  may  or  may  not  be  sounded  as  double  consonants. 

NN  is  n  in  dowwer,  je  donwe,  il  towwe,  etc.      The  nasal  sound  is 


Eww  initial  is  an  long:  ennui,  enndblir  and  derivatives. 

NOTE. — Enn  is  enn  in  ennemi. 

Remarks  on  the  linking  of  n.  It  is  linked  when  two  words  are 
closely  connected  in  meaning:  mow  enfant,  etc.,  but  not  in  c'est 
bow  a  manger. 

Ce  livre  n'est  pas  biew  ecrit,  but  not  in:  ce  biew  est  a  lui. 

J'ew  ai  un,  not  in  donnez-lui  ew  un. 

Ow  entend,  en  ont-ils,  vous  ew  avez,  etc. 

L'uw  et  1'autre,  not  in  uw  et  uw  font  deux. 

Je  n'ai  riew  achete,  but  not  in:  vous  ne  devez  rien  a  personne. 

NN  doubled  is  n  in  annee,  innocent,  ennemi,  anniversaire,  an- 
noncer;  in  other  cases  it  is  aww:  awnuel,  etc. 

NOTE. — Enwui,  enwoblir,  iwnomme:  long  nasal. 

N  in  verbs  3rd  pers.  singular  is  an  in  ment,  but  ee-ain  in  vient, 
tient,  soutient,  etc.,  le  siew,  le  mien,  le  tien;  except  in  the  feminine 
singular  and  plural:  la  mienne,  les  tiewnes,  and  in  viennent,  etc. 

N  in  monsieur  silent:  me-sieu. 

N  in  -yen:  moyew,  doyew,  as  i-ien  (see  bien,  rien). 

EN  in  adjectives,  nouns,  nasal  an:  adherent,  affluent,  coincident, 
convergent,  couvent,  content,  divergent,  equivalent,  excellent, 
expedient,  negligent,  president,  parent,  resident,  violent. 

N  in  compound  words  is  an:  enivrer,  ennuyer,  enorgueillir. 

No.  is  for  numero. 

Note  that  in  certain  groups  of  words  quickly  pronounced  as: 
je  ne  sais  pas  cela,  theje  and  ne  become  united:  j'nsepahcela.  Also 
in  renter  (j°d)  ral/rje;  see  gn,  ign,  nh  (in  words  from  the  South 
of  France)  as  liquids. 

On,  en  as  pronouns  are  linked  when  preceding  the  verb,  not  after  it. 

Elles  en  ont,  on  est  amis,  donnez-lui  en  un  peu. 

§  71.     O  (aspirate) 

By  aspirate  o  we  mean  that  no  elision  nor  linking  is  permissible 
in  le  oui,  le  onze,  or  la  onzieme,  le  onzieme,  la  ouate. 
Dites  oui  ou  non;  les  <mze  chapitres,  etc. 


28  SYLLABLES 

§72.      P 

P  is  silent  at  the  end  of  words :  trop,  beaucoup,  camp,  champ,  etc. 

P  initial  and  medial  is  sounded:  papa,  peuple,  psaume,  pseudo- 
nyme,  etc. 

P  medial  before  a  dental  is  silent:  anabaptisme,  -iste,  baptdme, 
-iser,  -ismal,  -istaire,  -iste,  -istere,  cep  devigne  (cep before  a  vowel), 
cheptel,  comptabilite",  constable,  constant,  compte,  -er,  -eur, 
-able,  dompter,  -able,  -eur,  exempt,  -er,  sculpter,  -6,  -eur,  -ural,  -ure, 
sept,  -ieme. 

NOTE. — accepter,  excepter  and  derivatives  the  p  is  heard;  also 
in  adoptif,  -ion,  captieux,  redempteur,  -ion,  reptile,  septante,  -ieme, 
-embre,  -emvir,  -ennaire,  -ennal,  -entrion,  -al,  -uagenaire,  -e"gisme. 

Assomption,  corruption,  sceptique,  relays,  biceps,  symptome, 
presomptif,  somptueux,  rapsodie,  impromptu,  the  p  is  sounded. 

P  in  trop,  beaucoup  is  linked  with  little  stress:  beaucoup  aime'. 

P.  P.  C.  means  pour  prendre  conge. 

NOTE. — P  is  sounded  in  Gap,  jalap,  julep,  cap;  p  in  camp, 
champ,  drap,  sirop,  is  silent  always. 

PP  is  one  p:  j'ai  appris  ma  lecon  (a-pri) 

PH  (aspirated  in  Greek)  is  heard  in  French  as  /:  phare,  etc. 

§73-     Q 

Q  is  always  followed  by  u:  que,  qui.  quoique,  que\,  ^welle,  quelque, 
gwelgwefois,  etc. 

NOTE. — Q  final  is  sounded  in  cinq,  co^;  q  in  cing  is  silent  before 
nouns  beginning  h  aspirate  or  a  consonant:  cinq  heYos,  cinq  Hvres. 
Before  months  the  q  is  k:  le  cinq  d^cembre  or  in  cin^  pour  cent  (5%), 
etc.  Before  a  vowel  or  h  mute  q  in  cing  is  k:  cinq  Sieves,  etc.;  also 
in  le  cing  de  trefle,  etc. 

The  q  silent  in  co^  d'Inde. 

QU  may  be  koo,  ke,  ki,  ku:  aquatique  (a-koo-ah-tik);  ke  or  ki 
in  que,  qui;  ku  or  k  in  e"g«estre  (£-ku-estr  or  ekestr). 

QU  is  koo  initial  in  gnadragthiaire,  -ge'simal,  -g^sime,  -ngulaire, 
-trice,  -ture,  -ifide,  -lateral,  -syllabe,  -umane,  -pede,  -pie,  -pier, 
gwaker,  gMantum,  quassia,  quater,  -ternaire,  -erne,  quatuor,  and  a 
few  others. 

Qu  initial  is  ka  in  gwadrilie,  quai,  qualite,  and  derivatives,  quand, 
quant,  gwantieme,  gMantit^,  gwarantaine,  quarante,  and  derivatives, 
gwart,  -ier,  gMasi,  -modo,  gwatorze,  -ieme,  gMatre,  -ieme,  -ment. 

QUis  ki  in  qui,  gwidam,  gMicongwe,  gwille,  quinine,  gwittance  and 


SYLLABLES  29 

derivatives,  gwi-vive?  ingttisition,  inquiet,  with  derivatives,  aquilon, 
ligwide,  cogwille,  marquis,  -e,  etc. 

QUIN  initial  is  kain  in  quinze,  -aine,  quintal,  quinte,  quintessence 
and  derivatives;  quincaille  and  derivatives;  g«inconce,  Charles- 
Quint,  quinteux,  St.  Thomas  d'Aquin. 

Quin  in  other  words  is  ku-in:  quintuple,  Quinquagesime,  etc. 

Qu  in  verbs  is  k:  fabrigwer,  mar?wer,  embargwer,  6tig«eter,  gwali- 
fier,  gwereller,  liquefier,  and  in  nouns  derived  from  them:  fabrigwe, 
marque,  embargwement,  e^igwette,  gwalite,  gwerelle,  liqueur,  etc. 

§74.     R 

R.  In  elocution  and  in  singing  the  Parisians  require  the  classical 
r  or  the  r  trilled  very  forward  on  the  tip  of  the  tongue  near  the 
upper  teeth  and  caused  by  pressure  of  air. 

R  (re  moderne)  tip  of  the  tongue  touches  roof  of  the  mouth  while 
tongue  is  inactive  and  soft  palate  moves  forward. 

It  is  the  Parisian  r:  grasseye. 

It  is  palatal  not  throaty. 

Moliere  explains  the  classical  r  in  le  Bourgeois  Gentilhomme:  ((en 

portant  le  bout  de  la  langue  jusqu'au  bout  du  palais,  de  sorte  qu'etant 

frdlee  par  I'air  qui  sort  avec  force,  elle  lui  cede  el  revient  toujours 

au  nieme  endroit,  faisant  une  maniere  de  tremblement.)) 

R  final  is  heard  after  a,  i,  o,  u  and  sometimes  after  e:  par,  finir, 
tremor,  pur,  amer,  Jupiter,  cuiller,  etc. 

NOTE. — Monsieur  (me-si-eu). 

R  in  -er  (verbs  of  1st  conj.)  is  e  acute:  parler,  aimer,  etc. 

R  in  -er  final  is  heard  preceded  by  ch,  f,  v,  m:  cher,  mer,  ier,  ver; 
also  in  hier,  hiver,  fier  (proud),  vers,  envers,  divers,  ~ers,  -ert;  in 
verbs:  je  conquiers,  Thiers,  tiers;  in  foreign  proper  names:  Luther, 
rue  Auber,  Schiller,  Quaker,  etc. 

R  or  er(s)  is  e  in  French  towns:  Angers,  Poitiers,  Alger,  Mont- 
pellier ;  also  French  proper  names :  Boulanger,  Cuvier  and  generally 
in  common  nouns:  cocher,  boulanger,  boucher,  rocher,  pommier, 
etc. 

NOTE. — In  polysyllabic  nouns  (or  adjectives  in  -ier)  same  rule: 
officier,  teinturier,  entier,  particulier,  etc. 

RR  medial  is  as  one  r:  interroger,  terre,  beurre,  leurre,  etc. 

NOTE. — Rr  is  heard  in  correct,  -ion,  corroborer,  corrosif ;  in  errer, 
errant,  erreur,  errone,  horrible,  horreur,  torrent;  in  future  of  verbs: 
coun'r,  mourtr,  acqueVir;  je  courrai,  etc.,  also  in  irr  initial:  trriter, 
wregulier,  etc. 


30  SYLLABLES 

ER  initial  (never  sounded  urr  but  air)  in  syllables:  erg,  erm,  ert. 
-inter-,  perc-,  perd-,  peri-,  pers-,  pert-,  serg-,  serp-,  sert-,  serv-, 
verm-,  vert-,  verv-. 

NOTE. — This  simple  rule  covers  many  words  and  should  be 
specially  noted. 

R  in  conversation  with  verbs  of  ist  conjugation  is  not  linked: 
aimer/a  chanter;  in  reading,  poetry,  or  public  speaking  the  r  is 
linked  before  a  vowel  or  h  mute;  aimer  a  chanter,  etc. 

RH  (h  is  purely  etymological)  is  r:  r/tume,  rteteur,  etc. 

§75-     S 

5  initial  before  c,  ch,  ci  is  not  heard  in  scene,  schisme,  scie,  schel- 
ling  (she-lain),  schema,  sceptre,  sceau,  etc.,  also  in  descendre, 
but  is  heard  in  ascendance,  ascension,  etc. 

5  is  z  between  two  vowels:  rose,  prose,  raser,  presence,  usage,  etc. 

NOTE. — S  is  z  in  Alsace,  -icien,  transaction,  -iger,  transi,  -ir, 
transit,  -taire,  -itif,  -ition,  -itoire,  -alpin,  -atlantique,  balsamique. 

5  is  not  2  in:  monosyllable,  desuetude,  parasol,  polysyllabe, 
preseance,  pr6supposer,  vraisemblable,  tournesol,  soubresaut, 
Lesage,  Lasalle. 

5  is  sounded  in  scorpion,  scandale,  squelette,  statue,  scorbut,  etc. 

Also  in  the  following  words:  gratis,  bis,  atlas,  es,  he"las,  hiatus, 
fils,  jadis,  lis  (not  in  fleur  de  lis),  prospectus,  blocus,  chorus,  typhus, 
mceurs  (or  no  s),  oasis,  omnibus,  V£nus,  lapis,  gens,  os,  sens, 
ours,  us,  tous  (pronoun),  Mars,  Ruy  Bias. 

NOTE. — In  linking  the  s  of  foreign  words,  the  s  (not  as  z)  is  heard: 
V6nus  est  admirable  as  (V£-nus  se  tad-mi-ra-ble) ;  le  fils  est  aimable. 
In  other  words  than  the  above  words  the  s,  x,  z  are  linked  as  z: 

Ex.     Les  amis,  deux  a  deux,  allez  a  la  banque. 

5  final  heard  only  in  connecting  next  word  beginning  with  a 
vowel  or  h  mute  has  the  sound  of  z:  moins  age\ 

5  is  generally  silent  in  endings  of  French  names :  Francois,  Doubs, 
Duclos,  Amiens,  St.  Denis,  Villars;  also  in  common  words:  trois, 
vers,  pas,  pays,  plus,  alors,  dans,  sous,  gros,  gras,  jus,  bois,  buis, 
depens,  debris,  pres,  cas,  cours,  mais,  tapis,  roulis,  avis,  des,  pis, 
palais,  paradis,  precis,  proces,  tas,  tracas,  tiers,  souris,  lors,  congres, 
coloris,  corps,  depuis,  niais,  refus,  tamis,  mois,  jamais,  fois,  expres, 
colis,  las,  poids,  souris,  repos,  repas,  ramas,  radis,  puis. 

5  medial  is  silent  in  many  French  names  in  which  the  s  is  followed 
by  b,  c,  d,  g,  I,  Itn,  n,  p,  q,  r,  I:  Descartes,  les  Vosges,  Rouget  de  Ylsle, 
Du  Guesclin,  etc. 


SYLLABLES  31 

NOTE. — Exceptions:  Brest,  Malesherbes  (mal-zairb),  Robespierre, 
Gas/on,  Boii/e. 

Final  s  sounded  in  Reims  (Anvers  with  or  without  s),  Sieyes 
(si-e-yess),  Sens,  Saint-Saens  (sanss),  Mons,  Lesseps,  Clovis,  Brueys 
(bru-ess);  in  Latin  and  Greek  words:  Fabius,  Leonidas;  in  fact 
words  ending  in  -is,  -us,  -os,  -as,  -ns,  -ms,  -rs,  from  Greek,  Latin,  Ger- 
man and  Spanish  sources. 

NOTE. — S  not  sounded  in  Londres,  Athene.?,  Paris,  Orleans,  etc. 

SS  the  last  is  always  heard  sharply  and  the  first  gives  usually 
an  open  sound:  essence  (e-sence),  confesser,  paresse,  etc.;  in  ass, 
t'ss,  oss,  MSS  only  the  second  s  sounded:  assister,  lisse,  Ecosse,  Rwssi'e, 
etc. 

NOTE. — Vowels  are  short  then,  except  in  fosse,  grosse,lasse  (adj.  f.). 

5  medial  after  or  before  other  consonants  is  hard  s:  conspirer, 
conscience,  converser,  lorsque,  puisque,  etc. 

NOTE. — See  exceptions  under  5  as  z.  Many  prefer  s  sound  in 
transi  de  froid;  as  in  transe,  transept,  transfeYer,  Transylvanie, 
Pensylvanie  (pain-seel). 

Oss  initial  the  ss  heard:  ossature,  osseux,  etc. 

§  76.     Important  Remarks  on  s 

In  le  Christ,  Test,  1'ouest,  plus-que-parfait,  Antechrist,  pst! 
(interjection),  in  plus  (counting),  il  y  a  plus,  deux  de  plus,  bien  plus, 
en  plus,  5  francs  plus  dix  centimes,  vous  avez  recu  plus  que  moi, 
A  plus  B,  tous  as  a  pronoun;  venez  tous,  fils,  h6las,  bachelier-es- 
lettres,  le  sens,  le  lis  the  s  is  sounded. 

5  not  heard  in  plus  petit,  plus  grand,  etc.,  tous  les  enfants 
(adjective),  sens  commun,  sens  dessus  dessous,  sens  devant  derriere. 

Also  in  ceufs  (eu),  bceufs,  nerfs  (nair),  serfs,  J£sus-Christ  (kree), 
les  ours,  les  os,  echecy  (e  or  e),  les  gens  maladifs  (s  in  gens  is  heard 
before  vowels  or  h  mute)  and  tandis  que  where  s  is  unheard. 

05  sounded  in  the  singular:  1'os;  les  os  (o). 

Ours  (ourss)  un  ours  instead  of  the  old  pronunciation  oor. 

NOTE. — The  latter  preferred  in  reading  to  avoid  cacophony  or 
ambiguity. 

Fils  is  ^ss,  sometimes  fee  in  poetry  or  by  aged  persons. 

Obus  is  obu  by  the  soldiers;  often  sounded  as  z. 

Us  as  MSS,  les  us  et  coutumes. 

5  in  mceurs  is  more  frequently  sounded. 

S  not  heard  in  est:  il  est. 

5  is  heard  in  dix,  six  (isolated). 


^2  SYLLABLES 

S  when  final  and  silent  is  linked  as  z:  dans  une  heure. 

5  when  final  and  uttered  is  linked  as  ss:  le  fi\s  est  aimable.     Venu* 

admirable. 

NOTE.— One  hears  1'ours/affame  (loorss  af-fa-me"),  but,  les  our* 

aff am^s  (lay  mur  za-la-me). 

Plural  adjectives  followed  by  a  noun  the  s  is  linked  as  z:  les 
grands  hommes;  in  nouns  having  the  plural  form  and  followed  by 
an  adjective,  the  s  is  usually  not  linked:  un  discours/eUoquent, 
un  me'pris/inutile;  in  the  plural,  of  course,  s  is  z:  des  discours 
amusants,  etc. 

Same  rule  before  verbs,  adverbs  or  subjects:  son  me'pris/est 
ridicule,  le  paradis/ou  vous  irez,  quel  secours/on  me  donne!  because 
the  sense  does  not  require  it  and  a  pause  is  made. 

But  we  say  naturally:  des  jours  heureux  (joor-zeu-reux)  in  nouns 
(plural)  followed  by  an  adjective  or  adjectives  with  nouns:  ses 
aimables  enfants.  In  conversation  the  liaisons  are  often  omitted, 
specially  by  children. 

Special  rules  will  be  given  after  studying  t,  x,  z. 

§77-     T(tfa) 

T  and  TH  initial  sound  as  /:  temps,  terre,  the,  theatre;  about 
70  words  begin  with  th. 

T  final  generally  silent:  tan/,  autant,  nui/,  minui/,  tout,  gratuit, 
etc. 

NOTE. — Te  final  syllable  of  feminine  adjectives  is  heard:  toute, 
gratuite,  petite,  prompte,  etc.,  as  in  nouns  minute,  flute,  butte,  etc. 

T  is  not  sounded  in  Montreal,  Montmartre,  Pon/martin,  Pon/- 
Neuf,  etc. 

TI  or  tie  may  or  may  not  sound  as  tee. 

NOTE. — When  the  medial  /  in  English  is  sh  or  s,  it  is  soft  in 
French. 

Ex. — Ac/ion,  imitation,  friction,  supposition  (-see-on). 

When  medial  or  final  /  is  not  sh,  or  cy  as  a  sound  (English)  then 
the  /  is  natural  in  French:  parti,  par/ie,  dynas/ie,  ques/ion;  on  that 
principle  read  tie  as  s  in  the  following:  aristocra/te,  autocra/te, 
balbutie,  calvetie,  democratie,  diplomatic,  iacetie,  inertie,  ineptie, 
imperitie,  minutie,  prophetic,  prima/t>,  peripetie,  suprematie,  theo- 
cratie. 

But  tie  as  tee:  antipathie,  garantie,  modestie,  partie,  sortie,  sym- 
pathie,  Claretie,  etc. 

-TIONS  in  verbs  always  tee-on:  nous  portions,  nous  notions,  etc. 


SYLLABLES  33 

NOTE. — In  nouns  les  portions,  les  notions,  as  s.  The  only  nouns 
when  /  is  dental  (t)  are  the  following  exceptions:  ques/ion,  bas/ion, 
combus/ion,  mix/ion,  sugges/ion,  ges/f'on. 

Tial,  tiel  or  tieux  as  see-al,  see-ell:  partial,  esscntiel,  captieux. 

Bestial  is  an  exception. 

ITI  is  as  s  in  initial,  except  in  ttineraire,  mot//e,  pitie,  and  nouns 
in  itie. 

TT  as  /:  a//entif  (a-ten-tif). 

T  final  is  not  heard  in  e/,  chat,  rat,  alphabet,  cent,  fort,  concert, 
for/,  efiet,  cabinet,  biscui/,  art,  billet,  bouquet,  bosquet,  Mahome/, 
tor/,  quart,  pot,  portrait,  aspect,  respect,  suspect,  instinct,  succinct 
(but  not  in  distinc/),  nor  in  verb  endings:  parlan/,  parlen/,  il  vien/, 
ils  viennen/,  ils  on/,  ils  son/,  ils  font,  etc. 

TI  hard  before  a  consonant:  partir,  actif,  etc. 

77  in  prefixes  hard  in  an/i,  cen/i,  an/tpathie,  cen/imetre. 

Also  in  ti  final  or  /i>n:  le  parti,  il  est  sor//,  le  lien,  chrctien. 

Exceptions  in  proper  names:  Donatien,  Diocletien,  or  their  deri- 
vatives: venitien,  also  satiate,  insatiable,  initier,  balbutier,  diffe- 
rentier. 

T  is  sounded  in  tact,  accessi/,  abject,  brut,  chut,  contact,  correct, 
eel,  deficit,  dot,  direct,  exact,  mat,  est,  ouest,  rut,  viva/,  pre/tri/ 
strict,  toast,  Chris/  (no  /  in  J£sus-Christ),  huit,  sept,  transit,  and  a 
few  others. 

TH  is  /  in  Luth,  Ruth,  Macbeth,  Seth,  Elisabeth,  the,  athee,  theatre, 
zenith,  athlete,  apathie,  sympa/Aie,  etc. 

Silent  in  asthme,  isthme,  Goth,  Visigoth. 

As  s  in  Chrestoma/Aie  (or  tee). 

TZ  is  ess  in  Me/z. 

T  in  liaisons:  ET  is  never  linked:  Pierre  et  Ernest. 

SEPT  the  /  is  heard  in  months,  in  interest:  le  sept  decembre,  le 
sept  pour  cent  (7%),  or  before  a  vowel  or  //  mute:  sept  hommes, 
sept  amis.  In  other  cases  not  sounded  or  linked:  sept/iemmes  (se), 
sept/heros  (se). 

HUIT  same  rule  as  sept:  le  huit  novembre,  le  huit  du  mois,  huit 
enfants,  huit  huitres. 

VINGT  from  21  to  30  the  /  is  heard:  vingt  et  un,  and  is  linked. 
From  8 1  to  90  the  /  is  silent. 

NOTE. — The  /  after  c  and  r  is  not  heard  and  the  c  or  r  are  linked: 
Respec/  humain,  un  respect  absolu,  a  tort  et  a  travers. 

Fort  the  /  of  for/  (adverb)  is  always  linked  as  /:  for/  en  histoire, 
for/  habile,  etc. 

Avan/-hier  the  /  is  linked. 
3 


34  SYLLABLES 

ENT  in  plural  verbs,  although  nt  are  silent,  the  /  is  linked:  ils 
partent  ensemble. 

D  often  linked  as  /:  quand  il  est  venu. 
Cent  un  no  /  (101 ).     In  adding,  the  /  is  heard. 

§78.     V 

V  is  constant  as  v:  t/euf,  veuve,  twl,  avoir,  saroir,  etc. 
NOTE. — F  is  linked  as  v:  neuf  hommes,  neu/  enfants. 
VV  may  be  seen  in  some  old  French  inscriptions. 
VV  as  W  are  to-day  seen  only  in  French  words  of  foreign  origin. 
W  is  v  in  wagon-lit,  wagon-poste,  -restaurant,  Wesphalie,  and  in 
German  words. 

W  is  oo  in  whist,  wiski,  wattman,  warrant,  whiskey  as  in  English. 

§7Q-     X 

Sixteen  words  begin  with  x. 

X  in  the  plural  of  nouns  is  silent:  tableaux,  beaux,  etc. 

Over  one  thousand  words  contain  x  which  has  no  sound  of  its 
own:  X  initial  is  ks,  gz,  or  K;  X  medial  is  ks  or  z;  x  final  is  either 
silent,  or  heard  as  Xe,  S,  ce  or  z  in  liaisons. 

As  Gz  in  -Xe"nophon,  Javier,  Xerxes;  as  K  in  ATeres. 

Ex  or  Hex  (initial)  as  gz  before  a  vowel  or  h:  exercice,  exiger, 
Aexametre.  Exceptions:  ex6crer,  and  its  derivatives  uttered  as  ks. 

EX  as  gz  (in  7  words)  with  the  prefix  -in:  inexerc6,  inexact,  in- 
exauc6,  inex^cuter,  inexigible,  inexistant,  inexorable. 

INEX  as  ks  in  tnexcitable,  -excusable,  -peYience,  -piable,  -pie\ 
-plicable,  -ploit£,  -plor6,  -pressif,  -primable,  -pugnable,  -tensible, 
-tricable  and  derivatives. 

X  as  ks  in  Aix,  axe,  axiome,  Alexandre,  borax,  exces,  exception, 
excessif,  exciter,  flexible,  luxe,  larynx,  maxime,  pheYiix,  pharynx, 
silex,  Styx,  Luxembourg. 

X  as  5  in  Auxerrois,  Bruxelles,  Auxerre,  dix-sept,  -ieme,  soixante, 
-ieme. 

X  is  z  in  deuxieme,  -ment,  dix-huit,  -ieme,  dixieme,  -ment,  dix- 
neuf,  -vieme,  -ment,  sixieme,  -ment,  sixain,  dizain. 

IX  as  ess  in  Atx-les-Bains,   Aix-la-Chapelle;  as   iss   in   Cadt'x, 
Beatrix,  except  in  F^ltx,  prefix  and  Vercingd-tortx. 

X  silent  in  endings  -oux,  -aux,  -oix,  -nix,  -eux,  -houx,  Foix,  Lemi- 
eux,  Chamonix,  Bayeux,  Clairvaux,  heureux. 

Also  in  prix,  Crucifix,  perdrix,  afflux,  flux  and  reflux. 


LIAISONS  35 

X  is  ss  in  di.-c,  six  and  before  months:  le  dix  septembre;  le  10%: 
le  dix  pour  cent. 

NOTE. — Before  other  nouns  beginning  with  consonant  or  h  aspir- 
ate dix  and  six  are  as  dee,  see:  dix  livres,  six  h£ros. 

X  is  linked  as  z:  dix  enfants;  also  in  17  and  19. 

§80.     Z 

Z  initial  is  z:  zephir,  zero,  zone,  Mazarin,  etc. 

£Z  is  e  in  nez,  chez,  assez,  rcz-de-chauss6e  and  in  verbs:  vous 
avez,  etc. 

EZ  in  few  proper  names  is  heard  as  ez:  Suez,  Alvarez,  Cortez, 
Fez,  Velasquez. 

Z  in  -az,  -0z,  -wz  is  ozz,  oze,  uze:  Diaz,  gaz,  Dalloz,  Vera-Cru*. 

Z  is  ts  in  Zimmermann  and  other  German  words. 

Z  in  Metz  (the  tz  is  *M). 

IX.     Liaisons 

Or  the  linking  of  two  or  more  words 
§81. 

Those  ending  with  b,  bs,  c,  d,  g,  I,  m,  p,  r  may  or  may  not  be  linked. 

B  and  BS: 

Joab  £tait  neveu  de  David. 

Christophe  Colomfe/a  d^couvert  1'AmeYique. 

La  robe  est  rouge. 

Le  Dou&s/a  de  nombreuses  cascades. 

§82.     C 

as  5  in:  La  force  6tait  un  attribut  d'Hercule 
as  K:  Des  arcs-en-ciel 

du  blanc  au  noir 

a  franc  eerier 

C  as  k  when  final,  c  is  heard :  un  roc  escarpe" 

Silent  in  ch:  un  almanaei  int^ressant 

CT  as  /:  le  tact  et  1'esprit 

CT  as  k:  le  respect  humain 

C  as  k  in  done  before  vowel  or  h  mute: 

il  est  done  arrive^  or  in  conclusions: 

je  pense,  done  j'existe 

C  in  DONC  weakly  heard  in  expressions  of  advice  or  surprise: 

Soyez  done  sage 


35  LIAISONS 

Us  nous  a  done  trompe's 

Silent:  C'est  un  escroc/intelligent. 

§83.     D 

as  d:  le  sud-est,  le  sud-ouest 

le  nord-ouest,  le  nord-est 
as  t  (preceded  by  nasal  vowel) : 

elle  prend  une  legon 

le  nid/a  ete  detruit 

IVJOTE. — Except  with  adjective  and  its  noun  or  group  of  words: 

un  f  mid  accueil 

le  froid  et  le  chaud 

de  pied  en  cap 

pied  a  terre 

/?£>.— We  avoid  linking  rd  before  many  words: 

un  retard/inattendu 

un  brouillard/epais 

il  est  sourd  et  muet 

NOTE. — In  verbs  d  as  t: 

perd-on 

repond-il  a  son  frere? 

§84.     F 

as  /:  vi/  amour 

sau/-conduit 

sau/-erreur 

bceu/  a  la  mode 

neu/  et  demi 

neu/  mars 

neu/  pour  cent 

neu/  pour  Jean,  neu/  pour  moi 

du  bceu/  r6ti 

j'ai  achete  un  bceu/  gras  et  un  bceu/  maigre 

le  chef  de  brigade  est-il  au  che/-lieu? 
silent  in: 

che/-d'ceuvre,  che/s-d'ceuvre 

la  clef 

bceu/  gras  (sing,  or  plur.)  du  carnaval  k  Paris 

le  ner/  de  la  guerre 

un  ceu//rais  ou  des  ceu/s/rais 

NOTE. — Also  before  plural  nouns  beginning  with  consonants  or  ft 
aspirate. 


LIAISONS  37 

§85.      G 

as/fe: 

Le  Bourg  est  un  chef-lieu 

sang  et  eau 

sang  humain 

un  bourg  anglais 
as  g  in  un  joug  e'crasant 

Silent  in  endings:  -ong,  -ing,  -ang,  -ourg,  -eng,  or  -oing,  etc. 

ce  faubourg/ext£rieur 

Cherbourg/est  une  place  forte 

§86.     H 

final  is  silent  and  never  linked: 

un  almanac/i/avec  indications  astronomiques,  etc. 
as  k  in:  un  krach  e'pouvantable 

See  huit  under  T 

§87.     J 

never  ends  a  French  word;   but  je  or  /'  often  linked. 
§88.     K 

naturally  carried  on  as  k  before  vowels: 
Un  copeck  est  une  monnaie  russe 

§89.     L 

is  linked  in  most  words: 
un  fo/  espoir 
un  vol  affreux 

NOTE. — Also  in  endings  -eil  (eille),  -ail  (aille)  /  is  as  y  in  yes: 
un  solei/  ardent 
un  travail  exceptionnel 
also  in :  genti/homme 

Silent  in  genti/,  fusi/  (see  L) ;  but  in  plural  nouns  s  is  linked  as  z: 
des  genti/shommes 
fusi/s  a  percussion 

§9°-     M 

s  linked  mostly  in  foreign  words : 

1 'opium  a  une  propri^te  narcotique 
silent:  nom  et  prenom 

Adam  et  Eve 


38  LIAISONS 

§91.     N  (see  nasal  vowels) 

UN,  ON,  and  EN  are  carried  on : 

on  a;  on  entend;  en  ont-ils;  vous    en    avez;     en     attendant;  un 
ami,  un  homme 
Except  in  le  un  et  le  deux. 
BIEN  et  RIEN  as  adverbs: 

bien  aimable 

je  n'ai  rien  achete" 

NOTE. — Not  in  nouns: 

ce  biew/est  a  mon  frere 

Jean  est  petit 

But  in  en  pletn  air 

le  moyen  age 

N  not  elided  in : 

le  vin  et  1'eau 

son  et  sa  sont  des  adjectifs  possessifs 

le  bow  et  le  mauvais 

c'est  bon  a  manger 

un  et  un  font  deux 

chacun  un 

donnez-lui  en  un  peu 

selon  eux 

ii  a  dit  non  et  oui 

elle  se  plait  bien  en  Amerique 

il  se  conduit  bien  en  classe 

combiew  y  en  a-t-il? 

1'un  ou  1'autre 

1'un  dit  oui,  1'autre  dit  now 

est-il  venu  quelqu'uw  a  5  heures? 

arrive-t-on  a  New- York? 

§92-     O 

No  elision  in: 

le  onze,  le  onzieme,  la  onzieme 
le  oui 
la  ouate 
and  in  des  oui-dire 

§93.     P 

silent  in  drap,  loup,  etc.: 
un  drap/excellent 
le  camp/ est  endormi 


LIAISONS  39 


P  in  beau  coup  and  tro/>  often  linked  softly: 
beaucou/>  etudie 
trop  eclatant 


§94-     Q 


as  k  in: 

le  cing  mars 

cing  enfants 

cinq  hommes 

le  ting  pour  cent 
But  not  in: 

cing/livres,  cing/h6ros,  etc. 

§95-    R 

(er)  in  verbs  generally  linked : 

aimer  a  chanter 
(er)  in  Poetry  it  is  required 
(er)  in  adjectives  and  nouns: 

son  dernier  avis 

le  premier  enfant 
(r)  when  silent  in  nouns  generally  not  linked : 

Monsieur/Ernest 

un  boulanger/intelligent 

§96.     S 

as  2  with  few  exceptions: 


depuis  une  heure 
je  voudrais  £tre  riche 
le  tiers-e"tat 
les  Champs- Ely se^s 
de  temps  en  temps 
les  miens  et  les  tiens 
des  ceufs  a  la  coque 
de  plus  en  plus 
de  moins  en  moins 
5  not  linked  in : 
mais/oui 

Georges/est  riche 
les/onze  enfants 
Paris/ est  une  belle  ville 


40  LIAISONS 

c'est  un  avis/ important 
il  est  3  heurej/et  demie 
des  veri/a  soie 

vers  les/une  heure  . 

NOTE. — Avoid  repetitions  of  linking  the  s  or  z  as  proper  pauses 
must  be  made: 

la  lecon  des  autrej  enf ants/ est  trop  longue  (see  S). 

§97-     T 

as  t  very  frequent : 

adverbs:  fort  inte"ressant 

verbs :  ils  on/  achete 

on/-ils  vu? 

T  in  et  never  linked : 

Paul  et/un  ami 

Adjective  and  noun  or  object: 

pret  a  sortir 

charman/  homme 

Verb  and  subject  and  object  with  or  without  et: 

que  diJ-on? 

il  fau*  etudier 

en  allan/  a  la  banque 

ils  allaieni  et  venaient 

Adverbs  with  et  or  on: 

libremen/  et  joyeusement 

t6t  ou  tard 

NOTE.— (0  final  and  silent  not  linked: 

un  attenta//odieux 
(rt)  t  generally  silent: 

il  est  for//et  grand 

la  Mor//a  decime  son  arm^e 

Robert/a  eu  la  lecon 

un  exper//en  architecture 

la  pluparf/ont  le  mal  de  mer 

§98.     X 

as  z:  six  ans 
dix  hommes 
dix  sept 
NOTE.— Not  in  dix/livres,  six/hauteurs,  etc.  (see  §  76) 


LIAISONS  41 

§99-     Z 

as  z:  ceux  et  celles 

vous  avez  ecrit,  etc. 
But  not  in: 

nez  a  nez 

portez  armes 

presentez  armes 

nez  aquilin 

Remarks  on  Liaisons 

§  100.  The  liaisons  affect  the  final  /,  q,  s,  x  specially  in 
boeu/,  cog,  sens,  cinq,  six,  sept,  hui/,  neu/,  dis- 
according to  the  rules  set  forth  previous!)'. 

But  the  normal  liaisons  in  the  articles,  nouns,  adjec- 
tives, etc.,  are  sometimes  optional,  sometimes  unper- 
missible. 

In  eloquence,  elocution,  and  poetry  the  liaisons  are  more 
required  than  in  conversation;  they  may  be  observed 
but  not  multiplied.  The  ear  must  also  be  pleased,  not 
shocked. 

les  huitres  but  not  in  le/huit,  les/huit 

I'ouie  but  not  in  le/oui  et  le  non 

il  est/huit  heures 

Jean/est  serieux 

Jeanne  est  jolie 

J'en  ai  un 

le  sud  et  I' est  (as  d) 

le  nord  et  I'ouest 

mats/out 

vingt  et  un,  but  not  in  le  chat/et  le  chien 

When  the  liaisons  are  too  close  we  must  pause  at  least  after  the 
verb  to  avoid  discordant  sounds: 

vous  nous  avez  avertis/en  allant  a  I'hdtel 

Children  often  omit  the  liaisons  of  s,  t,  d,  x,  z. 

§  ioi.     (i)  Strictly  speaking  one  must  use  discretion  in 

linking  words: 

Pierre  et/un  ami  (et  is  never  linked) 
Pierre  est  un  ami 


42  LIAISONS 

There  is  often  a  reason  based  on  grammar  or  on  the  ear: 
pot-au-feu  (po-to-feu)  has  not  the  same  meaning  as  mettre  le  pot  au 
feu;  in  the  latter  case  the  t  is  silent. 

We  link  naturally  the  article  with  a  noun:  un  ami,  une  amie, 
I'ami,  I'amie,  les  amis,  les  amies,  les  hommes,  except  before  h  aspirate 
or  consonants.  No  liaison  in  les  heros.  nor  in  les  zeros. 

§  1 02.     (2)  Qualifying  adjectives,   possessive  adjectives 
with  nouns : 

d'heureux  enfants 

les  amis  de  mes  amis  sont  mes  amis 

§  103.     (3)  Nouns  in  the  plural  with  the  adjective: 

des  discours  eloquents 
but  not  in:  un  discours /eloquent  (r  is  linked). 

§  104.     (4)  Pronouns  including  object,  en,  y: 

il  a,  elle  a,  on  a,j'ai,  nous  avons,  vous  avez,  Us  ont,  etc. 
on  attend,  en  ont-elles,  j'y  vais,  qu'avez-vous  ? 

NOTE.— Are  linked  the  pronoun  before  its  verb  or  the  verb  before 
its  pronoun. 

§  I05-     (5)  The   adverb   before   the    adjective   or    past 
participle: 

trap  ardent 
fort  estime 

(6)  Prepositions  except  selon 
chez  elles 

selon/eux 

(7)  d  is  carried  on  as  t: 
/as  v 

g  as  k 

s  and  x  as  z 

grand  homme 

cinq  amis  (q  as  k) 

neuf  hommes 

NOTE.— The/  is  frequently  '  card  instead  of  v. 

un  rang  honorable 

le  sang  humain 


GENERAL   RULES   ON    PROSODY  43 

5  in  vers,  envers,  discours,  secours,  etc.,  the  r  is  carried  except  in 
plural  nouns: 

vers/une  colline 

un  secours/ inattendu 

T  preceded  by  r  is  carried  on  only  in  fort  (when  adverb). 

fort  aimable 

not  in  a  tort  et  a  trovers 

CT  as  k  in  respect: 

respect  humain 

respect  absolu 

N  in  liaisons:  you  utter  the  nasal  vowel  and  link  the  «  with  the 
next  syllable. 

en  achetant 
AIN  and  IEN  are  weakened  before  linking : 

certain  ami 

un  ancien  efeve 
IN  is  also  weakened  in  old  religious  or  classical  appellations : 

U  est  ne  le  divin  Enfant 

le  divin  amour 

ON  may  or  may  not  be  weakened  in :  man  ami,  ton  ami,  son  ami 
but  in  other  cases  it  loses  its  nasal  quality  before  being  carried  on: 

ce  bonhomme  or  in  ce  ban  homme 

c'est  un  bon  ami 

le  bonheur 
UN  preserves  generally  its  nasal  quality :  un  ami 

By  affectation  speakers  say  u-n  ami 

X.     General    Rules    on    Practical    French    Prosody:    Articulation, 
Aspiration,  Elision,  Expiration,  Liaisons,  and  Tonic  Accent 

§  106.  Articulation. — The  ear  must  hear  every  syllable 
in  French,  however  vanishing  the  stress  may 
be:  C'est  u-ne  Fran-qai-se.  J'ai  re-pe-te,  pro-non- 
ci-a-ti-on,  e-lec-ti-on,  do-mi-ner,  ci-te,  se-cre-tai-re. 

§  107.     Aspiration    (breathing    upon). — Certain    sounds 
are  uttered  with  a  breath  upon  the  vowel :  Ho ! 
Ho!     Philippe. 
NOTE. — The  h  is  aspirated  in  French  when  the  following  vowel  is 

slightly  pronounced  from  the  throat:  le  heros.     Then  no  elision  nor 

linking  is  permissible,  except  with  a  mute  h. 


44  GENERAL    RULES    ON    PROSODY 

§  108.  Elision.— In  auxiliary  words  the  initials  a,  e,  i,  o,  u 
or  h  (mute)  are  often  preceded  by  /'  (for  le, 
/a),  d'  (de),  qu  (que),  s'  (si  or  se),  etc.:  I' ami, 
I'amie,  I' enfant,  j'ai,  jusqu'a,  s'il  vous  plait. 

§  109.  Expiration. — The  French  Language  is  articulated 
principally  on  the  lips.  You  must  breathe  out 
while  moving  the  lips:  ce,  si,  etc. 

§  1 10.  Liaisons  or  the  linking  of  words. — The  liaisons  are 
frequently  used  in  French  and  serve  to  connect 
principally  the  article  with  the  noun,  the  adjec 
tive  with  the  noun,  the  pronoun  with  the  verb, 
the  verb  with  the  pronoun  and  the  adverb  before 
the  past  participle  or  adjective :  un  ami,  un  grand 
homme,  il  a,  elle  a,  a-t-il,  fort  aime,  etc. 

NOTE.— Words  must  not  be  linked  before  h  (aspirate)  or  any 
other  word  not  strictly  connected  by  punctuation  or  by  certain 
groups  of  words.  Above  all  the  ear  must  be  pleased  and  proper 
pauses  prevent  the  linking. 

§111.  Hiatus. — The  meeting  of  the  same  vowel:  one 
final,  the  other  initial  is  called  hiatus  and  no 
linking  takes  place.  Ex.  il  alia  d  Paris,  coupe- 
le  en  deux. 

NOTE.— In  Poetry  no  hiatus  is  tolerated,  except  for  effect. 
§  112.     Mute  E 

The  so-called  mute  e. 

Strictly  speaking,  the  e  is  mute  only  when  it  is  elided: 
I 'ami,  I'homme. 

In  other  cases  the  final  e  is  slightly  uttered:  la  face. 

In  very  few  words  the  so-called  e  mute  is  not  pro- 
nounced: soie,  soierie.  The  e  in  old  French  was  weak, 
but  heard.  Now,  in  conversation,  it  is  heard  or  not 
according  to  its  position. 


GENERAL    RULES    ON    PROSODY  45 

Brachet  says:  ((Dans  la  phonetique  des  voyelles,  il  faut 
considerer  la  qualite,  I' accentuation,  V entourage.)) 

In  daily  use  the  same  vowel  e  in  the  same  word  is 
uttered  or  not:  Je  n'veux  pas,  j'  n'en  sais  rien. 

Even  in  Poetry  says  M.  Maurice  Grammont:  «En 
ancien  frangais,  sauf  a  la  fin  du  vers  et  a  la  cesure, 
tout  e  comptait  pour  une  syllabe;  aujourd'hui  il  ne 
compte  plus  jamais  apres  une  voyelle  atone;  tu  joueras 
ne  fait  que  trois  syllabes,  il  en  faisait  quatre  a 
1'origine.)) 

This  modern  usage  began  in  the  i4th  century. 

After  a  tonic  vowel  (prie,  pries,  prient)  it  is  also  silent, 
but  the  word,  including  it,  is  not  allowed  in  the  body 
of  a  verse,  except  when  the  e  is  elided-  At  the  end  of  a 
verse  it  is  a  feminine  rime. 

§  1 13.     MASCULINE  RIME  is  a  final  stressed  syllable  at  the 
end  of  a  verse. 

§  114.     FEMININE  RIME  ends  in  e  mute  or  -ent,  -es  (as  its 
equivalent). 

NOTE. — After  a  consonant  the  e,  either  in  the  body  of  a  verse  or 
at  the  end  of  a  word,  seems  to  have  been  silent  or  uttered  in  daily 
use  from  the  I5th  century  to  the  present  time. 

§115.     QUANTITY  is  not  the  basis  of  French  verse  and 
we  count  the  syllables  whether  long  or   short; 
hence  French  verses  are  syllabic. 
All  syllables  count  except  mute  syllables  when  final 

(at  the  end  of  a  verse)  or  elided. 

§  1 1 6.     TONIC  ACCENT.     In  Poetry  there  are  two  required 
stressed  syllables :  at  the  end  of  a  verse  (mascu- 
line rime)  and  at  the  caesura. 
From  Quitard's  Traite  de  Versification: 


46  PRACTICAL    FRENCH    PROSODY 

L 'accent  tonique,  ainsi  nomme  parce  qu'il  consiste  en  une  sorte  de 
ten  musical,  est  une  modulation  simple  et  legere  qui  se  joint  a  certaines 
syllabes.  II  se  trouve  toujours  sur  la  derniere  des  mots  a  desinence 
sonore  ou  masculine,  et  sur  V  avant-derniere  des  mots  a  desinence  muette 
ou  feminine.  L' accent  d'appui  consiste  dans  une  prononciation  plus 
forte  et  plus  ressentie  de  la  syllabe  sur  laquelle  la  voix  insiste,  mats 
sans  modulation. 

As  to  the  other  accents  (stress)  in  Poetry  they  may 
vary. 

For  emphasis  or  expressive  reading  the  accent  (stress) 
is  maintained  on  first  syllables  beginning  with  conso- 
nants or  on  the  medial :  Ca  ira,  c'est  e"po«vantable. 

XI.— Practical    French    Prosody   (see    sects.    106-116) 

§  117.  Briefly  French  verse  is  based  on  the  number  of 
syllables  and  on  the  rime.  In  French  the  stress 
or  accentuation  falls: 

§  1 1 8.  (i)  On  the  last  syllables  of  words  (of  two  syl- 
lables) ending  with  a  masculine  rime  or  the 
penultimate  syllable  when  the  word  ends  with  a 
feminine  rime. 

§  119.     (2)  The  antepenultimate  in  words  (with  mascu- 
line rimes)  of  three  or  more  syllables. 
Let  us  examine  briefly  the  modes  of  uttering  French 
in  Elocution,  Reading,  and  Conversation. 

§  1 20.  French  character — being  quick  and  mild,  says 
d'Olivet — reveals  brevity  and  suavity.  Latin 
words  as  well  as  vowels  have  often  been  short- 
ened in  French,  and  to  make  the  language  more 
flowing  the  mute  e  has  been  multiplied,  the  hiatus 
often  removed,  and  the  article  and  the  pronoun 
frequently  used. 


PRACTICAL  FRENCH  PROSODY          47 

Although  the  long  and  short  French  vowels  or  syl- 
lables do  not  fulfill  the  same  purpose  as  in  Greek  or  Latin 
they  may  describe  by  their  place  or  union  different 
objects,  various  shades  of  meaning. 

Some  poets  have  succeeded  in  establishing  a  certain 
connection  between  sounds  and  ideas.  From  physical 
phenomena  to  abstract  ideas  they  associate  serious 
thoughts  with  long  sounds,  pleasant  ideas  with  soft 
sounds. 

In  other  words  the  poet  may  suggest  such  ideas  or 
images  to  the  mind  by  faithfully  interpreting  an  intel- 
lectual impression  or  rendering  it  true  to  our  senses. 

Music  has  also  given  us  long  notes,  deep  sounds,  etc., 
but  their  timbre  and  quality  form  the  basis  and  the 
mode  of  articulating  the  French  vowels. 

§  121.     The  rules  of  French  Prosody  are  based — accord- 
ing to  needs — on  vivacity  or  lack  of  animation. 

§  122.     Prosody 
Listen  to  a  prolonged  whistling: 

uPour  qui  sont  ces  serpents  qui  sifflent  sur  vos  tetes?)) 

(Racine,  Andromaque) 

To  Indolence: 

<t.La  mollesse  oppressee, 

Dans  so  bouche,  d  ce  mot,  sent  sa  langue  glacee: 
Et,  lasse  de  parler,  succombant  sous  V effort. 
Soupire,  etend  les  bras,  .  .  .  ferme  I'aeil  et  s'endort.)) 

(Le  Lutrin,  Boileau) 

On  a  rocky  road: 
«Ou,  o  Hugo,  huchera-t-on  ton  nom? 
Justice,  enfin  rendue,  que  ne  t'a-t-on? 
Quand  done,  au  corps  qu'Academie  qu'on  nomme 
Grimperas-tu  de  roc  en  roc,  rare  homme.v 

(P.  Grandmaison) 


48  PRACTICAL    FRENCH    PROSODY 

Sonorous  vowels: 

((La  victoire  aux  cent  voix  sonnera  sa  fanfare.)) 

(Hugo,  A  I' Arc  de  Triomphe) 

Rapidity: 

((Oh  I  si  j'avais  des  ailes 

Vers  ce  beau  del  si  pur  je  voudrais  les  ouvrir.)) 

(Musset,  Rolla) 

Briefly,  the  slower  the  pronunciation,  the  more  im- 
portant Prosody  is  in  Reading,  specially  at  the  bar,  in 
the  theater,  or  pulpit. 

Granting  that  diction  is  a  sort  of  singing,  each  long 
syllable  must  be  more  pronounced.  The  timbre  and 
the  quality  of  vowels  do  not  affect  the  stress  (accent) 
because  the  pause  is  the  same. 

Alone  the  intonation  varies  in  accordance  with  ideas 
or  sentiments. 

When  the  nasals  are  more  frequent  than  the  vowels 
the  timbre  seems  to  yield  to  the  dominant  quality  of 
indolence  or  indifference. 

Certain  consonants  (b,  d,  g,  p,  or  c)  are  often  used  to 
express  irony  or  sudden  emotions;  R  to  express  dis- 
satisfaction or  rumbling  sounds. 

In  Reading  the  pronunciation  is  somewhat  slower; 
each  syllable  has  its  proper  value,  each  sentiment  its 
intonation.  There  should  be  more  repose  in  Reading 
than  in  Elocution. 

In  Conversation  the  vowels  seem  to  be  all  short,  but 
are  not  so  when  properly  sounded. 

Good  usage  may  be  the  best  rule  in  Conversation, 
but  many  hiatus  often  add  to  its  charm. 

For  further  information  on  the  rules  of  Versification 
you  are  requested  to  read : 

Quitard's  Dictionnaire  des  Rimes. 

Grammont's  Petit  Traite  de  Versification  franc,aise 


H  (ASPIRATED)  IN 


49 


XH.— §  123.     H   (aspirated)   in 


ha 

halage 

hannuyer 

Mbler 

halbi 

or  hainuier 

hdblerie 

halbran 

Hanovrien 

hdbleur 

halbrene 

hansart 

hachage 

hdle 

hanse 

hachard 

hdle 

hanseatique 

hache 

holer 

hauler 

hache 

haler 

hantise 

hache-ecorce 

halt-taut 

happe 

hache-legumes 

haletement 

happeau 

hache-paille 

haleter 

happelourde 

hacher 

haleur 

happement 

hachereau 

hall 

happer 

hachette 

hallebarde 

haquebute 

hache-viande 

hallebardier 

ou  hacquebute 

hachis 

hallier 

haquenee 

hachisch 

hallier 

haquet 

ou  haschisch 

halo 

haquetier 

hachischin 

haloir 

harangue 

hachoir 

halot 

haranguer 

hachot 

halotechnie 

harangueur 

hachotte 

halte 

haras 

hachure 

hamac 

harasse 

hack 

hameau 

harassement 

hadji 

hamelia 

harasser 

hagard 

hammam 

harcelement 

hagardement 

hampe 

harceler 

haha 

hamster 

harceleur 

hai 

han 

harde 

haie 

hanap 

harde 

ha'ie 

hanapier 

hardees 

haillon 

hanche 

harder 

haillonneux 

handicap 

hardes 

haine 

handicaper 

hardi 

haineusement 

handicapeur 

hardiesse 

haineux 

hanebane 

hardiment 

hair 

hangar 

harem 

haire 

hanneton 

hareng 

ha'issable 

hannetonnage 

harengaison 

haje 

hannetonner 

harengere 

4 

H  (ASPIRATED)  IN 


harengerie 

hdtelet 

haut-relief 

harenguet 

hdtelle 

hauturier 

harfang 

ou  h&telette 

havane 

hargnerie 

hater 

have 

hargneux 

hater  eau 

haveneau 

haridelle 

hateur 

ou  havenet 

harle 

hdtier 

havir 

harmattan 

hdtif 

havre 

harnachement 

hdtille 

havresac 

harnacher 

hdtiveau 

he 

harnacheur 

hd'ivement 

heaume 

harnais 

hdtivete 

heaumerie 

haro 

halti-chenf 

hem 

harpail 

haiure 

heler 

harpaille 

hauban 

henne 

harpe 

haubaner 

hennin 

harpe 

haubergeon 

hennir 

harpeau 

haubert 

hennissement 

harper 

hausse 

heraut 

harpie 

hausse-col 

herd-book 

harpin 

haussement 

here 

harpisle 

hausse-pied 

hensse 

har  poise 

hausse-queue 

herissement 

harpon 

hausser 

herisser 

harponnage 

haussier 

herisson 

harponnement 

haussiere 

herissonne 

harponner 

haul 

hernhute 

harponneur 

haul  d  has 

ou  hernute 

hart 

hautain 

hernhutisme 

ha  sard 

hautainement 

herniaire 

hasarde 

hautbois 

hernie 

hasardement 

hautboiste 

hernie 

hasarder 

haut-de-chausse 

hernieux 

hasardeusement 

haute-contre 

heron 

hasardeux 

hautement 

heronneau 

hasardise 

haute  sse 

heronnier 

haschisch 

haute-taille 

heronniere 

hase 

hauteur 

heros 

hastaire 

haul-fond 

herpe 

haste 

haut-le-caeur 

hersage 

haste 

haut-le-corps 

herse 

hdte 

haut-pendu 

herser 

H  (ASPIRATED)  IN 


herseur 

hochet 

houari 

hersillon 

hockey 

houblon 

hetraie 

hogner 

houblonner 

heire 

hold. 

houblonnier 

heu 

Hollandais 

houblonniere 

heurt 

Holland* 

houe 

heurte 

hollander 

houement 

heurtement 

horn 

houer 

heurter 

homard 

houette 

heurtoir 

horn 

houeur 

heuse 

hon 

houillage 

hevee 

hongre 

houille 

hexandre 

hongrer 

houiller 

hexandrie 

hongreur 

houillere 

hi 

hongroierie 

houilleur 

hibou 

Hongrois 

houilleux 

hie 

hongroyage 

houle 

hideur 

hongroyer 

houlette 

hideusement 

hongroyeur 

houleux 

hideux 

honnir 

houlque 

hie 

honte 

houp! 

hiement 

honteusement 

houper 

ou  htment 

honteux 

houppe 

hierarchie 

hop 

houppelande 

hierarchique 

hoquet 

houpper 

hierarchiquement 

hoqueter 

houppette 

hierarchisation 

hoqueton 

houraillis 

hierarchiser 

horde 

hourd 

Highlander 

horion 

hourdage 

hisser 

hors 

ou  hourdis 

ho 

hors-d'oeuvre 

hourder 

hoat-chi 

horse-guard 

houret 

hoazin 

horse-pox 

houri 

hobereau 

hors-ligne 

houri 

hoc 

hotte 

hourque 

hoca 

hottee 

hourra 

hocco 

Hottentot 

hourvari 

hoche 

hottereau 

housard 

hochement 

hotteur 

houseaux 

hochepot 

hou 

houspiller 

hochequeue 

houache 

houssage 

hocher 

ou  houaiche 

houssaie 

H  (ASPIRATED)  IN 


housse 

housser 

houssine 

houssiner 

houssoir 

housson 

houx 

hoyau 

huard 

hublot 

huch  ou  hucho 

huche 

hucher 

huchel 

hue! 

huee 


huer 

huette 

huguenot 

huguenotisme 

huhau 

hull  in 

hulot 

hulotte 

hululer 

hum! 

humage 

humbug 

hune 

hunter 

hunter 

huppe 


huppe 

hure 

hurlant 

hurlement 

hurler 

hurleur 

Huron 

hurrah 

hussard 

hussar  de 

h  us site 

hutin 

hutinet 

hutte 

hutter 

hyacinthe 


ARRETE 

RELATIP  A  LA  SIMPLIFICATION  DE  L'ENSEIGNEMENT 
DE  LA  SYNTAXE  FRANCAISE 

(26  feVrier   1901) 

Le  Ministre  de  1'Instruction  publique  et  des  Beaux-Arts,  vu  1'ar- 
ticle  5  de  la  loi  du  27  feVrier  1880; 

Vu  1'arrete"  du  31  juillet  1900; 

Le  Conseil  supeYieur  de  1  Instruction  publique  entendu, 
Arrete: 

ARTICLE  I. — Dans  les  examens  ou  concours  dependant  du  mini- 
stere  de  1'Instruction  publique,  qui  component  des  epreuves  sp^ciales 
d'orthographe,  il  ne  sera  pas  compte  de  fautes  aux  candidatspour  avoir 
us6  des  tolerances  indiquees  dans  la  liste  annexee  au  present  arrete. 

La  m£me  disposition  est  applicable  au  jugement  des  diverses 
compositions  r£digees  en  langue  francaise,  dans  les  examens  ou 
concours  dependant  du  ministere  de  1'Instruction  publique  qui  ne 
comportent  pas  une  £preuve  speciale  d'orthographe. 

ARTICLE  2. — L'arr£t6  du  31  juillet  1900  est  rapporte. 

LISTE  ANNEXEE  A  L 'ARRETE  DU  26  FEVRIER  1901 
Substantifs 

PLURIEL  ou  SINGULIER.—- Dans  toutes  les  constructions  ou  le 
sens  permet  de  comprendre  le  substantif  complement  aussi  bien 
au  singulier  qu'au  pluriel,  on  tolerera  1'emploi  de  1'un  ou  1'autre 
nombre.  Ex. :  des  habits  de  femme  ou  de  femmes; — des  confitures  de 
groseille  ou  de  groseilles; — des  prStres  en  bonnet  carre  ou  en  bonnets 
Carres; — Us  ont  dte  leur  chapeau  ou  leurs  chapeaux.  .  .  . 

Substantifs   des    deux   genres 

1 .  AIGLE. — L'usage  actuel  donne  a  ce  substantif  le  genre  mascu- 
lin,  sauf  dans  le  cas  ou  il  designe  des  enseignes.     Ex.:  les  aigles 
romaines. 

2.  AMOUR,  ORGUE. — L'usage  actuel  donne  a  ces  deux  mots  le 
genre  masculin  au  singulier.     Au  pluriel,  on  tole>era  indifferemment 

53. 


54   ARR£TE  RELATIF  A  LA  SYNTAXE  FRAN£AISE 

le  genre  masculin  ou  le  genre  feminin.     Ex.:  les  grandes  argues; 
— un  des  plus  beaux  argues; — de  folles  amours,  des  amours  tardifs. 

3.  DELICE  ET  DELICES  sont,  en  realit^,  deux  mots  differents. 
Le  premier  est  d'un  usage  rare  et  un  peu  recherche.     II  est  inutile 
de  s'en  occuper  dans  1'enseignement  e'tementaire  et  dans  les  exercices. 

4.  AUTOMNE,  ENFANT. — Ces  deux  mots  e"tant  des  deux  genres, 
il  est  inutile  de  s'en  occuper  particulierement.     II  en  est  de  meme 
de  tous  les  substantifs  qui  sont  indiffeYemment  des  deux  genres. 

5.  GENS,    ORGE. — On   tole'rera   dans   toutes    les    constructions 
1'accord  de  1'adjectif  au  fe"minin  avec  le  mot  gens.     Ex.:  instruits 
ou  instruites  par  I 'experience,  les  vieilles  gens  sont  soufaonneux  ou 
soupqonneuses. 

On  tolerera  1'emploi  du  mot  orge  au  feminin  sans  exception:  orge 
carree,  orge  mondee,  orge  perlee. 

6.  HYMNE. — II  n'y  a  pas  de  raison  suffisante  pour  dormer  a  ce 
mot  deux  sens  differents  suivant  qu'il  est  employe1  au  masculin  ou 
au  feminin.     On  tolerera  les  deux  genres  aussi  bien  pour  les  chants 
nationaux  que  pour  les  chants  religieux.     Ex.:   un  bel  hymne  ou 
une  belle  hymne. 

7.  PAQUES. — On  tolerera  1'emploi  de  ce  mot  au  f&ninin  aussi 
bien  pour  designer  une  date  que  la  fete  religieuse.     Ex. :  A  P&ques 
prochain,  ou  d  P agues  prochaines. 

Pluriel   des   substantifs 

PLURIEL  DES  NOMS  PROPRES. — La  plus  grande  obscurite"  regnant 
dans  les  regies  et  les  exceptions  enseign^es  dans  les  grammaires,  on 
tolerera  dans  tous  les  cas  que  les  noms  propres  precedes  de  1'article 
pluriel  prennent  la  marque  du  pluriel:  les  Corneilles  comme  les 
Gracques;—des  Virgiles  (exemplaires)  comme  des  Virgiles  (editions). 

II  en  sera  de  m&me  pour  les  noms  propres  de  personne  d6signant 
les  oauvres  de  ces  personnes.  Ex. :  des  Meissoniers. 

PLURIEL  DES  NOMS  EMPRUNTES  A  D'AUTRES  LANGUES. — Lorsque 
ces  mots  sont  tout  a  fait  entr<§s  dans  la  langue  francaise,  on  toterera 
que  le  pluriel  soit  forme1  suivant  la  regie  g6ne"rale.  Ex. :  des  exeats 
comme  Aes  deficits. 

Noms  composes 

NOMS  COMPOSES. — Les  mdmes  noms  composes  se  rencontr-ait 
aujourd'hui  tantdt  avec  le  trait  d'union,  tant6t  sans  trait  d'union. 
II  est  inutile  de  fatiguer  les  enfants  a  apprendre  des  contradictions 
que  rien  ne  justifie.  L'absence  de  trait  d'union  dans  1'expression 


ARRETE  RELATIF  A  LA  SYNTAXE  FRANQAISE     55 

pomme  de  terre  n'empeche  pas  cette  expression  de  former  un  veritable 
mot  compost  aussi  bien  que  chef-d'oeuvre,  par  exemple.  Ces  mots 
pourront  toujours  s'6crire  sans  trait  d 'union. 


Article 

ARTICLE  DEVANT  LES  NOMS  PROPRES  DE  PERSONNES. — L'usage 
existe  d'employer  1'article  devant  certains  noms  de  famille  italiens: 
le  Tasse,  le  Correge,  et  quelquefois  a  tort  devant  les  prenoms:  (le) 
Dante,  (le)  Guide.  On  ne  comptera  pas  comme  une  faute  1'ignorance 
de  cet  usage. 

II  regne  aussi  une  grande  incertitude  dans  la  maniere  d'ecrire 
1'article  qui  fait  partie  de  certains  noms  frangais:  la  Fontaine,  la 
Fayette  ou  Lafayette.  II  convient  d'indiquer,  dans  les  textes  dicte"s, 
si,  dans  les  noms  propres  qui  contiennent  un  article,  1'article  doit 
6tre  se'pare  du  nom. 

ARTICLE  SUPPRIME. — Lorsque  deux  adjectifs  unis  par  et  se  rap- 
portent  au  m£me  substantif  de  maniere  a  designer  en  realite  deux 
choses  diffeYentes,  on  tole'rera  la  suppression  de  1'article  devant  le 
second  adjectif.  Ex. :  I'histoire  ancienne  et  moderne,  comme  I'histoire 
ancienne  et  la  moderne. 

ARTICLE  PARTITIF. — On  tole'rera  du,  de  la,  des  au  lieu  de  de  partitif 
devant  un  substantif  pre'ce'de  d'un  adjectif.  Ex. :  de  ou  du  bon 
pain,  de  bonne  viande  ou  de  la  bonne  viande,  de  ou  des  bans  fruits. 

ARTICLE  DEVANT  PLUS,  MOINS,  ETC. — La  regie  qui  veut  qu'on 
emploie  le  plus,  le  mains,  le  mieux  comme  un  neutre  invariable 
devant  un  adjectif  indiquant  le  degrd  le  plus  eleve  de  la  qualite 
posse'de'e  par  le  substantif  qualifi^  sans  comparaison  avec  d'autres 
objets  est  tres  subtile  et  de  peu  d'utilite".  II  est  superflu  de  s'en 
occuper  dans  1'enseignement  elementaire  et  dans  les  exercices.  On 
tolerera  le  plus,  la  plus,  les  plus,  les  mains,  les  mieux,  etc.,  dans  des 
constructions  telles  que:  on  a  abattu  les  arbres  le  plus  ou  les  plus 
exposes  a  la  tempete. 


Adjectif 

ACCORD  DE  L'ADJECTIF. — Dans  la  locution,  se  faire  fort  de,  on 
tole'rera  1'accord  de  1'adjectif.  Ex.:  se  faire  fort,  forte,  forts,  fortes 
de  .  .  . 

ADJECTIF  CONSTRUIT  AVEC  PLUSIEURS  SUBSTANTIFS. — Lorsqu'un 
adjectif  qualificatif  suit  plusieurs  substantifs  de  genres  diffe"rents, 


56   ARRETE  RELATIF  A  LA  SYNTAXE  FRANCAISE 

on  tolerera  toujours  que  1'adjectif  soit  construit  au  masculin  pluriel, 
quel  que  soit  le  genre  du  substantif  le  plus  voisin.  Ex.:  apparte- 
ments  et  chambres  meubles. 

Nu,  DEMI,  FEU. — On  tolerera  1'accord  de  ces  adjectifs  avec  le 
substantif  qu'ils  precedent.  Ex.:  nu  ou  nus  pieds;  une  demi  ou 
demie  heure  sans  trait  d 'union  entre  les  mots,  feu  ou  feue  reine. 

ADJECTIFS  COMPOSES. — On  toleYera  la  reunion  des  deux  mots 
constitutifs  en  un  seul  mot  qui  formera  son  fe"minin  et  son  pluriel 
d'apres  la  regie  ge"ne>ale.  Ex. :  nouveaune,  nouveaunee,  nouveaunes, 
nouveaunees; — courtvetu,  courtvetue,  courtvetus,  courtvetues,  etc. 

Mais  les  adjectifs  composes  qui  de"signent  des  nuances  e"tant 
devenus,  par  suite  d'une  ellipse,  de  v6ritables  substantifs  invariables, 
on  les  traitera  comme  des  mots  invariables.  Ex.:  des  robes  bleu 
clair,  vert  d'eau,  etc.,  de  meme  qu'on  dit  des  habits  marron. 

PARTICIPES  PASSES  INVARIABLES. — Actuellement  les  participes 
approuve,  attendu,  ci-inclus,  ci-joint,  excepte,  non  compris,  y  compris, 
dte,  passe,  suppose,  vu,  places  avant  le  substantif  auquel  ils  sont 
joints,  restent  invariables.  Excepte  est  m6me  deja  class<§  parmi  les 
propositions.  On  toleYera  1'accord  facultatif  pour  ces  participes, 
sans  exiger  1'application  de  regies  diffe>entes  suivant  que  ces  mots 
sont  place's  au  commencement  ou  dans  le  corps  de  la  proposition, 
suivant  que  le  substantif  est  ou  n'est  pas  determine".  Ex.:  ci 
joint  ou  ci  jointes  les  puces  demandees  (sans  trait  d'union  entre  ci 
et  le  participe) ; — je  vous  envoie  ci  joint  ou  ci  jointe  copie  de  la  piece. 

On  tole"rera  la  meme  liberte"  pour  1'adjectif  franc.  Ex.:  envoyer 
franc  de  port  ou  franche  de  port  une  lettre. 

AVOIR  L'AIR. — On  permettra  d'Ocrire  indiff e"remment :  elle  a  I'air 
doux  ou  douce,  spirituel  ou  spirituelle.  On  n'exigera  pas  la  con- 
naissance  d'une  difference  de  sens  subtile  suivant  1'accord  de  1'ad- 
jectif avec  le  mot  air  ou  avec  le  mot  designant  la  personne  dont  on 
indique  I'air. 

ADJECTIFS  NUMERAUX.—  Vingt,  cent.  La  prononciation  Justine 
dans  certains  cas  la  regie  actuelle  qui  donne  un  pluriel  a  ces  deux 
mots  quand  ils  sont  multiplies  par  un  autre  nombre.  On  tolerera 
le  pluriel  de  vingt  et  cent  meme  lorsque  ces  deux  mots  sont  suivis 
d'un  autre  adjectif  numeral.  Ex.:  quatre  vingt  ou  quatre  vingts 
dix  hommes; — quatre  cent  ou  quatre  cents  trente  hommes. 

Le  trait  d'union  ne  sera  pas  exig£  entre  le  mot  designant  les  unite's 
et  le  mot  d^signant  les  dizaines.  Ex. :  dix  sept. 

Dans  la  designation  du  millesime,  on  tolerera  mille  au  lieu  de 
mil,  comme  dans  1'expression  d'un  nombre.  Ex.:  Van  mil  huit  cent 
quatre  vingt  dix  ou  Van  mille  huit  cents  quatre  vingts  dix. 


ARRETE  RELATIF  A  LA  SYNTAXE  FRANQAISE       57 

Adjectifs  demonstrates,  indefinis  et  pronoms 

CE. — On  to!6rera  la  reunion  des  particules  ci  et  Id  avec  le  pronom 
qui  les  precede,  sans  exiger  qu'on  distingue  qu'est  ceci,  qu'est  cela 
de  qu'est  ce  ci,  qu'est  ce  Id. — On  tole'rera  la  suppression  du  trait  d'union 
dans  ces  constructions. 

MEME. — Apres  un  substantif  ou  un  pronom  au  pluriel,  on 
tole'rera  1 'accord  de  meme  au  pluriel  et  on  n'exigera  pas  de  trait 
d'union  entre  meme  et  le  pronom.  Ex.:  nous  memes,  les  dieux 
memes. 

TOUT. — Devant  un  nom  de  ville  on  tole'rera  1 'accord  du  mot 
tout  avec  le  nom  propre  sans  chercher  a  e"tablir  une  difference 
un  peu  subtile  entre  des  constructions  comme  toute  Rome  ou  tout 
Rome. 

On  ne  comptera  pas  de  faute  non  plus  a  ceux  qui  ecriront  indiffe"- 
remment,  en  faisant  parler  une  femme,  je  suis  tout  a  vous,  ou  je  suis 
toute  d  vous. 

Lorsque  tout  est  employ^  avec  le  sens  ind^fini  de  chaque,  on  tole'- 
rera indiffeYemment  la  construction  au  singulier  ou  au  pluriel  du 
mot  tout  et  du  substantif  qu'il  accompagne.  Ex. :  des  marchandises 
de  toute  sorte  ou  de  toutes  sortes; — la  sottise  est  de  tout  (tous)  temps  et 
de  tout  (tous)  pays. 

AUCUN. — Avec  une  negation,  on  tol6rera  1'emploi  de  ce  mot  aussi 
bien  au  pluriel  qu'au  singulier.  Ex. :  nefaire  aucun  projet  ou  aucuns 
projets. 

CHACUN. — Lorsque  ce  pronom  est  construit  apres  le  verbe  et  se 
rapporte  a  un  mot  pluriel  sujet  ou  complement,  on  tole'rera  indiffe- 
remment,  apres  chacun,  le  possessif  son,  sa,  ses,  ou  le  possessif  leur, 
leurs.  Ex.:  Us  sont  sortis  chacun  de  son  cote  ou  de  leur  cote; — re- 
mettre  des  livres  chacun  d  sa  place  ou  d  leur  place. 

Verbe 

VERLES  COMPOSES. — On  toleYera  la  suppression  de  1'apostrophe 
et  du  trait  d'union  dans  les  verbes  composes.  Ex.:  entrouvrir, 
entrecroiser. 

TRAIT  D'UNION. — On  tole'rera  1'absence  de  trait  d'union  entre  le 
verbe  et  le  pronom  sujet  place"  apres  le  verbe.  Ex. :  est  il. 

DIFFERENCE  DU  SUJET  APPARENT  ET  DU  SUJET  REEL. — Ex.:  sa 
maladie  sont  des  vapeurs.  II  n'y  a  pas  lieu  d'enseigner  de  regies 
pour  des  constructions  semblables  dont  1'emploi  ne  peut  fitre  6tudie 
utilement  que  dans  la  lecture  et  1'explication  des  textes.  C'est  une 


58    ARRETE  RELATIF  A  LA  SYNTAXE  FRANQAISE 

question  de  style  et  non  de  grammaire  qui  ne  saurait  figurer  ni  dans 
les  exercices  61e"mentaires  ni  dans  les  examens. 

ACCORD  DU  VERBE  PRECEDE  DE  PLUSIEURS  SUJETS  NON  urns 
PAR  LA  CONJONCTION  et. — Si  les  sujets  ne  sont  pas  resumes  par  un 
mot  indefini  tel  que  tout,  rien,  chacun,  on  toierera  toujours  la  con- 
struction du  verbe  au  pluriel.  Ex.:  sa  bonte,  sa  douceur  le  font 
admirer. 

ACCORD  DU  VERBE  PRECED£  DE  PLUSIEURS  SUJETS  AU  SINGULIER 
UNIS  PAR  ni,  comme,  ainsi  que  ET  AUTRES  LOCUTIONS  EQUIVALENTES. 
— On  toierera  toujours  le  verbe  au  pluriel.  Ex.:  ni  la  douceur  ni 
la  force  n'y  peuvent  rien  ou  n'y  peut  rien; — la  sante  comme  la  fortune 
demandent  a  etre  menagees  ou  demande  a  etre  menagee; — le  general 
avec  quelques  officiers  sont  sortis  ou  est  sorti  du  camp; — le  chat  ainsi 
que  le  tigre  sont  des  carnivores  ou  est  un  carnivore. 

ACCORD  DU  VERBE  QUAND  LE  SUJET  EST  UN  MOT  COLLECTIF. — 
Toutes  les  fois  que  le  collectif  est  accompagne"  d'un  complement  au 
pluriel,  on  toierera  1'accord  du  verbe  avec  le  complement.  Ex.: 
un  peu  de  connaissance  suffit  ou  suffisent. 

ACCORD  DU  VERBE  QUAND  LE  SUJET  EST  plus  d'un. — L'usage 
actuel  etant  de  construire  le  verbe  au  singulier  avec  le  sujet  plus 
i'un,  on  toierera  la  construction  du  verbe  au  singulier,  m6me  lorsque 
plus  d'un  est  suivi  d'un  complement  au  pluriel.  Ex.:  plus  d'un 
de  ces  hommes  etait  ou  etaient  a  plaindre. 

ACCORD  DU  VERBE  PRECED£  DE  undeceux  (une  de  celks)  qui. — Dans 
quels  cas  le  verbe  de  la  proposition  relative  doit-il  6tre  construit 
au  pluriel,  et  dans  quels  cas  au  singulier?  C'est  une  deiicatesse  de 
langage  qu'on  n'essaiera  pas  d'introduire  dans  les  exercices  eiemen- 
taires  ni  dans  les  examens. 

C'EST,  CE  SONT. — Comme  il  regne  une  grande  diversity  d'usage 
relativement  a  1'emploi  r£gulier  de  c'est  et  de  ce  sont,  et  que  les  meil- 
leurs  auteurs  ont  employe  c'est  pour  annoncer  un  substantif  au 
pluriel  ou  un  pronom  de  la  troisieme  personne  au  pluriel,  on  toierera 
dans  tous  les  cas  1'emploi  de  c'est  au  lieu  de  ce  sont.  Ex.:  c'est  ou 
ce  sont  des  montagnes  et  des  precipices. 

CONCORDANCE  ou  CORRESPONDANCE  DES  TEMPS. — On  toierera  le 
present  du  subjonctif  au  lieu  de  1'imparfait  dans  les  propositions 
subordonnees  dependant  de  prepositions  dont  le  verbe  est  au 
conditionnel  present.  Ex. :  il  faudrait  qu'il  vienne  ou  qu'il  vint. 

Participe 

PARTICIPE  PRESENT  ET  ADJECTIF  VERBAL. — II  convient  de  s'en 
tenir  a  la  regie  generale  d'apres  laquelle  on  distingue  le  participe 


ARRETE  RELATIF  A  LA  SYNTAXE  FRAN£AISE    59 

de  1'adjectif  en  ce  que  le  premier  indique  1'action  et  le  second  I'e'tat. 
II  suffit  que  les  Sieves  et  les  candidats  fassent  preuve  de  bon  sens 
dans  les  cas  douteux.  On  devra  eviter  avec  soin  les  subtilites  dans 
les  exercices.  Ex.:  des  sauvages  vivent  errant  ou  errants  dans  les 
bois. 

PARTICIPE  PASSE. — II  n'y  a  rien  a  changer  a  la  regie  d'apres 
laquelle  le  participe  passe  construit  comme  (Spithete  doit  s'accorder 
avec  le  mot  qualified  et  construit  comme  attribut  avec  le  verbe 
2tre  ou  un  verbe  intransitif,  doit  s'accorder  avec  le  sujet.  Ex.: 
des  fruits  gates; — Us  sont  tombes; — elles  sont  tombees. 

Pour  le  participe  passe'  conatruit  avec  1'auxiliaire  avoir,  lorsque  le 
participe  passe'  est  suivi  soit  d'un  infinitif,  soit  d'un  participe  pre- 
sent ou  passe,  on  tolerera  qu'il  reste  invariable,  quels  que  soient  le 
genre  et  le  nombre  des  complements  qui  precedent.  Ex. :  les  fruits 
que  je  me  suis  laisse  ou  laisses  prendre; — les  sauvages  que  I' on  a  trouve 
ou  trouves  errant  dans  le  bois.  Dans  le  cas  ou  le  participe  passe  est 
precede  d'une  expression  collective,  on  pourra  a  volonte  le  faire 
accorder  avec  le  collectif  ou  avec  son  complement.  Ex. :  la  joule 
d'hommes  que  j'ai  vue  ou  vus. 

Adverbe 

Ne  DANS  LES  PROPOSITIONS  SUBORDONNEES. — L'emploi  de  cette 
negation  dans  un  tres  grand  nombre  de  propositions  subordonn^es 
donne  lieu  a  des  regies  compliqu^es,  difficiles,  abusives,  souvent 
en  contradiction  avec  1'usage  des  ecrivains  les  plus  classiques. 

Sans  faire  de  regies  differentes  suivant  que  les  propositions  dont 
elles  dependent  sont  affirmatives  ou  negatives  ou  interrogatives,  on 
tolerera  la  suppression  de  la  negation  ne  dans  les  proportions  subor- 
donnees  dependant  de  verbes  ou  de  locutions  signifiant: 

Empecher,  defendre,  eviter  que,  etc.  Ex.:  defendre  qu'on  vienne 
ou  qu'on  ne  vienne; 

Craindre,  desesperer,  avoir  peur,  de  peur  que,  etc.  Ex. :  de  peur 
qu'il  aille  ou  qu'il  n'aille; 

Douter,  contester,  nier  que,  etc.  Ex.:  je  ne  doute  pas  que  la  chose 
soit  vraie  ou  ne  soit  vraie; 

II  tient  a  peu,  il  ne  tient  pas  a,  il  s'en  faut  que,  etc.  Ex. :  il  ne  tient 
pas  a  moi  que  cela  se  fasse  ou  ne  se  fas.se. 

On  toleYera  de  meme  la  suppression  de  cette  negation  apres  les 
comparatifs  et  les  mots  indiquant  une  comparaison:  autre,  autre- 
ment  que,  etc.  Ex.:  I'annee  a  etc  meilleure  qu'on  I'esperait  ou  qu'on 
ne  I'esperait; — les  resultats  sont  autres  qu'on  le  croyait  ou  qu'on  ne 
le  croyait. 


60       ARRET£  RELATIF  A  LA  SYNTAXE  FRAN^AISE 

De  meTne  apres  les  locutions  a  mains  que,  avant  que.  Ex.:  a 
mains  qu'on  accorde  le  pardon  ou  qu'on  n'accorde  le  pardon. 

Observation 

II  conviendra  dans  les  examens,  de  ne  pas  compter  comme  fautes 
graves  celles  qui  ne  prouvent  rien  contre  1'intelligence  et  le  veritable 
savoir  des  candidats,  mais  qui  prouvent  seulement  1 'ignorance  de 
quelque  finesse  ou  de  quelque  subtilite"  grammaticale. 

Vu  pour  Stre  annexe  a  1'arret^  du  26  feVrier  1901. 

Le  ministre  de  I' Instruction  publique  et  des  Beaux- Arts, 
Paris.  GEORGES  LEYGUES. 


PART  II 

ETYMOLOGY  OR  PARTS  OP  SPEECH 


61 


LESSON  I 

ETYMOLOGY   OR    PARTS   OF   SPEECH 

1 .  r  article 

2.  le  substantif 

3.  V  adjectif  qualificatif 

4.  "        determinate/ 

5.  le  pronom 

6.  le  verbe 

7.  I'adveibe 

8.  la  preposition  NOTE. — The  latter  four 

9.  la  conjonction  are  invariable. 
10.  V  interjection 

The  Definite  Article  (I'artide  defini) 
Singular  (singulier)  plural  (pluriel) 

le     (the)  before  a  masculine  noun  beginning  a  consonant 
la        "          "     "  feminine  noun 

/'          "          "     any  noun  beginning  with  a  vowel  or  h  mute 
les       "  '     all  nouns  in  the  plural;  /'  stands  for  le,  la 

NOTE. — le  from  the  Latin  (»/)  lum;  la  (il)  lam. 
le  pere  the  father;  la  mere   the  mother;  I'ami   (m.)    the  friend; 
I'amie  (f.)  the  friend;  I'homme  the  man;  le  heros  (h  aspirate)  the 
hero;  I' heroine  (h  mute)  the  heroine;  I'oncle  the  uncle;  la  tante 
the  aunt. 

§  i.     NOUNS   are    either  masculine  or  feminine:  inan- 
imate objects  being  either  masculine  or  feminine. 

masc.     le  livre  the  book;  le  crayon  the  pencil;  le  couteau  the  knife. 
fern.      la  plume  the  pen;  la  table  the  table. 

i.    Latin  masculines  continue  masculine  in  French: 

le  port  the  harbor;  le  cheval  the  horse;  le  livre  the  book;  few 
exceptions. 

63 


64  GENDER   OF   NOUNS 

2.  Latin  neuters  are  masculine  in  French: 

le  frein  the  rein  (check);  le  froid  the  cold;  le  fer  iron;  le  mid 
honey. 

3.  endings  with  masculine  -ode;  -age;  -asme;  -ege;  -erne;  -isme;  -£re 
I' oracle  the  oracle;  le  partage  the  share  (division);  le  pleonasme 
pleonasm;  le   manege   riding-school;  le    bapteme   the    christening 
(baptism);  le  christianisme  Christianity;  le  mystere  mystery. 

4.  All    nouns    not    ending    in         -ale  -ie  -fe 
are  generally  masculine.             -be               -ie  -oie 

-ace  -ole  -ne 

-ode  -ule  -pe 

-eur  -ure  -aison 

NOTE. — Nouns  denoting  males     -ee  -ue  -rre 

are  masculine  always;  and  femi-     -ere  -ion  -se 

nine  those  denoting  females.  -ie  -iere  -te 

-oire  -ance  -ence 

-tide  -uve  and 
-ion  in  general 

le  mal  evil;  le  nord  the  north;  le  sud  the  south;  Vest  the  east; 
I'ouest  the  west;  le  printemps  spring;  I'ete  summer;  I'automne 
autumn;  I'hiver  winter;  and  are  masculine  also:  the  days  of  the 
week,  months  of  the  year;  le  Mexique  Mexico,  and  all  countries 
not  ending  in  -e :  le  Portugal,  etc. ;  and  the  names  of  trees :  le  pin 
pine-tree,  with  few  exceptions;  and  the  letters  of  the  alphabet: 
un  I,  an  1,  etc. 

Words  for  Practice: 

I'interualle  (m.)  the  interval;  la  cathedrale  (f.)  the  cathedral; 
la  bourbe  (f.)  the  mire;  la  place  the  place  (room,  seat,  square); 
la  parade  the  parade;  la  chaleur  the  heat;  la  rosee  the  dew;  la 
chimere  chimera;  la  sortie  exit;  la  pitie  pity;  I'obole  mite;  la 
pilule  the  pill;  la  parure  ornament;  la  rue  the  street;  la  vision 
vision;  I' action  act  (action);  la  petition  petition;  la  carafe  the 
decanter;  le  carafon  (small)  decanter;  la  soie  silk. 

5.    Final  e  preceded  by  a  vowel  or  double  consonant  denotes  fem- 
inine: 

I'alarme  (f.)  the  alarm;  la  jour  nee  the  (whole)  day;  la  boue  mud; 
la  presence  the  presence;  le  silence  silence  (an  exception);  une 
once  an  ounce;  la  defense  defence;  la  depense  expenditure;  I'urne 


GENDER   OF  NOUNS  65 

urn;  la  pipe  pipe;  la  comparaison  comparison;  la  terre  earth; 
la  rose  rose;  la  botte  boot  (bundle);  la  bonte  kindness;  la  riviere 
river;  I'histoire  history;  la  Constance  constancy;  la  faqon  the 
make  (style,  look);  I' habitude  habit  (custom);  la  verve  warmth 
(spirit). 

6.     Other  feminines: 

la  porte  door;  la  louve  she- wolf;  la  ville  the  city;  la  voix 
voice;  la  cle  (clef)  key;  la  cuiller  spoon;  la  chaux lime;  la  chair  flesh; 
la  brebis  sheep;  la  dot  dowry;  la  dent  tooth;  la  faint  hunger; 
la  foret  forest;  la  fois  time;  la  faux  scythe;  la  fin  end;  la  nuit 
night;  la  noix  walnut;  la  croix  cross;  la  paix  peace;  la  nef  nave; 
la  main  hand;  la  mart  death;  la  soif  thirst;  la  mer  the  sea;  la 
tour  tower;  I'argile  clay;  I'armoire  closet;  I'idole  idol;  les  arrhes 
(earnest-money);  I'artere  artery;  une  epigramme  epigram;  une 
ecritoire  (formerly)  a  writing-desk;  la  scene  scene;  la  paroi  wall 
(partition);  I' oasis  oasis;  I'epigraphe  epigraph;  une  equivoque  am- 
biguity; une  reglisse  licorice;  la  nacre  mother-of-pearl;  I'horloge 
clock;  I'orbite  orbit;  I'image  image;  I'extase  ecstacy. 

§2.  LATIN  feminines  are  used  likewise  in  French:  la 
rose  the  rose,  etc. ;  cf.  few  neuter  plurals  have 
become  in  French  feminine  singular: 

I'etude  study;  I'aeuvre  the  work;  I'huile  oil;  I'arme  arm  (weapon); 
lafeuille  the  leaf;  la  tevre  the  lip;  and  a  few  others. 

§  3.  GENERAL  RULE,  e  is  usually  added  to  the  masculine 
to  denote  the  feminine;  likewise  with  adjectives: 

le  marquis  the  marquis;  la  marquise  the  marchioness;  le  petit 
gar  f  on  the  small  boy ;  la  petite  fille  the  little  girl. 

1.  Nouns  (and  adjectives)  ending  in  -er  and  -ier  take    I  (accent 
grave:  grave  accent)  on  the  penultimate: 

le  berger  the  shepherd;  la  bergere  the  shepherdess;  le  premier 
prix  the  first  prize;  la  premiere  leqon  the  first  lesson;  for  the 
feminine. 

2.  Nouns  (and  adjectives)  ending  in  n  or  /  double  that  consonant: 
le  baron  the  baron;  la  baronne  the  baroness;  le  ban  patriote  the 
good  patriot ;  la  bonne  dame  the  good  lady ;  also  for  the  feminine. 


66  GENDER    OF   NOUNS 

3.  Few  exceptions: 

le  Romain  the  Roman;  la  Romaine  the  Roman  lady;  le  cousin 
the  cousin;  la  cousine  the  (lady)  cousin;  le  voisin  the  neighbor; 
la  voisine  the  (lady)  neighbor;  I'orphelin  the  orphan;  I'orpheline 
the  orphan  (f.);  le  Persan  the  Persian;  la  Per  sane  the  Persian 
lady;  le  faisan  the  pheasant;  la  faisane  the  pheasant  (female). 

4.  esse  is  added  to  the  masculine  in  nearly  20  nouns: 

I'abbe  the  abbe  (priest);  I'abbesse  the  abbess;  le  prince  the  prince; 
la  princesse  the  princess;  le  Suisse  the  Swiss;  la  Suissesse  the 
Swiss  lady;  le  negre  the  negro;  la  negresse  the  negress;  I' hole 
the  host;  I'hotesse  the  hostess;  /e  maftre  master;  la  mattresse 
mistress. 

5.  Those  ending  in  -e  (mute)  remain  the  same  for  both  genders: 
I' artiste  (m.)  the  artist;  I' artiste  (f.)  the  artist;  (also  singer). 

6.  Nouns  (derived  from  a  present  participle)  ending  in  -eur  change 
-eur  into  -euse : 

le  chanteur  the  singer;  la  chanteuse  the  (lady)  singer;  le  danseur 
the  dancer;  la  danseuse  the  dancer  (f.);  le  buveur  the  drinker; 
la  buveuse  the  drinker  (f.). 

7.  Some  in  -rice : 

I'acteur  the  actor;  I'actrice  the  actress;  I'instituteur  the  teacher; 
/' institutrice  the  (lady)  teacher;  I'accusateur,  I'accusatrice  the 
accuser;  /a  cantatrice  (eminent)  singer  (f.);  procureur  proxy 
procuratrice;  ambassadeur  ambassador  ambassadrice. 

8.  Seven  in  -eresse  : 

chasseur  huntsman;  chasseresse  huntress;  defendeur  defendant; 
demandeur,  demanderesse  plaintiff;  enchanteur,  enchanteresse  en- 
chanter, enchantress;  pecheur,  pecheresse  sinner;  vendeur  ven- 
dor venderesse  (law);  vengeur,  vengeresse  avenger;  and  add: 
devineur  guesser;  devineresse  (obsolete)  diviner;  vendeur  (ven- 
deuse)  seller;  chasseur  (chasseuse)  hunter  (huntress);  empereur 
emperor;  imperatrice  empress;  voleur  (voleuse)  thief;  trompeur 
(trompeuse)  deceiver;  cf.  heureux  happy;  heureuse  happy;  ser- 
viteur  servant  (m.);  servante  (f.)  servant;  dieu  god;  deesse  god- 
dess; due  duke;  duchesse  duchess;  bailleur  lessor  bailleresse; 
prophe.te  prophet;  prophetesse  prophetess;  doge  doge;  dogaresse 
wife  of  a  doge;  gouverneur  governor  (tutor);  gouvernante  gover- 
ness; compagnon  companion;  compagne  (f.). 


GENDER  OF  NOUNS  67 

§4.     DOUBLE  GENDER: 

auteur  author  (authoress);  ecrivain  writer;  professeur  professor; 
peintre  painter;  une  femme  peintre  a  woman  painter;  le  guide 
guide;  le  juge  judge;  le  poete  poet,  etc. 

1.  Others  shorter  in  the  feminine  form  than  in  the  masculine: 

le  canard  drake;  la  cane  duck;  le  mulet  mule;  la  mule  mule  (she- 
ass);  le  vieittard  the  old  man;  la  vieille  the  old  lady;  le  dindon 
turkey-cock;  la  dinde  turkey-hen. 

2.  Others  by  a  different  word : 

homme  man;  femme  w ife;  pere  father;  mere  mother;  frere  brother; 
sceur  sister;  oncle  uncle;  tante  aunt;  gendre  son-in-law;  bru 
daughter-in-law;  parrain  godfather;  marraine  godmother;  cheval 
horse;  jument  mare;  coq  cock  (rooster);  poule  hen;  taureau  bull; 
vache  cow;  brebis  sheep;  belter  ram;  bouc  (he-)  goat;  chevre  (she-) 
goat;  cerf  stag;  bicheroe;  le  singe  monkey ;  la  guenon  (she-)  mon- 
key; le  chat  cat;  la  chatte  (she-)  cat;  le  loup  wolf ;  la  louve  she- 
wolf;  jar?  gander;  oie  goose;  veau  calf;  genisse  heifer;  sanglier  wild 
boar ;  la  late  wild  sow,  etc. ;  le  rat  rat ;  la  souris  mouse ;  (les  souris 
mice),  etc. 

3.  Some  (originally  feminine)  are  always  feminine  and  for  both 
sexes : 

la  victime  the  victim;  la  sentinelle  sentry;  la  personne  person; 
la  connaissance  the  acquaintance;  la  ganache  blockhead,  etc. 

4.  Always  feminine : 

la  giraffe  giraffe;  la  panther e  panther;  I'hyene  hyena;  or:  la  pan- 
there  male  the  male  panther;  la  panther  e  femelle  female  panther,  etc. 

5.  Also: 

la  baleine  whale;  la  tortue  tortoise;  la  pie  magpie;  I'hirondelle 
the  swallow;  I'alouette  the  lark. 

-•• 

6.  Always  masculine : 

le  merle  blackbird;  le  cygne  swan;  le  hibou  owl;  I'ecureuil  the 
squirrel;  le  vautour  vulture;  le  castor  beaver;  le  leopard  the 
leopard;  V elephant  the  elephant;  le  chameau  camel;  le  saumon 
salmon. 


68  GENDER   OF   NOUNS 

§  5.     Few  change  their  meaning  according  to  the  gender: 
Masculine  Feminine 


le  page             page 

la  page 

le  poele  stove 

la  poele  frying-pan 

le  voile  (long  veil)  veil 

la  voile  sail 

le  guide  guide 

la  guide  the  rein 

le  critique  critic 

la  critique  criticism 

le  manche  handle 

la  manche  sleeve 

le  tour  turn  (trick) 

la  tour  tower 

le  mousse  cabin-boy 

la  mousse  moss 

le  vase  vase 

la  vase  mud  (slime) 

le  somme  nap  (sleep) 

la  somme  sum 

le  litre  book 

la  livre  pound 

le  politique  politician 

la  politique  politics 

le  crepe  crape 

la  crepe  pancake 

le  memoire  memorandum 

la  memoire  memory,  etc. 

cf.:  la  Manche  the  English  Channel;  la  voilette  (face)  veil 

Practice : 

Paris  est  gai  Paris  is  merry;  Versailles  est  toujours  attrayant 
Versailles  is  ever  attractive;  Londres  est  grand  London  is  big; 
un  enfant,  une  enfant  a  child;  le  mode  the  mode  (mood);  la  mode 
the  fashion;  un  eleve,  une  eleve  a  pupil;  un  malade,  une  malade 
a  patient;  la  (fete  de)  Noel  Christmas;  la  librairie  bookstore; 
la  boulangerie  bakeshop;  and  many  others  ending  in  -ie:  parfu- 
merie,  etc.  (f.);  la  chimie  chemistry;  le  Maine  Maine;  le  blanc, 
le  noir,  white,  black ;  le  beau  the  beautiful ;  and  words  and  phrases 
used  as  nouns ;  le  metre  yard  (metre) ;  le  centimetre  centimeter,  etc. 

§  6.     The  following  are  either  masculine  or  feminine  (and 
are  almost  identical  in  meaning) : 

aigle  eagle:  I'aigle  (m.)  est  un  oiseau  de  proie  the  eagle  is  a  bird  of 
prey;  cet  homme  est  un  aigle  that  man  is  a  noted  person  (a 
star);  les  aigles  romaines  (f.)  Roman  Eagles;  I'aigle  de  Meaux 
Bossuet;  un  regard  d' aigle  eagle-eyed;  I'aigle  noir  de  Prusse 
the  Black  Prussian  Eagle. 

amour  and  orgue  are  masculine  when  singular;  amour  filial  filial 
love;  un  grand  orgue  a  large  organ;  also  masculine  or  feminine 
in  the  plural;  de  beaux  amours  or  de  belles  amours  beautiful 


GENDER   OF   NOUNS  69 

love;    mes    premieres    amours    my    first   love;  de   petits   amours 

little  Cupids;  de  grandes  (de  grands  orgues)  orgues  great  organs 

(music). 

automne  autumn  (generally  masculine) :  un  bel  automne  a  beautiful 

autumn. 

gent  (formerly:  nation,  people)  is  feminine  when  singular:  la  gent 

marecageuse    the    frogs    (les    grenouilles) ;    gens   (formerly  plural 

of:   gent)   people,   persons;   and  either  masculine  or  feminine  in 

the  plural.     Note  that  the  adjectives  which  do  not  immediately 

precede  or    those   that  follow   gens   are  in  the  masculine:  tous 

ces  gens  honneles  sont  heureux  all  those  honest  people  are  happy; 

de  vieilles   gens    old    people;   toutes  les   vieilles   gens   sont   parfois 

d  plaindre  old  people  are  at  times  to  be  pitied.     But:    tons   ces 

braves  gens  all   those  good   people;    les  vieilles  gens  sont  souvent 

malheureux  old  people  (folks)  are  often  unhappy;  cf.:  enfans  and 

en j 'ants  children.     See  French  Reviews. 

periode  (f.)  fixed  number  of  years:  les  grandes  periodes  de  I'histoire 

the  great  periods  of  History;  I' eloquence  a  son  plus  haul  periode 

eloquence  at  its  highest  stage;  maladie  (f.)  a  son  dernier  periode 

(m.)  illness  at  its  turning  point  (le  plus  haul  point  crisis). 

hymne  (m.  or  f.);  un  bel  hymne,  une  belle  hymne  beautiful  hymn; 

when  implying  church  music  hymne  is  generally  feminine. 

merci  is  feminine  in:  lire  d  la  merci  de  to  be  at  the  mercy  of; 

masculine  when  it  means:  thanks;  un  grand  merci  much  obliged; 

Dieu  merci  thank  God;  cf.:  je  vous  remercie  I  thank  you;  remerci- 

ments  thanks. 

pdques  Easter  (f.);  pdques  fleuries  (le  dimanche  des  rameaux)  Palm 

Sunday;  la    pdque    Jewish    Passover;  faire  de  bonnes  pdques  to 

receive  Communion  (at  Easter  time). 

foudre    (f.)    thunderbolt;  sometimes    masculine    in    Poetry;  but: 

un  foudre  de  guerre  a  great  warrior;  un  foudre  d' eloquence  a  great 

orator;  les  foudres  (f.)  de  I'Eglise  excommunication. 

orge    (f.)    barley;  but:  orge    perle    pearled    barley;   orge    monde 

hulled  (husked)  barley. 

apres-midi  (formerly  masculine  or  feminine)  is  now  masculine. 

(euvre  (f.)  work  (-s):  mettez-vous  a  I'aeuvre  go  to  work;  le  merite  des 

bonnes  ccuvres  (de  charite)  the  merit  of   good  works;  il  a  toutes 

les  aeuvres  (toute  I'ceuvre)   de  Racine    he  has  (owns)  all  Racine's 

works;  but:  le  grand  ceuvre  the  philosopher's  stone;  le  gros  ceuvre 

the  heavy  stone- work,  or  les  fondements  d'un  bdtiment  foundation 

of  a  building;  cf.:  derniers  ouvrages  parus  latest  publications;  le 

dernier  exemplaire  the  last  copy  (of  a  book). 


70  PLURAL   OF   NOUNS   AND   ADJECTIVES 

chose  (f.)  the  thing;  une  (affaire)  chose  importante  an  important 
matter;  and  always  followed  by  a  masculine  (adjective):  quelque 
chose  de  nouveau  something  new;  cf.:  rien  de  nouveau  nothing 
new;  le  Petit  Chose  (Daudet's)  the  Little  What's  your  name? 
quelque  chose  que  je  lui  aie  dite,  for:  quelle  que  soil  la  chose  que  je 
etc.,  whatever  I  may  have  said  to  him  (her). 
delices  (f.)  delight;  un  delice  joy;  un  vrai  delice  a  real  joy. 

LESSON  II 

PLURAL  OF    NOUNS    AND    ADJECTIVES 

§7.     GENERAL  RULE:  Most  nouns  and  adjectives  form 
their  plural  by  adding  5  to  the  singular: 

le  mur  the  wall;  les  murs  the  walls;  le  petit  gargon  the  little  boy 
(the  small  boy);  les  petits  garQons  the  little  boys. 

Exceptions: 

1.  Invariable  words  take  no  s: 

lesoui  the  ayes;  les  non  the  nays. 

2.  Nouns  and  adjectives  ending  ia-s;-x;-z  remain  unchanged: 

le  fils,  les  fils  the  son,  the  sons;  la  voix,  les  voix  the  voice,  the 
voices;  le  nez,  les  nez  the  nose,  the  noses;  I' omnibus  the  omnibus, 
les  omnibus  the  omnibuses ;  heureuxpere  happy  father;  heureuxperes 
happy  fathers. 

3.  Nouns  and  adjectives  ending  in  -au;-eu  take  x  in  the  plural; 
likewise  seven  nouns  in  -ou  : 

un  bateau  a  boat;  des  bateaux  boats;  le  cheveu  the  hair;  les  cheveux 
the  hair;  de  beaux  cheveux  beautiful  hair;  exception:  bleu,  bleus 
(pi.)  blue;  landaus  landaus;  bijou  (x)  jewel  (s);  cailloux  pebbles; 
choux  cabbages;  genoux  knees;  hiboux  owls;  joujoux  toys;  POUX 
lice;  les  sous  pennies,  etc. 

4.  Most  nouns  and  adjectives  ending  in  -a/  change  -al  to  aux  : 

le  cheval  the  horse;  les  chevaux  the  horses;  egal,  egaux  equal; 
I' animal  the  animal;  les  animaux  the  animals;  le  journal  the 
newspaper;  les  journaux  the  newspapers;  exceptions:  (s  being 
added  to  the  singular)  bal  ball;  car  naval  carnival;  chacal  jackal; 
aval  endorsement;  few  adjectives:  amical  amicable;  fatal  fatal; 


PLURAL    OF    NOUNS    AND   ADJECTIVES  ~J\ 

final  final;  glacial  glacial  (icy);  initial  initial;  matinal  early- 
riser;  naval  naval  (nautical);  penal  penal;  theatral  theatrical, 
take  s  in  the  plural;  cf.:  les  pals  or  les  paux  stakes  (punishment) ; 
les  cols  calli;  and  a  few  others  seldom  used. 

5.     The  following  in  -ail  change  -ail  to  -aux: 

le  bail  the  lease  les  baux  the  leases 

le  corail  coral  les  coraux  corals 

V email  enamel  les  emaux  enamels 

le  soupirail  air-hole  les  soupiraux  air-holes 

le  travail  the  work  (labor)  les  travaux  works 

le  vitrail  (stained)  glass  window  les  vitraux  glass,  etc. 

NOTE. — betail  cattle;  les  bestiaux  cattle;  others  take  5  in  the 
plural. 

§8.     DOUBLE  PLURALS: 

aieul  (aieux)  ancestor  (s);  afeul  (aieuls)  grandsire  (s);  ail  (s) 
garlic;  ail  (aulx)  garlic;  and  more  colloquial;  del  (deux)  sky 
(skies),  Heaven;  del  (s)  sky  (painting }-jMeil  (yeux)  eye  (eyes); 
les  oeils-de-bceuf  oval  windows;  travail  (travaux)  work,  labor 
(works);  le  travail  the  brake  (horse-shoeing);  les  travails  the 
brakes;  les  travails  de  ce  ministre  the  official  reports  of  that 
minister. 

§9.     INVARIABLE  NOUNS:  (and  generally  singular): 

1.  Those  of  metals: 

I' or  gold;  I' argent  silver. 

2.  Abstract  nouns: 

I 'innocence  innocence;  la  justice  justice. 

3.  Nouns  for  Arts  and  Sciences: 

la  chimie  Chemistry,  etc. 

4.  Words  used  as  substantives: 

le  beau  the  beautiful;  cf. :  temoin  (witness)  always  singular  at  the 
beginning  of  a  sentence  and  in:  a  temoin  as  witness  (es);  temoin 
ses  blessures  witness  his  wounds  (as  evidence  his  wounds);  on 
vous  prend  tons  a  temoin  you  are  all  called  to  witness;  citer  comme 
temoin  (appeler  devant  la  justice)  to  be  called  (in  Court)  as  a  wit- 
ness; cf.:  rendre  temoignage  a  to  bear  witness  (to  testify  to). 


72  PLURAL  OF   NOUNS   AND   ADJECTIVES 

§  10.     SUBSTANTIVES  always  in  the  plural: 

accordailles  (better:  accords);  accords  (colloq.)  preliminary  un- 
derstanding before  signing  the  marriage  stipulations;  affres  (f.) 
the  agony  of  death;  aguets  (m.)  watch  (-ing);  alentours  the  neigh- 
boring grounds;  armoiries  (f.)  coat  of  arms;  arrerages  arrears; 
besides  (formerly  large  spectacles)  (barnacles)  used  only  in:  prenez 
done  vos  besides!  you  had  better  wear  glasses!  (irony);  broussailles 
bushes  (brushwood);  confins  confines  (borders);  decombres  ruins 
(debris) ;  dcpens  (m.)  cost  of  a  lawsuit;  aux  dcpens  de  at  the  expense 
of;  doleances  complaints  (f.);  entrailles  bowels;  les  epousailles 
(obsolete)  (f.)  betrothal  ceremony;  fianc.ailles  (f.)  engagement 
(betrothal);  frais  (m.)  expense,  cost,  outlay;  funerailles  (f.) 
funeral;  assister  aux  funerailles;  hardes  (f.)  (daily,  and  common) 
wearing  apparel,  clothes;  manes  (f.)  manes  (shades);  materiaux 
materials;  moeurs  ways  (customs);  mouchettes  (f.)  snuffers  or 
scissors  to  snuff  (ciseaux  pour  moucher);  nippes  (f.)  (old)  clothes; 
linge  use  worn-out  linen;  obseques  obsequies  (funeral);  prentices 
early  fruit  (first  production);  tenebres  darkness  (gloom);  vepres 
(f.)  Vespers;  vivres  (f.)  food  (provisions,  victuals;. 

Singular  and  invariable : 

les  si  the  ifs;  les  pourquoi  the  whys;  les  car  the  fors,  etc. 
Likewise  the  compounds  (verb,  preposition,  adverb,  etc.): 

les  bric-a-brac;  les  cache-cache  hide  and  seek;  les  gagne-petit  (or 
remouleur  ambulant)  scissors  (knife)  grinder;  les  laisser --passer 
permit;  pass;  des  on  dit  vague  reports;  des  oui-dire  hearsay; 
des  passe-partout  pass-key;  passe-partout;  des  passe-passe  leger- 
demain (a  trick  of  sleight  of  hand);  des  pince-sans-rirs  dry  joker; 
des  quant-a-soi  (moi)  (colloq.)  an  assumed  reserve; —  qu'en  dira-t-on 
gossip  (tittle-tattle) ; —  reveille-matin  alarm  clocks; —  sauve- qui- pent 
rout,  stampede; — soi-disant  self-styled  (would-be; — so-called); 
—  songe-creux  (living  on  visions)  visionary ; —  va-et-vient  (des 
balanciers)  pendulum,  oscillations;  small  ferryboats;  pass-ropes. 

Singular  sense: 

un  abat-jour  (lamp  shade)  for :  qui  abat  le  jour  which  throws  down 
the  light;  des  abat-jour  shades. 

Plural  sense: 

un  chasse-mouches  (un  cventail  fan)  fly-trap:  qui  chasse  les  mouches 
which  drives  the  flies  away;  and  because  there  is  a  plural  idea  even 
in  the  singular  form  of  the  article. 


PLURAL   OF    NOUNS   AND   ADJECTIVES  73 

Exceptions:  with  garde  if  it  refers  to  persons  or  things  s  is  added  to 
garde  when  speaking  of  persons: 

un  garde- malade;  une  garde-malade  attendant;  sick-nurse;  des 
gardes-malades  attendants;  cf.:  des  garde-manger  buttery  (pantry). 

§11.     NOUN  with  an  ADVERB  or  a  PREPOSITION  takes 

5  or  x: 

des  arriere-boutiques  (rear)  backshops;  des  entr'actes  intermedes 
(between  the  acts) ;  des  contre-amiraux  rear-admirals,  etc. 

1.  Compounds  with  or  without  hyphen  (composed  of  a  noun  and 
an  adjective  (or  participle)  take  j  (x) : 

les  bas-reliefs  bas-reliefs;  les  grands-pcres  grandfathers;  les  chefs- 
lieux  country-towns  ( —  precincts);  les  portemantcaux  the  valises; 
les  grand'  meres  grandmothers;  les  anglo-saxons  the  Anglo-Saxons 
and  a  few  others  excepted;  cf.:  bonhomme  (bonshommes)  good 
(-natured)  man  (men);  petits  bonshommes  little  fellows;  madame 
(mesdames)  Madam  (Mrs.)  or:  ladies;  mademoiselle  rniss;  monsieur 
Sir  (Mr.);  messieurs  Messieurs;  gentilhomme  nobleman;  getttils- 
hommes  noblemen. 

2.  Joined  by  a  preposition  the  first  noun  takes  .s . 

un  chef  d'ceuvre  masterpiece;  des  chefs  d'ceuvre  (s);  un  coq-d-l'dne 
cock-and-bull  story  (stories);  un  tete-a-tete  private  interview  (si; 
and  pied-a-terre  (m.)  temporary  lodging,  are  invariable. 

§  12.     WHEN  de  is  understood  s  is  added  to  the  first 

noun  only: 

des  Hotels-Dieu  hospitals;  cf..-  hopital;  hospice  (m.j;  des  reine} 
claude  greengages;  des  timbrfeoste  postage-stamps;  des  bains- 
marie  (water  baths)  boiling  water  in  which  is  immersed  a  cooking 
(heating)  utensil;  double- boiler. 

§  13.     FOREIGN  nouns  incorporated  into  the  language 

generally  take  s: 

un  accessit;  des  accessits  honorable  mention;  des  zeros  zeros; 
des  alleluias  Hallelujah  or  alleluia;  des  biftecks  beefsteaks;  des 
soli  solos;  des  pianos  pianos;  des  duos  duets;  des  toasts  toasts; 
des  tramways  etc.,  etc.  But  des  errata;  des  pater;  des  quatuor 
quartet  (-tes)  etc.;  some  Italian  names  (see  Dictionary)  dilettante 


74  PLURAL   OF   NOUNS   AND  ADJECTIVES 

Practice: 

ce  sont  des  perce-neige  those  are  snowdrops;  voild  des  tire-bouchons 
there  are  corkscrews;  faites  voir  ces  albums  show  these  albums; 
les  pot-au-feu  boiled  meat  (stew);  des  demi-heures  half-hours; 
les  deux  Racine  the  two  Racines;  cf.:  les  Ratines  sont  rares  Ratines 
are  scarce ;  les  Bourbons,  les  Guises,  les  Condes,  les  Horaces,  les 
Curiaces,  les  Stuarts,  les  Pharaons,  les  Tudors  (historical  names 
of  families,  dynasties) ;  il  a  deux  Virgiles  he  owns  two  copies  of 
Vergil;  ce  musee  possede  deux  Raphaels  this  Museum  possesses 
two  Raphaels ;  les  deux  Corneilles  etaient  freres  the  two  Corneilles 
were  brothers;  les  Alpes  the  Alps;  les  Pyrenees  the  Pyrenees; 
les  Indes  Indies;  les  deux  Guinees  the  two  Guineas;  les  Vosges 
the  Vosges;  les  Cevennes;  les  deux  Ameriques  the  two  Americas; 
les  Pays-Bas  the  Netherlands^ 

§  14.     DETERMINATIVES  of  NOUNS  with  a;  de  of  (from) ; 

en  in  (into) ;  sans  without ;  etc. 

un  homme  d 'expedition  a  man  quick  in  his  work;  le  chapeau  de 
Jeanne  Jane's  hat;  un  verre  a  vin  one  (a)  wineglass;  un  verre  de 
vin  a  glass  of  wine. 

1.  a  (like  de)  may  denote  possession: 

le  chapeau  a  Jean  John's  hat  (belonging  to). 

2.  CL  may  refer  to  a  thing  possessed: 

la  dame  aux  cheveux  noirs  the  lady  with  dark  hair  (d  is  then  equi- 
valent to :  av ec  with) . 

3.  a  and  de  may  again  show  the  relation  between  the  cause  and 
effect: 

prince  du  sang  prince  of  royal  blood ;  du  blanc  au  noir  from  white  to 
black ;  un  chapeau  de  paille  a  straw  hat ;  une  montre  d'or  (en  or)  a  gold 
watch ;  une  epee  en  acier  a  steel  sword ;  vetement  d1  homme  man's  cloth- 
ing; vetements  pour  hommes  men's  clothing;  Faculte  de  Droit  Law 
School;  vers  la  fin  de  I'apres-midi  towards  the  end  of  the  afternoon. 

4.  Other  examples: 

en  gage  d'amitie  as  a  token  of  friendship;  pour  r amour  de  Dieu 
for  the  love  of  God;  en  un  quart  d'heure  in  a  quarter  of  an  hour; 
dans  un  quart  d'heure  in  (after)  a  quarter  of  an  hour;  un  voyage 
autour  de  ma  chambre  a  trip  around  my  room;  un  homme  sans 
volonte  a  man  without  will.  , 


THE  DEFINITE  AND  INDEFINITE  ARTICLES  75 

5.  Even  infinitives  may  serve  as  determinatives  to  nouns: 

le  don  de  parler  (de  la  parole)  the  gift  of  eloquence ;  le  temps  de  manger 
(just)  time  to  eat;  I' art  de  bien  dire  the  art  of  speaking  well. 

6.  du  and  de  to  be  distinguished  in: 

une  maison  de  prince  a  princely  house;  le  palais  du  prince  the 
prince's  palace.  The  former  means  a  house  (like  that  of  a  prince) 
richly  appointed;  the  latter  simply  denotes  possession. 

NOTE. — Nouns  may  be  followed  by  a;  others  may  require 
pour,  etc. ;  such  nouns  must  not  be  joined  by  et  (and) ;  same  rule 
applies  to  verbs: 

son  assiduite  et  sa  perseverance  au  travail  his  (her)  assiduity  and 
perseverance  in  work;  son  obeissance  a  his  (her)  obedience  to; 
son  affection  pour  son  maitre  his  affection  for  his  master;  son 
obeissance  d  son  maitre  et  son  affection  pour  lui  (for  him). 

§15.     THE  DEFINITE  ARTICLE:  le;  1';  la;  les  (p.  i). 

THE  INDEFINITE  ARTICLE:  un  (m.);  une  (f.) ;  a, 
an,  one. 

THE  PARTITIVE  ARTICLE  (§§  61 , 64) ;  du;  de  /'  (m.) ; 
de  I';  de  la  (f.);  des  (some  or  any). 

§  16.  GENDER  AND  NUMBER:  The  article  agrees  in 
number  and  gender  with  its  noun:  le  before  a 
masculine  noun  or  adjective  beginning  with  a 
consonant  or  h  aspirate;  /'  (for  le}  before  a  mascu- 
line beginning  with  a  vowel  or  h  mute;  /'  (for  la) 
before  a  feminine  beginning  with  a  vowel  or  h 
mute;  la  before  a  feminine  beginning  with  a  con- 
sonant or  h  aspirate;  les  before  all  plural  nouns. 

le  pere  the  father;  I' ami  the  (male)  friend;  le  heros  the  hero; 
I'antie  (f.)  the  friend;  I'homme  the  man;  la  dame  the  lady; 
I'huile  (f.)  the  oil;  les  messieurs  the  gentlemen.  See  page  i; 
also  Numeral  Adjective  un. 

un  is  used  before  masculine;    une  before  feminine 
nouns;  des  is  the  plural: 

un  homme  a  man ;  une  femme  a  woman ; 
des  hommes  men;  des  femmes  women. 


76  THE    DEFINITE   AND    INDEFINITE    ARTICLES 

§  17.  GENERAL  RULE.  i.  The  article  (and  also  d  to,  in; 
de,  of,  from)  must  be  repeated  before  each  noun 
and  adjective: 

le  pere  et  la  mere  the  father  and  mother; 

a  Paris  et  a  New-  York  in  Paris  and  New  York; 

de  Jean  et  de  Pierre  of  John  and  Peter. 

2.  If  the  article  does  not  denote  a  distinctive  object  we  do  not  use  it : 

une  leqon  de  conversation  lesson  on  conversation. 

3.  Also  in  set  expressions: 

les  pants  et  chaussees  bridges  and  roads. 

4.  Nouns  in  apposition: 

le  Grand  Ocean  ou  ocean  Pacifique  Pacific  Ocean; 

5.  Few  other  cases: 

les  lundi  et  mardi  Mondays  and  Tuesdays;  I'histmre  ancienne  et 
moderne  or  I'histoire  ancienne  et  la  moderne  Ancient  and  Modern 
History;  les  pere  et  mere  parents;  un  brave  e!  gentil  garqon  good  and 
amiable  boy;  le  brave  et  ilhistre  J  off  re  the  brave  and  illustrious 
Joffre.  But:  le  brave,  I'illustre  Joffre. 

6.  Large  number  of  expressions  (verb  plus  a  noun): 

avoir  faim  to  be  hungry;  avoir  soif  to  be  thirsty;  avoir  chaud  to 
be  warm;  avoir  besoin  (de)  to  need;  to  have  need  of;  donner  ordre 
to  give  orders;  donner  avis  to  notify;  faire  place  to  make  room;  etc. 

7.  In  proverbs;  general  statements: 

experience  passe  science  experience  surpasses  etc;  plus  fait  douceur 
que  violence  gentleness  is  more  effective  than  violence. 

8.  In  enumerations: 

vieillards,  femmes  et  enfants  old  people,  women  and  children; 
and  in  vocatives:  Seigneur  O  Lord. 

Practice : 

le  bien  et  le  mal  good  and  evil;  le  vrai,  lefaible,  le  beau  the  true,  the 
weak,  the  beautiful;  le  souvenir  the  remembrance;  and  a  few 
other  adjectives,  verbs,  adverbs,  etc.,  used  as  nouns:  on  lui  tiendra 
tele  they  will  cope  with  him  (resist  him);  tenez-lui  la  Me  hold  his 
head;  change  of  meaning;  il  se  lave  les  mains  he  is  washing  his 


QUALIFYING   ADJECTIVES  77 

hands;  English  use  possessive:  il  est  entre  le  chapeau  sur  la  tete 
he  came  in,  his  hat  on  his  head;  cinq  sous  la  douzaine  five  cents 
a  dozen;  dix  sons  le  metre  ten  cents  a  yard;  un  franc  la  lime 
one  franc  a  (per)  pound ;  le  lundi  est  le  premier  jour  de  la  semaine 
Monday  is  the  first  day  of  the  week;  le  marechal  Foch  Marshal 
Foch;  le  president  Wilson  President  Wilson;  parle-t-il  anglais 
does  he  speak  English  .J  parle-t-elle  bien  I 'anglais  does  she  speak 
English  well?  venez  samedi  (le  samedi)  come  (onj  Saturday; 
samedi  dernier  last  Saturday;  il  est  Frangais  (c'est  un  Fran^ais) 
he  is  a  Frenchman  (that  is  a,  etc.);  la  semaine  dernier e  etait  la 
derniere  semaine  de  I'annee  last  week  was  the  last  week  of  the 
year;  il  est  artiste  he  is  an  artist;  Louis  quatorze  Louis  the  Four- 
teenth; tous  les  hommes  all  men;  la  plupart  des  soldats  most  sol- 
diers; cent  grammaires  one  hundred  grammars. 

LESSON  III 
§  1 8.     QUALIFYING  ADJECTIVES  (adjectifs  qtialificatifs] . 

RULE. — As  previously  studied  an  adjective  agrees  in 
number  and  gender  with  the  noun  and  pronoun  it  qualifies : 
e  is  added  to  the  masculine  singular,  unless  the  adjective 
ends  in  -e;  s  in  the  plural. 


m. 

f. 

m.  pi. 

f.pl. 

grand 

grande 

grands 

grandes 

tall,  great,  large 

haul 

haute 

hauls 

haute  s 

high  (tall),  lofty 

petit 

petite 

petits 

petites 

small,  little 

riche 

riche 

riches 

riches 

rich 

pauvre 

pauvre 

pauvres 

pauvres 

poor 

facile 

facile 

faciles 

faciles 

easy 

jeune 

jeune 

jeunes 

jeunes 

young 

joli 

jolie 

jolis 

jolies 

pretty 

blesse 

blessee 

blesses 

blessees 

wounded 

NOTE. — Two  or  more  nouns  masculine  with  adjective  masculine 
plural;  two  or  more  nouns  feminine  with  adjective  feminine 
plural;  and  with  nouns  or  pronouns  of  different  gender  the  attri- 
bute and  predicative  adjectives  are  masculine  plural: 

le  crayon  et  le  canif  sont  bons  the  pencil  and  penknife  are  good; 
le  pere  et  la  mere  sont  ages  the  father  and  mother  are  old;  la  tante 


78  QUALIFYING   ADJECTIVES 

et  la  cousine  sont  petites  the  aunt  and  cousin  are  short;  lui  et  moi 
sommes  contents  he  and  I  are  pleased;  elle  et  loi,  vous  ties  contents 
(or :  contentes)  you  and  she  are  pleased.  Observe :  aigu  sharp ;  aigue 
in  the  feminine;  also  du  (devoir  to  owe)  owed;  and  mil  (mouvoir 
to  move)  moved;  prompted;  very  few  adjectives  are  invariable: 
capot  (m  rester  capot  to  stand  speechless)  a  single  round  (cards); 
grogron  growling  (grouchy);  ambigu,  ambigue;  ambiguous. 

§  19.  EXCEPTIONS  to  the  formation  of  the  feminine  of 
adjectives;  the  plural  of  adjectives  is  formed  in 
the  same  way  as  that  of  nouns. 

1.  Adjectives  ending  in  -el;  -eil;  -ol;  -ul;  -en;  -on;  -et;  -ot  and  those 
in  -s  generally  double  their  last  consonant  in  the  feminine  and 
before  adding  e  (mute) : 

bon        good  bonne  bans  bonnes 

has        low  basse  has  basses 

cruel     cruel  cruelle  cruels  cruelles 

pareil    like  (similar)  pareille  pareils  pareilles 

ancien  ancient  (former)  ancienne  anciens  anciennes 

nul  no  one  nulle;    nulles  gens  no  people 

muet  mute  muette;  muets;  muettes  or:  dumb 

epais  thick  epaisse;  epais;  epaisses 

gras  fat  grasse;  gras;  grasses  (fleshy,  plump) 

sot  fool,  silly  sotte;  sots;  sottes  (stupid) 

But:  hebreu  (m.)  hebraique  (f.);  mou  (mol);  mous;  molle;  molles 
soft,  mellow;  fat  fop  (coxcomb)  and  dispos  (active,  nimble)  have 
no  feminine;  devot  (-e)  devout;  idiot  (-e)  idiot,  foolish;  falot  (-e) 
droll  (queer) ;  manchot  (-e)  one-armed;  niais  (-e)  ninny,  simpleton; 
ras  (-e)  close-shaved;  flat;  fran$ais  (-e)  French;  anglais  (-e) 
English;  danois  (-e)  Danish;  ecossais  (-e)  Scotch.  Or  nouns: 
Franqais  (-e)  French  (Frenchwoman). 

2.  Others  forming  their  feminine  irregularly: 

Masculine  Feminine 

blanc  blanche        white 

benin  benigne        benign 

bref  brtve  brief,  short,  concise 

causeur  (see'rule  for  nouns)  causeuse      talkative  (chatty) 


QUALIFYING    ADJECTIVES 


79 


doux 

favori 

faux 

frais 


douce 
favorite 
fausse 
fraiche 


flatteur  (see  rule  for  nouns)  flatteuse 
franc  franche 

grec  grecque 

long  longue 

malin  maligne 

public  publique 


roux 
sec 


tiers 
lure 


rousse 
seche 


tierce 
turque 


beau  (bel  before  a  vowel  or 

h  mute)  belle 

nouveau  (nouvel  before  a 

vowel  or  h  mute)  nouvelle 

fou  (fol  before  a  vowel  or 

h  mute)  folle 

mou  (mol  before  a  vowel  or 

h  mute)  molle 

jumeau  jumelle 

vieux  (vieil  before  a  vowel 

or  h  mute)  vieille 

neuf  neuve 

actif  active 

vif  (fiery)  vive 

attentif  attentive 


sweet,  smooth,  gentle 

favorite 

false,  erroneous,  insincere 

cool,  fresh,  recent,  florid 

flattering,  gratifying 

frank,  free,  complete,  full 

Greek 

long 

malignant,  malicious,  sly 

public 

reddish,  sandy 

dry,    lean;    dried,    spare 

(thin) 

third  (music,  time,  party) 
Turkish 


beautiful,  handsome,  fair 
new,  recent,  modern 

mad,  wild,  foolish,  distract- 
ing 

soft,  slack,  effeminate 
twin 

old,  aged,  venerable 
new  (brand  new) 
active,  quick,  energetic 
lively,  quick,  keen,  alive 
attentive,  etc. 


Adjectives  ending  in  -er;  -ier;  and  six  in  -et  do  not  double  the 

final:  r  or  t,  but  take  e  (grave)  preceding  same: 

etranger       etrangere  foreign,  strange,  irrelevant 

altier  altiere  haughty,  arrogant,  stately 

cher  chere  dear,  costly,  expensive 

premier       premiere  first,  chief,  primitive 

dernier        dernier  e  last;  youngest;  closing 

fier  fiere  proud,  stout  (bold) 

complet       complete  complete,  full,  whole 


8o 


QUALIFYING   ADJECTIVES 


secret  secrete  secret,  private,  hidden 

inquiet        inquiete  unquiet,  anxious,  restless 

replet  replete  bulky,  corpulent,  lusty 

concret        concrete  concrete 

discret          discrete  considerate,   prudent,   discreet,   reserved, 

close 
le.ger  thoughtless,  fickle;  legere  light,  nimble,  unsteady,  feeble 


4.     Adjectives  in  -x  change  .v  into  -se: 


jaloux 

jalouse 

heureux 

henrense 

nombreux 

nombreuse 

malheureux 

malheureuse 

genereux 

genereuse 

affreux 

affreuse 

studieux 

studieuse 

pluvieux 

pluvieuse 

orageux 

orageuse 

nerveux 

nerueuse 

jealous,  desirous,  anxious 
happy,  fortunate,  lucky 
numerous,  large 
unhappy,  unlucky,  unfortunate 
generous,  liberal,  bountiful 
frightful,  horrible,  atrocious,  hor- 
rid, ghastly 
studious 

pluvious  (wet),  rainy,  showery 
stormy,  tempestuous,  agitated 
nervous,  sinewy,  wiry 


5.     Eleven  in  -eur  add 


anterieur 

anterieure 

citerieur 

citerieure 

exterieur 

exterieure 

inferieur 

inferieure 

interieur 

interieure 

majeur     (of 

majeure 

age,  of  full 

age) 

mineur  (under 

tnineure 

age  ;  minor) 

meilleur 

meilleure 

posterieur 

posterieure 

superieur 

superieure 

ulterieur 

ulterieure 

anterior,  prior,  previous 

citerior,  hither 

exterior,  external,  foreign;  outside, 

outward 

inferior,  subordinate,  lower 
interior,  internal,  inner,  inland 
major,  greater,  paramount 


minor;  less  (-er) 

better,  preferable;  the  best 
posterior,  subsequent,  later 
superior,  upper,  higher 
ulterior,  further 


NOTE.— All  add  5  to  their  plural;  same  rules  pertaining  to 
nouns;  adverbs  generally  formed  by  adding  -ment  to  the  feminine 
of  adjectives  and  follow  closely  the  verb. 


TO    HAVE  8l 

LESSON  IV 

§  20.     AVOIR  to  have:  ETRE  to  be  (at  page  98) 
Les  temps  primitifs  (principal  parts): 

avoir    (I'infinitif);   ayant    (le   participe  present);  eu   (le  participe 
passe);  j'ai  (le  present  de  I'indicatif);  et  j'eus  (le  passe 
defini) 

y  avoir  to  be  (fully  conjugated  at  §  52) 

§21.     INDICATIVE  MOOD 
Present.     (§53.) 

j'ai,  I  have,  am  having,  do  have     ai-je,  have  I,  am  I  having,  do  I 

have? 
tu  as,  you  have  (thou  hast,  ye     as-tu,  have  you,  etc.? 

have) 

il  a,  he  has,  is  having,  does  have     a-t-il,  has  he,  is  he  having,  etc.? 
elle  a,  she  has,  is  having,  does     a-t-elle,  has  she,  is  she  having? 

have 
on  a,  one  has  (we,  they,  people     a-t-on,  has  one  (any  one),  etc.? 

have) 
nous  avons,  we  have,  are  having,     avons-nous,    have    we,    do    we 

do  have  have? 

vous  avez,  you  have,  are  having,     avez-vous,  have  you,  do  you  have? 

do  have 
Us  ont,  they  have,  are  having,  do     ont-ils,  have  they,  do  they  have? 

have 
dies  ont,  they  have,  are  having,     ont-elles  have  they,  do  they  have? 

do  have 

NOTE. — J'at,  etc.,  may  mean  also:  I  have  been  having.     Tenses, 
etc.,  fully  explained  and  illustrated,  §  53. 

§22.     Imperfect     (§62.) 

j'avais,  1  had,  used  to  have,  was  having     avais-je,  had  I,  did  I  have? 
tu  avais  (thou  hadst)  you  had,  used  to     avais-tu,  had  you,  etc.? 

have 

il  avail,  he  had,  used  to  have,  did  have     avait-il,    had    he,    was    he 

having? 

6 


82  TO    HAVE 

elle  avail,  she  had,  used  to  have,  did  avait-ette,  had  she,  was  she 

have  having? 

on  avail,  one  had,  used  to   have,  did  avail-on,  had  one  (any  one)? 

have 

nous  avions,  we  had,  were  having,  did  avions-nous,    had    we,    did 

have  we  have? 

vous  aviez,  you  had,  were  having,  did  aviez-vous,    had     you,    did 

have  you  have? 

Us  avaient,  they  had,  were  having,  did  avaient-ils,    had    they,    did 

have  they  have? 

elles  avaient,  they  had,  were  having,  did  avaient-elles,  had  they,  etc.? 

have 

§  23.     Past  Definite    (Preterit)     (§  66) 

j'eus,  I  had  eus-je,  had  I? 

tu  eus,  you  had  (thou  hadst)  eus-tu,  had  you?  (hadst  thou?) 

il  eut,  he  had  eut-il,  had  he? 

nous  eumes,  we  had  eumes-nous,  had  we? 

vous  eutes,  you  had  eutes-vous,  had  you? 

Us  eurent,  they  had  eurent-ils,  had  they? 

§  24.     Past  Indefinite    (§  69) 

j'ai  eu,  I  (have  had)  had  ai-je  eu,  have  I  had,  did  I  have? 

tu  as  eu,  you  (have  had)  had  as-tu  eu,  did  you  have,  etc.? 

7/a£«,hehad  (has had),  did,  etc.  a-t-il  eu,  did  he  have,  etc.? 

nous  avons  eu,  we    had    (have  avons-nous  eu,  did  we  have,  etc.? 

had,  did,  etc.) 

vous  avez  eu,  you  had  (have  had,  avez-vous  eu,  did  you  have? 

did,  etc.) 

Us  ont  eu,  they  have  had,  etc.  ont-ils  eu,  did  they  have,  etc.? 

§25.  REVIEW  rules  governing  Nouns  and  Adjectives; 
and  the  latter  usually  follow  their  nouns  and 
generally  denote  nationality,  religion,  office,  or 
color,  shape,  taste,  etc.,  or  a  physical  quality: 

une  table  carree  a  square  table;  une  table  ronde  a  round  etc.; 
la  langue  franqaise  (allemande)  the  French  (German)  language; 
il  a  de  bonne  encre  rouge  (bleue)  he  has  good  red  (blue)  ink;  Me 
a  les  yeux  bleus  (noirs,  gris)  she  has  blue  (dark,  gray)  eyes;  la 
main  droite  (gauche)  right  (left)  hand;  la  langue  italienne  (espa- 
gnole,  portugaise)  Italian  (Spanish,  Portuguese)  language;  feu 


AND   ITS    USES 


la  reine  ou  lafeue  reine  the  late  queen;  feu  les  rois  or  les  feus  rois 
the  late  kings. 

Literal  sense  Figurative  sense 

une  vraie  histoire  regular  story        une  histoire  vraie  a  true  story 
les  noirs  soucis  the  black  cares       le  crayon  rouge  red  pencil 
le  chat  noir  the  black  cat 

§  26.     Past  Anterior     (Lesson  X,  §  95) 


j'eus  eu,  I  had  had 

tu  eus  eu,  you  had  had  (thou  hadst 

etc.) 

U  eut  eu,  he  had  had 
nous  eumes  eu,  we  had  had 
vous  eutes  eu,  you  had  had 
Us  eurent  eu,  they  had  had 


eus-je  eu,  had  I  had? 
eus-tu  eu,  hadst  thou  had? 

eut-il  eu,  had  he  had? 
eumes-nous  eu,  had  we  had? 
eutes-vous  eu,  had  you  had? 
eurent-ils  eu,  had  they  had? 


§  27.     Pluperfect     (Lesson  X,  §  95) 


j'avais  eu,  I  had  had 
tu  avais  eu,  you  had  had 
il  avail  eu,  he  had  had 
nous  avions  eu,  we  had  had 
vous  aviez  eu,  you  had  had 
Us  avaient  eu,  they  had  had 


avais- je  eu,  had  I  had? 
avais-tu  eu,  had  you  had? 
avait-il  eu,  had  he  had? 
avions-nous  eu,  had  we  had? 
aviez-vous  eu,  had  you  had? 
avaient-ils  eu,  had  they  had? 


§  28.     Future     (§  98) 


j'aurai,  I  (will)  shall  have 
tu  auras,  thou  wilt  (shalt)  have 
il  aura,  he  will  (shall)  have 
nous  aurons,  we  shall  (will)  have 
vous  aurez,  you  will  (shall)  have 
Us  auront,  they  will  (shall)  have 


aurai-je,  will  (shall)  I  have? 
auras-tu,  shalt  (wilt)  thou  have? 
aura-t-il,  shall  (will)  he  have? 
aurons-nous,  shall  (will)  we  have? 
aurez-vous,  shall  (will)  you  have? 
auront-ils,  will  (shall)  they  have? 


§  29.     Future    Past    (Lesson  X,  §  99) 


j'aurai  eu,  I  will  (shall)  have  had 
tu  auras  eu,  thou  shalt 
il  aura  eu,  he  will  (shall)  "  " 
nous*aurons  eu,  we  will  "  " 
vous  aurez  eu,  you  will  "  .  " 
Us  auront  eu,  they  will  " 


aurai-je  eu,  shall  I  etc.? 
auras-tu  eu,  wilt  thou  etc.? 
aura-t-il  eu,  shall  he  etc.? 
aurons-nous  eu,  shall  we  etc.? 
aurez-vous  eu,  shall  you  etc.? 
auront-ils  eu,  shall  they  etc.? 


84  TO  HAVE 

§  30.     CONDITIONAL  MOOD  (§101) 
Present    or    Future 

j'aurais,  I  would  or  should  have  aurais-je,  would  I  or  should  etc.  t 

tu  aurais,  thou  wouldst  (-st)     "  aurais-tu,  wouldst,  or  shouldst 

etc.? 

il  aurait,  he  would  have,  etc.  aurait-il,  would  he  or  should  etc.  f 

nous  aurions,  we  would  have,  etc.  aurions-nous,  should  we  etc.? 

vous  auriez,  you  would  have,  etc.  auriez  -vous,  should  you  etc.? 

Us  auruient,  they  would  have,  etc.  auraient-ils,  should  they  etc.? 

§31.     MATERIAL  FQR  REVIEW  AND  DICTATION 

une  etoffe  chere  an  expensive  material;  son  cher  oncle  his  (her) 
dear  uncle;  cher  as  adverb  is  invariable:  ces  etoffes  content  cher 
those  materials  are  expensive;  un  hotnme  charmant  a  charming 
man;  une  personne  charmante  a  charming  person;  peine  perdue 
labor  lost  (in  vain). 

1.  Past  and  present  participle  follow  the  noun  as  above: 

d  vos  heures  perdues  in  your  moments  of  leisure;  objets  perdus 
lost  articles;  c'est  du  temps  perdu  it  is  time  lost;  cf.:  un  charmant 
homme  (emphatic). 

2.  Agreement  according  to  the  meaning: 

trois  cordes  de  bois  blanc  three  cords  of  white  wood;  trots  pouces 
de  bois  carres  three  square  inches  of  wood  (or,  wood  three  inches 
square);  le  premier  el  le  dernier  rang  the  first  and  last  rank;  les 
premier  et  dernier  rangs  or:  le  premier  rang  et  le  dernier  the  first 
and  last  rank. 

3.  After  plus  .  .  .  plus  the  more  .  .  .  etc.,  and  in  certain  excla- 
mations, the  adjective  follows  the  verb: 

plus  il  est  riche,  plus  il  est  avare  the  richer  he  is,  the  more  avaricious 
he  is;  qu'elle  est  heureuset  how  happy  she  is! 

4.  as  adverbs: 

ette  vise  plus  haul  she  aims  higher;  ces  fleurs  sentent  bon  these 
flowers  smell  sweet;  on  V a  fait  expres  it  was  done  purposely. 

5.  -ment  (-ly)  added  to  a  feminine  adjective  denotes  generally  an 
adverb: 

heureux  (m.);  heureuse  (f.);  happy;  heureusement  happily;  poliment 
politely;  publiquement  publicly. 


AND   ITS    USES  85 

§  3*.     Conditional  Past  (ist  Form)  §  103. 

j'aurais  eu,  I  would  (should)  have  had     aurais-je  eu,  should  etc.? 
tu  aurais  eu,  thou  wouldst  have  had         aurais-tu  eu,  wouldst  etc.? 
il  aurait  eu,  he  would  have  had  aurait-il  eu,  would  etc.  ? 

nous  aurions  eu,  we  would  have  had         aurions-nous  eu,  would  etc.? 
v ous  auriez  eu,  you  would  have  had          auriez-vous  eu,  would  etc.  ? 
Us  auraient  eu,  they  would  have  had        auraient-Us  eu,  would  they 

have  had? 
§  33.     Conditional  Past  (2nd  Form)  Lesson  X,  §  104. 

j'eusse  eu,  I  would  (should)  have  eusse-je  eu,  should  I  have  had? 

had 

tu  eusses  eu,  thou  wouldst  have*  eusses-tu  eu,  shouldst  thou  have 

had  had? 

U  cut  eu,  he  would  (should)  have  eut-il    eu,    would     (should)    he 

had  have  had? 

nous  eussions  eu,  we  would  (should)  eussions-nous  eu,  would  (should) 

have  had  we  have  had? 

vouseussiezeu,you  would  (should)  eussiez-vous  eu,  would   (should) 

have  had  you  have  had? 

Us  eussent  eu,  they  would  (should)  eussent-ils   eu,    would    (should) 

have  had  they  have  had? 

§  34.     Imperative  Mood  (§  105)  present  or  future 

ate,  have  (thou)  ayez,  have  (you  or  ye) 

ayons,  let  us  have 

§  35.     Subjunctive  Mood  (§  112)  present  or  future 

quej'aie,  (that)  I  may  (can)  have 

que  tu  aies,  that  thou  mayest  (canst)  have  (or:  you  may,  etc.) 

qu'il  ait,  that  he  may  or  can  have 

que  nous  ayons,  that  we  may  or  can  have        NOTE. — Other  forms  in 

que  vous  ayez,  that  you  may  or  can  have  English,  §  83 

qu'ils  aient,  that  they  may  or  can  have 

§  36.     Imperfect  (Subjunctive)  Lesson  XXVI,  §  286. 

que  j'eusse,  that  I  might  have  (or:  other  forms  in  English) 

que  tu  eusses,  that  thou  mightest  have  or  that  you  (ye)  etc. 

qu'il  eut,  that  he  might  have 

que  nous  eussions,  that  we  might  have 

que  vous  eussiez,  that  you  might  have 

qu'ils  eussent,  that  they  might  have 


86  TO  HAVE 

Review  always  the  rules  pertaining  to  Nouns  and  Adjectives;  write 
short  sentences  based  on  Dictation  as  follows: 

une  chere  amie  a  dear  (beloved)  friend;  de  cheres  amies  dear  friends; 
qu'il  fait  beau  (que  le  temps  est  beau)  how  beautiful  the  weather  is! 
sage  wise;  sagement  wisely;  une  chambre  propre  a  clean  room; 
sa  propre  fille  his  (her)  own  daughter;  qu'il  fasse  le  mains  de  fautes 
possible  (replacing:  qu'il  soil  possible  de  faire)  let  him  make  as 
few  mistakes  as  possible;  elle  a  les  pieds  nus  or  elle  est  nu-pied 
she  is  barefooted;  elle  a  I' air  ban  she  looks  good;  elle  a  I' air 
bonne  she  seems  good;  une  demi-heure  half  hour;  il  a  travaille 
une  demi-heurt  he  worked  half  an  hour;  une  heure  et  demie  half- 
past  one;  an  hour  and  a  half;  un  petit  homme  a  little  man;  un 
homme  petit  a  mean  (close)  man;  petit  esprit  a  narrow-minded 
man;  elle  se  disait  malade  she  said  she  was  ill;  on  les  croit  sinceres 
we  believe  them  to  be  sincere;  les  jeunes  gens  young  men  (people); 
ma  grand'tnere  my  grandmother;  ce  n'est  pas  grand'chose:  la 
grand'  messe  High  Mass;  deux  livres  sterling  two  pounds  sterling; 
une  maitresse  femme  superior  woman;  la  maitrise  de  soi-meme  the 
control  of  one's  self;  des  souvenirs  glorieux  glorious- remembrances. 

§  37.    Past  (Subjunctive)  §  293,  Lesson  XXVI  and  Past  Subj. 

quej'aie  eu,  that  I  may  (can)  have  had 

que  tu  aies  eu,  that  thou  mayest  (canst)  have  had  (or:  you,  ye) 

qu'il  ait  eu,  that  he  may  (can)  etc. ;  may  have  had 

que  nous  ayons  eu,  that  we  may  (can)  have  had 

que  vous  ayez  eu,  that  you  may  (can)  have  had 

qu'ils  aient  eu,  that  they  may  (can)  have  had. 

(Other  forms  in  English) 

§  38.     Pluperfect  (Subjunctive)  §  294,  Lesson  XXVI  and 
Past  Subj. 

quej'eusse  eu,  that  I  might  have  had 

que  tu  eusses  eu,  that  thou  mightest  have  had  or:  you  might  have  had 

qu'il  eut  eu,  that  he  might  have,  etc. 

que  nous  eussions  eu,  that  we  might  have  had 

que  vous  eussiez  eu,  that  you  might  have  had 

qu'ils  eussent  eu,  that  they  might  have  had 

§  39-    Infinitive  Mood  (present  or  future) 

avoir,  to  have.     Also:  to  own,  to  possess.     §  130. 

Past 

avoir  eu,  to  have  had.     See  §§  132,  156. 


AND  ITS  USES  87;, 

§  40.     Participial  Mood  '^ctv 

Present 

ayant,  having 

Past 

eu,  eue,  had  (Lesson  XVII,  ayant  eu,  having  had 

§  168 

Material  for  Short  Compositions  with  Avoir 

I 

celui  qui  a  est  celui  a  qui  Dieu  a  prete  (Dumas)  he  (any  one)  who 
possesses  is  one  to  whom  God  has  lent;  celle  qui  a:  she  who  etc.; 
ceux  qui  ont  those  who  etc.;  celles  qui  ont  (f.  pi.)  those  who  (that); 
U  a  droit  a  cela  he  is  entitled  to  it  (that) ;  elle  a  de  bonnes  references 
she  is  well  recommended;  on  n'a  pas  de  temps  a  perdre  we  have  no 
time  to  lose  (spare) ;  il  est  dans  Vaisance  he  is  in  easy  circumstances; 
Us  ont  le  droit  d' accepter  ou  de  refuser  they  may  accept  or  refuse; 
si  j'ai  bonne  memoire  if  I  remember  rightly;  nous  avions  un  franc 
a  nous  deux  we  had  a  franc  between  us  (about  20  cents);  cf.: 
maintenant  a  nous  deux  (before  contest)  now  I  am  ready  for  you ; 
or:  we  will  have  it  out  together;  la  maladie  I' a  decharne  or:  il  n'a 
que  les  os  et  la  peau  he  is  just  skin  and  bone;  les  absents  ont  toujours 
tort  the  absent  are  always  in  the  wrong;  cf.:  loin  des  yeux,  loin 
du  caeur  out  of  sight  out  of  mind;  contre  qui  en  a-t-il  to  whom  does 
he  owe  a  grudge? 

II 

elle  a  I' air  hautain  she  assumes  a  haughty  air;  elle  a  les  yeux  pleins 
de  larmes  her  eyes  are  full  of  tears;  Jean  a  de  I' argent  plein  ses 
poches  John's  pockets  are  full  of  silver  (money);  des  sous  pennies; 
Vor  et  I 'argent  gold  and  silver;  madame,  vous  etes  bien  bonne  you 
are  very  kind,  Madam;  il  a  la  langue  liee  he  is  tongue-tied;  pied 
fourchu  cloven  foot;  avoir  le  filet  coupe  to  have  a  glib  tongue; 
les  mains  liees  his  (her)  hands  tied ;  Us  ont  faim  they  are  hungry ; 
une  balafre  a  cut  (gash,  scar);  elle  a  la  fievre  she  is  feverish;  re- 
cettes  (f.)  receipts;  depenses  (f.)  expenses;  voila  son  compte  par 
doit  et  avoir  there  is  his  account  of  Dr.  and  Cr.  (un  equilibre 
entre  le  debit  et  le  credit)  or:  actif,  passif  du  negociant;  tels  sont  les 
limes  que  vous  aurez  a  lire  such  are  the  books  you  have  to  read; 
sans  originalUe  (f.);  inspirer  de  I'interet  (m.);  interessani  (-e)\ 
qu'est-ce  que  c'est  que  cela  ($a)?  what  is  that?  c'est  un  (une)  .  .  . 
it  is  a ;  comment  appelle-t-on  how  does  one  call  (how  do  you  call)  ? 


8  TO   HAVE 

on  I'appetle  it  is  called;  si  nous  avions  eu  fini  plus  tdt  if  we  had 
finished  our  work  sooner;  U  a  un  talent  particular  pour  he  has 
an  extraordinary  talent  for;  un  particular  a  private  individual; 
chambre  particuliere  private  room;  quel  homme  particulier  what 
a  queer  fellow!  U  est  bizarre  he  is  odd;  avez-vous  horreur  du  travail 
do  you  abhor  work?  quelle  horreur  1  how  terrible!  que  veut  dire: 
a  demain  what  does  until  to-morrow  mean?  que  signifie  le  mot 
what  does  the  word  mean?  comment  dit-on  en  how  do  we  say  in  .  .  ? 
a-t-il  de  quoi  payer  has  he  the  wherewithal  to  pay?  U  n'y  a  pas 
de  quoi  vous  fdcher  you  have  no  reason  to  get  angry;  U  y  avait  de 
quoi  there  was  ground  (cause);  U  a  lieu  de  (des  raisons  pour)  he 
has  reasons  to;  U  n'y  a  pas  de  quoi  don't  mention  it;  sans  quoi 
(sinon)  if  not;  quoi  what!  une  balustrade  (une  rangee  de  balustres) 
baluster;  a-t-il  deux  poids  et  deux  mesures  are  his  weights  and 
measures  alike  for  all?  le  vulgaire  the  common  people;  expression 
vulgaire  common  expression. 

m 

ce  qui  est  banal  and  that  is  common;  c'est  commun  it  is  vulgar; 
il  a  un  gros  rhume  he  has  a  heavy  cold;  ont-ils  bien  envie  de  sortir 
are  they  very  anxious  to  go  out?  pourquoi  avez-vous  honte  de  votre 
conduite  why  are  you  ashamed  of  your  conduct?  ordinairement 
Us  en  ont  assez  usually  they  have  enough  (of  it,  I  assure  you); 
contre  qui  en  avez-vous  with  whom  are  you  angry?  il  a  I' air  em- 
prunte  he  has  an  awkward  look;  de  qui  avez-vous  cette  nouvelle? 
voila  du  nouveau  that's  something  new !  combien  de  prix  ont-ils  eus 
how  many  prizes  did  they  win?  elle  a  un  grain  de  folie  she  has  a 
bee  in  her  bonnet;  de  I' esprit  wit;  qu' avaient-Us  en  fete  (concevoir 
un  projet  to  conceive  of  a  project)  what  projects  did  they  have? 
cet  (cette)  eleve  a  tous  les  livres  sous  la  main  (a  sa  portee)  that  pupil 
has  all  books  for  reference;  un  etudiant  a  student;  a  consulter 
to  look  up  (consult) ;  il  y  en  a  qui  le  disent  there  are  some  who  say 
so;  on  dit  qu'elle  a  de  quoi  they  say  she  is  well  off;  on  le  dit  so  it 
is  said;  U  n'a  pas  de  quoi  vivre  he  has  not  enough  to  live  on;  Us 
ont  beau  dire  et  beau  faire  in  vain  they  say  and  do;  qu'est-ce 
qu'il  a  (qu'a-t-il  a  la  main)  what  has  he  in  his  hand?  qu'avez-vous 
done  what  is  the  matter  now?  il  a  la  langue  bien  pendue  he  has  a 
well-oiled  tongue;  il  avait  la  ttte  nue  he  was  bare-headed;  elle 
etait  nu-t$te  ;  il  ne  prononce  pas  bien  his  accent  is  not  good; 
comment  ecrivez-vous  how  do  you  write?  U  ecrit  assez  bien  his  writ- 
ing is  fairly  good;  le  mot  s' ecrit  ainsi  the  word  is  spelled  thus; 
epelez  spell. 


AND  ITS    USES  89 

Review  Adjectives: 

nu-pieds  barefooted;  vetu,  vetue  dressed  (in);  des  etoffes  bleu 
clair  light  blue  material;  adjectives  of  color  generally  invariable 
(rose,  cramoisi,  pourpre  are  exceptions) : 

des  etoffes  rose  clair  light  pink  etc.;  des  robes  roses  pink  gowns; 
des  robes  cramoisies  crimson  gowns;  elle  aime  le  rose  (la  couleur 
rose)  she  likes  rose-color;  d'un  rose  fonce  (of  a)  dark  pink; 
manteau  (m.)  de  pourpre  cloak  of  purple;  d'un  rouge  fonce  (of  a) 
dark  red;  robe  lilas  lilac  gown;  citron  lemon;  la  chevelure  blonde 
blond  hair;  cheveux  d'un  beau  blond  beautiful  blond  hair. 

IV 

une  colere  bleue  purple  with  rage;  I'Ecole  des  Sourds-Muets  the 

School  for  Deaf  and  Dumb; sourdes-muettes  (f.  pi.)  deaf  and 

dumb  etc. ;  d'un  ton  aigre  sharply  (sharp  tone  of  voice) ;  des  femmes 
aigres  ill-natured  women;  des  paroles  aigres-douces  words  both 
bitter  and  sweet;  architecture  greco-romaine  greco  (graeco) -Roman 
etc. ;  des  fleurs  f  ranches  cueillies  freshly  gathered  flowers  (fraiches 
varies  by  euphony);  francs-tireurs  sharpshooters  (volunteers); 
une  fille  nouveau-nee  new-born  child;  un  (e)  enfant  nouvellement 
ne  (e)  a  child  just  born;  nouveaux  venus  new-comers;  nouveaux 
maries  newly  married  couple;  nouvelles  converties  newly  converted; 
une  nouvelle  venue  a  new-comer  (lady);  de  nouveaux  visages  new 
faces;  ce  sont  des  habits  nouveaux  latest  style  of  coats;  une  cica- 
trice a  scar;  une  blessure  au  visage  a  wound  on  the  face;  se  pre- 
cautionner  contre  (la  maladie)  to  take  precautions  against  (illness) ; 
vous  avez  I' air  malade  you  look  ill;  qu'elle  a  de  beaux  yeux  how 
beautiful  her  eyes  are!  un  ceil  an  eye;  avez-vous  mal  aux  yeux 
have  you  sore  eyes?  avoir  la  vie  sauve  to  have  one's  life  saved; 
sain  et  sauf  (safe  and  sound)  uninjured;  avez-vous  eu  quelqu'un 
a  diner  did  you  have  any  one  to  dinner?  quelle  oreille  fine  il  a  what 
a  sharp  ear  he  has!  le  poids  the  weight;  il  a  la  tete  pres  du  bonnet 
he  is  hot-headed;  ont-ils  une  discussion  are  they  arguing?  dans 
quel  but  for  what  purpose  (what  for)?  elles  ont  une  leqon  de  con- 
versation they  are  having  a  lesson  in  conversation;  les  amis  ont 
des  entretiens  familiers  friends  have  intimate  conversations; 
certains  animaux  ont  une  tache  blanche  aux  pieds  some  animals 
have  white  spots  on  their  feet ;  le  cheval  noir;  vaguement  la  forme 
de  vaguely  the  shape  of;  qui  a  des  nouvelles  de  I'incendie  who  has 
news  from  the  fire?  hotel  incendie  (burnt);  ouvrez  (fermez)  open 
(close);  a  quelle  page  what  page?  au  has  (au  haul,  au  milieu)  de 


9o 


TO    HAVE 


cette  page  at  the  bottom  (at  the  top;  in  the  middle)  of  that  etc.; 
il  a  I'oreille  un  pen  dure  he  is  rather  dull  of  hearing;  il  entend  diffi- 
cilement  he  hears  with  difficulty;  die  a  de  I'oreille  she  has  an  ear 
for  music;  on  n  entend  pas  de  cette  oreille-la  one  is  deaf  on  that 
side;  il  est  sourd  comme  un  pot  he  is  as  deaf  as  a  post. 


il  y  en  a  bien  assez  there  is  plenty  (of  it  etc.);  il  a  I'intention  de  se 
marier  (or:  il  songe  d  se  marier)  he  is  contemplating  marriage; 
il  a  I' esprit  prompt  he  is  very  sharp;  penetrant  keen;  du  tact,  de 
I' amour-propre  tact,  self-respect;  elle  a  du  credit  she  has  influence; 
il  a  ban  credit  his  credit  is  good;  il  y  a  du  froid  entre  eux  there  is 
coolness  between  them;  nousavons  le  frisson  we  have  the  shivers; 
on  n'a  pas  dix  minutes  d  soi  we  have  not  ten  minutes  to  spare; 
on  en  a  plein  le  dos  one  is  tired  (sick)  of  it;  etre  a  charge  a  quelqu'un 
to  be  a  burden  upon  anyone;  causer  de  la  peine  to  cause  grief; 
cecite  complete  totally  blind ;  elle  a  de  quoi  se  plaindre  she  has  cause 
to  complain;  man  cher  monsieur,  vous  en  avez  pour  la  vie  my  dear 
Sir,  it  will  last  you  a  lifetime;  durer  to  last;  fat  un  duel  et  voila 
mes  temoins  I  am  to  fight  a  duel  and  there  are  my  seconds;  temoin 
oculaire  eye-witness;  offenser  I'honneur  to  offend  the  honor;  elle 
aacoeur  de  faire  le  bien  she  has  a  heart  to  do  good;  il  a  le  courage 
d'un  lion  he  has  the  courage  of  a  lion;  il  a  la  bosse  du  commerce 
he  has  a  natural  bent  for  business;  il  n'y  a  pas  remede  a  cela  there 
is  no  remedy  for  that;  c'est  un  horaire;  tout  est  indique  time- 
table; everything  is  indicated;  elle  a  souvent  des  attaques  de  nerfs 
she  often  has  hysterics;  vous  avez  la  main  it  is  your  deal;  qu'a-t-il 
done  !  what  is  the  matter,  etc. ;  quand  il  n'y  en  a  plus,  il  y  en  a 
encore  there  is  always  some  left;  un  homme  de  caeur  a  brave 
man;  il  a  qu'il  s'ennuie  well,  he  is  lonely;  voulez-vous  bien  aller 
au  tableau  please  go  to  the  blackboard;  ecrivez  la  premiere  phrase 
write  the  first  sentence;  lisez  read;  traduisez  translate;  lentement 
slowly. 

Review  Nouns  and  Adjectives ;  study  the  following  : 

de  I'eau  chaude  (froide)  warm  (cold)  water;  des  pretres  catholiques 
Catholic  priests;  des  pasteurs  protestants  Protestant  ministers; 
Us  tiennent  ban  (ferme)  they  are  holding  fast;  doux  (douce)  sweet, 
mild,  gentle;  doucement  gently,  slowly;  des  oranges  douces  sweet 
oranges;  deux  hommes  boheux  two  lame  men;  une  femme  boiteuse 
lame  woman. 


AND   ITS   USES  QI 

VI 

die  chante  juste  (faux)  she  sings  in  tune  (out  of  tune) ;  de  I'eau 
fraiche  fresh  (cool)  water;  un  voleur  (une  voleuse)  a  thief;  asseyez- 
vous  sit  down;  s'il  vous  plait  if  you  please;  quittez  la  salle  (de  dasse) 
leave  the  room;  levez-vous  rise  (get  up);  ne  vous  levez  pas  do  not 
rise;  commenqons  a  la  page  let  us  begin  at  page  .  .  .;  aujourd'hui 
to-day;  demain  to-morrow;  la  leqon  pour  lundi  Monday's  etc. 

§  41.     Comparison  of  Adjectives:  with  plus  (more)  and  mains  (less) 


and  que  (than)  : 

positive  (degree) 

comparative 

superlative 

noir 

plus  noir 

le  plus  noir,  etc. 

black 

blacker  (more  black) 

the  blackest 

noir 

mains  noir 

le  mains  noir 

black 

less  black 

the  least  black 

(as) :  comparisons  of  equality;  aussi  .  .  que  ;  si  (aussi)  .  .  (so    .  as) ; 

son  cheval  est  plus  noir  que  le  mien  his  horse  is  darker  than  mine; 
a-t-il  des  droits  a  cette  fortune?  is  he  entitled  to  inherit?  en  certaines 
occasions  on  certain  etc.;  il  n'y  a  que  le  nom  qui  vaille  quelque 
chose  the  name  is  all  that  is  worth  anything;  un  escalier  a  stair- 
case; qui  avez-vous  pour  protecteur  who  acts  as  your  protector? 
a  ma  droite,  j'ai  mon  ami  (amie)  on  my  right  is  my  friend;  qui  a 
la  parole  who  is  speaking  (addressing)  now?  auront-ils  un  proces 
will  they  have  a  lawsuit?  vous  n'avez  plus  qu'a  vous  taire  now! 
be  silent;  I' avez-vous  en  grande  estime  do  you  esteem  him  highly? 
il  en  aura  pour  son  argent  he  will  have  his  money's  worth;  elle  a 
le  true  she  has  the  hang  of  it  (colloq.);  il  a  eu  une  carriere  pleine 
de  vicissitudes  he  had  a  checkered  career;  il  n'a  ni  feu  ni  lieu 
homeless;  elle  a  bon  courage  she  is  of  good  cheer;  c'est  un  petit 
pilier  faqonne  that  is  a  small  turned  baluster;  la  rampe  the  rail; 
un  metre  carre  square  yard;  un  cabriolet  decouvert  an  open  buggy; 
la  mesure  measure;  a  deux  roues  with  two  wheels;  la  marche  the 
stair  (step) ;  il  fut  I'objet  de  la  conversation  he  was  the  subject  of 
etc.;  I'emballage  et  la  confection  du  matelas  the  packing  and  the 
making  of  the  mattress. 

VII 

I'avez-vous  eu  a  bon  marche  did  you  buy  it  cheaply?  Us  ont  des 
affaires  pardessus  la  t$te  they  are  overworked  in  business;  une  belle 
plume  a  good  handwriting;  il  a  une  belle  main  his  penmanship  is 


92  TO   HAVE 

good;  il  n'a  point  de  possession  en  propre  he  has  nothing  in  his 
own  right ;  en  etre  rassassie  to  have  had  enough  of  it ;  on  a  souvent 
I'intention  de  faire  une  chose  we  often  intend  to  do  a  thing;  Us 
auront  du  monde  (company);  j'ai  eu  de  la  peine  a  le  reconnoitre 
I  hardly  knew  him;  il  s'enrhume  (contracte  un  rhume)  he  is  catch- 
ing cold;  vous  avez  un  rhume  de  cerveau  you  have  a  cold  in  the 
head;  il  sait  d  peine  lire  he  can  hardly  read;  etre  en  peine  de  quelqu' 
un  to  be  worrying  over  some  one;  elles  n'ont  plus  rien  they  have 
nothing  left ;  en  cela  il  a  raison  there  he  is  right ;  il  est  sur  du  fait 
he  is  sure  of  the  fact;  toute  medaUle  a  son  revers  everything  has 
its  bright  and  its  dark  side;  repondez  answer;  expliquez  explain; 
ayez  la  complaisance  de  le  lui  dire  be  so  kind  as  to  tell  it  to  him ; 
a-t-il  de  ses  nouvelles  has  he  heard  from  him?  n'a-t-elle  pas  I'oreille 
juste  has  she  not  a  good  ear?  Us  ont  affaire  a  un  ingrat  they  have 
to  deal  with  an  ingrate;  vous  n'aurez  qu'd  recommencer  just  begin 
once  more;  conjuguez  conjugate;  avez-vous  la  main  heureuse  do 
you  ever  lose  (also:  in  dealings)?  a-t-on  jamais  vu  well!  I  never! 
qu'a-t-U  d  dire  d  cela  what  reply  has  he?  chacun  a  sa  maniere  each 
has  his  own  way;  ce  qu'il  y  a  de  certain,  c'est  que  one  thing  is  cer- 
tain or:  certain  it  is  that. 

§  42.    Comparison  of  Adjectives  (Continued) 

son  cheval  n'est  pas  si  noir  que  le  mien  his  (her)  horse  is  not  so  (as) 
dark  as  mine;  sa  jument  est  mains  noire  que  la  mienne  his  (her) 
mare  is  less  dark  than  mine  (is  not  as  dark  as  mine) ;  Us  sont  plus 
grands  que  leurs  amis  they  are  taller  than  their  friends. 

irregular: 

bon  (bonne)  meUleur  (e)  le  meUleur  (la  .  .  -e) 

good  better  the  best 

vm 

Petit  plus  petit  le  plus  petit  (la  .  .  -e) 

small  smaller  the  smallest 

moindre  less  le  moindre  the  least 

mauvais  plus  mauvais  le  plus  mauvais 

bad  worse  (poorer)  the  worst  (poorest) 

pire  worse  le  pire  the  worst 

(more  wicked)  (the  most  wicked) 

plus  and  mains  used  affirmatively  with:  que  .  .  ne  and  finite  verb : 


AND    ITS    USES  93 

il  est  plus  instruit  que  vous  ne  pensez  (or :  vous  ne  le  pensez)  he  is 
more  learned  than  you  think;  est-ce  un  tableau  dans  le  genre  cham- 
pelre  is  it  a  picture  of  country  life?  ecrits  (m.)  populaires  popular 
writings;  etre  de  droit  a  to  belong  to;  c'est  d  mot  it's  mine;  ce 
petit  enfant  a  des  contrarietes  that  little  child  has  his  tribulations; 
quelle  contrariete  how  disappointing!  quelle  animosite  contre  eux 
what  violent  hatred  against  them!  avoir  des  embetements  (ennuis) 
to  have  annoyances;  il  n'y  a  pas  de  milieu  there  are  no  two  ways 
about  it  (no  other  way);  une  injustice  en  resultera  an  injustice 
would  be  the  result;  il  a  du  naturel  he  is  free  from  pose;  n'y 
aura-t-il  pas  de  passe-droit  will  there  not  be  any  unfairness?  une 
famille  qui  a  de  quoi  a  family  of  means;  il  n'est  pire  eau  que  I'eau 
qui  dort  beware  of  silent  people;  U  y  a  vingt  minutes  de  marche  20 
minutes'  walk  from  here;  qui  ne  risque  rien  n'a  rien  nothing  ven- 
ture nothing  have;  elle  n'a  en  t2te  que  d'apprendre  her  sole  ambition 
is  to  learn;  le  balcon  the  balcony;  le  plancher  the  floor;  le  quai 
the  wharf  (railway  platform);  I'estrade  (f.)  stand;  platform;  la 
plateforme  flat  roof;  la  terrasse  the  terrace,  flat  roof  (Spanish  style) ; 
le  perroquet  est  bavard  (ou  silencieux  ou  muet)  the  parrot  is  talka- 
tive (talks  little  or  remains  silent) ;  il  a  eu  la  chair  de  poule  (goose- 
flesh)  he  shuddered;  il  n'y  a  pas  une  dme  vivante  there  isn't  a 
living  creature  there;  il  frissonne  he  shivers. 

IX 

il  y  a  de  cela  vingt  ans  (well)  that  was  twenty  years  ago;  quoi! 
il  n'a  pas  un  sou  vaillant  what!  he  isn't  worth  a  penny?  quelle  dme 
noble  (faible)  what  a  noble  (weak)  soul!  qu'y  a-t-il  encore  (quoi 
encore)  what  else?  Pardon  pardon!  chacun  a  sa  marotte  every 
one  has  his  hobby;  ce  que  vous  avez  de  mieux  a  faire,  c'est  de  le 
faire  the  best  thing  for  you  to  do  is  to  do  it;  elle  a  de  I' esprit  she 
is  witty;  I' esprit  humain  human  mind;  c'est  son  dada  it  is  his 
favorite  pursuit;  elle  a  I' air  rebarbatif  she  has  a  gruff  look;  vous 
en  aurez  pour  cinq  ans  it  will  last  you  five  years;  nous  avons  I' habi- 
tude de  lire  we  usually  read;  on  passe  son  temps  a  jouer  we  spend 
our  time  at  play;  U  a  de  qui  tenir  he  is  from  good  stock;  U  n'y  a 
pas  de  mal  a  rire  there  is  no  harm  in  laughing;  elle  a  cinq  enfants 
sur  les  bras  she  has  five  children  to  support;  c'est  assez  that's 
enough  (that  will  do) ;  Us  n'ont  rien  de  mieux  a  faire  they  have 
nothing  better  to  do;  chaque  chose  a  son  temps  every  dog  has  his 
day;  a-t-elle  des  chambres  de  libre  has  she  any  vacant  rooms?  au- 
dessus  duquel  (de  laquelle)  above  which  (below  which);  (au- 
dessous)  desquels  (desquettes)  Us  ont  trap  de  mal  ici  they  have  too 


94  TO    HAVE 

much  to  do  here;  n'avoir  pas  I'air  d'y  toucher  to  look  unconcerned 
(uninterested);  elle  a  bonne  poitrine  she  has  good  lungs;  il  a  les 
pommettes  saillantes  he  has  high  cheek  bones;  Us  ont  le  diable  au 
corps  they  are  very  troublesome  (they  act  like  devils);  j "ranches 
coude.es  free  scope ;  il  a  une  liberte  entiere  d'agir  he  is  unhampered ; 
c'est  une  celebrite  he  is  a  celebrity;  tousser  to  cough;  une  toux  convul- 
sive a  convulsive  cough;  la  voix  voice;  il  a  la  goutte  aux  pieds  he 
has  gout  in  the  feet;  une  voix  de  baryton,  de  tenor,  de  basse,  d'alto,  de 
contralto  a  barytone,  tenor,  bass,  alto,  contralto  voice;  la  voix  du 
peuple  public  opinion;  elle  a  un  chat  dans  la  gorge  she  has  a  frog 
in  her  throat;  elle  est  enrouee  she  is  hoarse;  la  voix  nette  a  clear  etc.; 
la  garde-malade  (I'infirmiere)  aura  soin  de  lui  the  nurse  will  attend 
to  him  (take'care  of  him). 

X 

§  43.     Review  Adjectives;  and  with  comme  instead  of  aussi  (si): 

hardi  comme  un  lion  (aussi  hardi  qu'un  lion)  bold  as  a  lion;  un 
avare  comme  lui  a  miser  such  as  he;  cf. :  comme  il  etait  malade 
as  he  was  ill;  comme  il  est  joli  how  pretty  he  is  (for:  qu'il  est  joli 
how  etc.)!  tl  est  plus  joli  que  lorsqu'il  etait  jeune  he  is  better  look- 
ing than  when  he  was  young;  il  parle  autrement  qu'il  ne  pense 
he  speaks  differently  from  what  he  thinks;  il  n'agit  pas  autrement 
qu'il  pense  he  does  not  act  otherwise  than  he  thinks;  plus  il 
etudie,  plus  il  reussit  the  more  he  studies,  the  more  he  succeeds; 
elle  a  une  maison  d,  elle  (en  propre)  she  has  a  house  of  her  own; 
il  en  aura  raison  he  will  demand  satisfaction  from  him;  il  a  du 
chagrin  he  is  in  sorrow;  qui  a  des  vues  sur  ce  bien  who  has  designs 
upon  that  property?  il  I' a  echappe  belle  he  had  a  narrow  escape; 
cet  enfant  a  deja  des  volontes  that  child  has  already  a  will  of  his  own; 
Us  ont  de  la  bonne  volonte  they  are  willing;,  vous  avez  le  compos  dans 
I' ceil  you  measured  it  just  right;  quel  toupet  how  impudent! 
avoir  I'humeur  belliqueuse  to  have  a  bellicose  nature;  qui  a 
pour  mission  de  proteger  whose  mission  is  to  protect;  il  en  a  du 
toupet  (cheek)  how  impudent  he  is!  elle  a  le  caeur  gros  she  is 
ready  to  cry;  il  n'y  a  rien  d'etonnant  no  wonder;  partager  le 
g&teau  to  divide  the  cake;  participate  in  the  profits;  tous  ont 
part  au  gdteau  all  have  a  share;  quand  on  a  de  la  bonne  volonte 
when  there  is  good  will;  il  n'y  a  pas  moyen  de  faire  cela  there  is 
no  way  of  doing  that;  pendant  ce  temps-la  during  that  time;  Us 
ont  fort  a  faire  they  have  a  great  task  before  them ;  il  n'y  avail 
rien  qui  pressait  it  was  nothing  urgent;  U  a  I'air  comme  il  faut 
he  looks  like  a  gentleman;  fa  en  a  I'air  (tout  I'air)  that  looks 


AND   ITS   USES  95 

very  much  like  it;  c'est  un  homme  comme  il  y  en  a  pen  few  men 
like  him  (one  in  a  thousand);  un  estomac  a  stomach;  un  estomac 
d'autruche  a  stomach  of  an  ostrich;  il  a  part  au  delit  he  took  part 
in  the  offense. 

XI 

vous  avez  beaucoup  d'influence  sur  eux  you  exert  much  influence 
over  them;  honn&tement  honestly;  quoi  de  nouveau  (de  neuf) 
what's  new?  elle  n'a  rien  d'ecril  she  has  nothing  written;  il  n'a 
rien  ecrit  he  has  not  written  anything;  elle  a  de  la  coquetterie  she 
is  coquettish  in  her  dress;  un  poisson  a  grosse  tete  a  fish  with  a 
large  head;  elle  a  des  chances  d'arriver  she  has  chances  of  arriving; 
ce  cheval  a  quelque  valeur  this  horse  is  of  some  value;  auront-ils 
bonne  opinion  d'elles?  will  they  think  well  of  them?  il  y  a  pas  mal 
de  poussiere  great  deal  of  dust;  avez-vous  du  mal  are  you  hurt? 
avez-vous  I'intention  d'y  oiler  do  you  contemplate  going  there? 
il  a  mal  partout  he  is  sore  all  over;  man  ami  a  toujours  le  mot  pour 
rire  my  friend  is  always  ready  for  a  joke;  vous  avez  trap  de  bontes 
pour  moi  you  are  too  kind  to  me;  estime  (f.)  publique  public  esteem; 
la  faute  mistake;  d'une  maniere  sensible  perceptibly;  un  honnete 
homme  an  honest  man;  la  consolation  solace  (comfort);  ayez 
I'obligeance  de  me  lefaire  savoir  be  so  kind  as  to  let  me  know;  un 
saltimbanque  a  mountebank;  en  voila  pour  un  an  that  will  do  for 
a  year;  a-t-il  les  coudes  appuyes  sur  la  nappe  has  he  his  elbows  on 
the  tablecloth?  il  est  presse  he  is  pressed  for  time;  elle  a  le  mot  sur 
le  bout  de  la  langue  she  has  the  word  on  the  tip  of  her  tongue; 
U  n'a  pas  le  temps  he  can't  spare  the  time;  des  manieres  calines 
cajoling  ways;  elles  ont  une  grande  penetration  d' esprit  they  have 
great  acuteness  of  mind ;  le  teint  pdle  pale  complexion;  il  n'a  des 
yeux  que  pour  elle  he  sees  nothing  but  her;  un  honnete  homme  n'a 
que  sa  parole  an  honest  man  is  as  good  as  his  word ;  d'un  ton 
bourru  snappishly ;  le  salut  du  jour  the  greeting  of  the  day ;  salut ! 
hail! 

xn 

§  44.     ADVERBS: 

bien  well  mal         badly,  ill       pen  little 

mieux          better         pis  worse  mains          less 

le  mieux     the  best      le  pis       the  worst      le  mains      the  least 

cf.:  de  plus  en  plus  more  and  more;  de  mains  en  mains  less  and 
less;  d'autant  plus  the  more  (so);  a  bon  marche  cheap;  a  meilleur 


96  TO    HAVE 

marche  cheaper;  au  plus  at  most  (at  the  most):  tout  au  plus; 
il  y  a  plus  what  is  more;  il  s'enrichit  de  plus  en  plus  he  is  becoming 
richer  and  richer;  plus  tard  later;  plus  loin  farther  (further); 
plus  pres  nearer;  de  plus  pres  closer;  trots  fois  plus  three  times 
as  much  (as  many) ;  la  plupart  (de  ses  amis)  le  quitterent  most  of 
his  friends  (the  majority  of  them)  left  him;  plus  tot  sooner;  de 
meilleure  heure  earlier;  plus  ou  mains;  plus  de  dix  more  than  ten; 
tant  mieux  so  much  the  better;  tant  pis  pour  lui  so  much  (all) 
the  worse  for  him;  le  plus  qu'il  aura  the  most  (maximum)  he 
will  have;  souvent;  plus  souvent;  le  plus  souvent  often;  oftener; 
most  frequently;  venire  affame  n'a  point  d'oreilles  a  hungry  man 
will  not  listen  to  reason;  sont-ce  des  banes  (ecueils)  de  coraux 
are  those  coral  reefs?  peu  de  hauteur  little  height;  a  chacun  son 
tour  there  is  time  for  everything;  */  a  la  certitude  (I' assurance) 
que  he  has  the  certainty  that;  il  a  ban  pied,  bon  ceil  he  is  hale  and 
hearty;  elle  a  un  menton  a  double  etage  she  has  a  double  chin; 
il  a  mieux  que  fa  he  has  some  even  better  than  that;  il  n'y  a 
rien  de  mieux  there  is  nothing  better;  un  combustible  de  qualite 
inferieure  a  combustible  of  inferior  quality;  cette  boite  a  six  pouces 
de  longueur  sur  quatre  de  largeur  this  box  is  six  inches  long  by  four 
wide;  or:  elle  est  longue  de  six  pouces  et  large  de  quatre;  son  epais- 
seur  est  de  trois  pouces  it  is  three  inches  thick;  d'un  blanc  (erne 
it  is  dead  white;  de  long  in  length;  de  haut  in  height;  de  profond 
in  depth;  d'epais  in  thickness;  d'egale  longueur  of  equal  length. 

xni 

Review  on  Adverbs  and  Adjectives: 

constant  (e);  constamment;  constant;  constantly;  prudent  (e); 
prudemment;  prudent ;  prudently ;  il  fait  un  peu  froid  it  is  rather 
cold;  leurs  plus  chers  amis  their  dearest  etc.;  pas  le  moindre 
doute  not  the  least  doubt;  le  moindre  d'entre  nous  the  least  among 
(st)  us;  de  follows  the  superlative:  I'homme  le  plus  riche  de  la  ville 
the  richest  man  in  town  (in  the  city);  la  leqon  la  plus  difficile 
(facile)  the  most  difficult  (the  easiest)  lesson;  ses  amis  les  plus 
fideles  his  (her)  most  faithful  friends;  il  en  a  deux  de  plus  que  moi, 
n'est-ce  pas?  he  has  two  more  than  I,  has  he  not?  Marie  est  la 
fille  la  plus  intelligente  du  village  Mary  is  the  brightest  girl  in  the 
village;  la  meilleure  femme  du  monde  the  best  woman  in  the 
world;  la  plus  haute  maison  de  la  rue  the  highest  house  in  the 
street;  pas  le  moindre  souvenir  not  the  slightest  remembrance; 
Jean  est  le  plus  fort  des  deux  John  is  the  stronger  of  the  two;  le 


AND  ITS  USES  97 

plus  fort  des  trois  the  strongest  of  the  three;  son  petit  pony  blanc 
est  le  plus  joli  de  tous  les  ponys  his  little  pony  is  the  prettiest  of  all 
ponies;  c'est  le  cadet  de  mes  soucis  (le  moindre  de  etc.)  what  troubles 
me  the  least  (the  least  of  my  cares);  c'est  tout  ce  qu'il  y  a  de  plus 
cher  it  is  most  expensive ;  son  pire  ennemi  his  worst  enemy.  NOTE. 
— le  plus  before  an  absolute  (superlative)  and  (there  is)  no  com- 
parison: (and:  le  plus;  le  mains  are  or  may  be  replaced  by:  tres; 
bien;  fort;  extremement,  etc.) ;  elle  a  ete  le  plus  adroite  she  was  most 
clever;  a-t-elle  du  gout  pour  la  musique?  has  she  any  taste  for 
music?  (is  she  musical?);  quel  air  bete  il  a  how  stupid  he  looks! 
il  en  veut  (avoir)  a  quelque  p>ix  que  ce  soil  he  desires  some  at  any 
cost;  U  faut  ajouter  one  must  add;  un  tabouret  a  trois  pieds  a 
three- foot  stool;  cette  banque  a  son  siege  a  X.  et  ses  succur sales  a 
this  bank  has  its  headquarters  at  X.  and  its  branches  at;  si  vous 
avez  bonne  memoire  if  your  memory  serves  you;  elle  en  a  plus  qu'il 
ne  lui  en  faut  she  has  more  than  she  needs ;  elle  en  a  de  reste  she 
has  some  to  spare;  il  a  du  plomb  dans  I'aile  there  is  shot  in  the 
wing;  il  a  le  pied  contrefait  he  has  a  deformed  foot;  il  n'y  a  pas 
lieu  de  croire  there  is  no  reason  to  suppose;  vous  avez  une  minute 
d'avance  sur  lui  you  have  the  start  of  him  by  one  minute. 

XIV 

vous  avez  plusieurs  cordes  a  votre  arc  you  have  several  strings  to 
your  bow;  le  diametre  the  diameter;  il  n'y  en  a  pas  mal  there  is 
quite  an  amount;  y  a-t-il  reunion  tous  les  soirs  is  there  a  meeting 
every  night?  ayez  soin  de  vos  habits  take  care  of  (look  after)  your 
clothes;  avoir  le  loisir  to  be  at  leisure;  vous  avez  bonne  mine  you 
look  well;  il  a  meilleure  mine  he  looks  better;  la  circonference  the 
circumference;  chacun  a  sa  croix  a  porter  every  one  has  his  cross 
to  bear  or  his  own  troubles;  visage  hale  tanned  face;  c'est  ce  que 
j'ai  de  mienx  a  faire  that's  the  best  thing  for  me  to  do;  avoir  lieu 
to  take  place;  le  lieu  de  debarquement  the  landing-place;  la  cole 
d'un  quai  the  slip  (of  a  landing-place);  il  a  de  rares  talents  he  is 
exceptionally  talented;  chacun  a  son  gout  every  one  to  his  taste; 
un  demi-cercle  bleudtre  a  bluish  half  circle;  visage  basane  sun- 
burned; il  a  les  yeux  fatigues  he  has  tired  eyes;  il  y  a  de  la  verve 
dans  ses  pieces  there  is  animation  in  his  plays;  dans  I' incertitude 
in  suspense;  plus  il  en  a  de  chagrin  the  more  his  sorrow;  U  n'y 
a  pas  de  fumee  sans  feu  no  smoke  without  fire;  il  n'y  a  pas  a  ba- 
lancer there  is  no  wavering;  nous  avons  de  la  peine  a  croire  cela 
we  can  hardly  believe  that;  il  n'y  a  pas  de  regie  sans  exception 

7 


98  TO   BE 

no  rule  without  exception;  en  suspens  in  doubt;  un  calembour 
a  pun;  une  devinette  a  riddle. 

jaundtre  yellowish;  grisdtre  grayish;  bleudtre  bluish;  blancMtre 
whitish;  noirdtre  blackish ;  verddtre  greenish;  rougedtre  reddish  or: 
sandy;  brundtre  brownish;  roussdtre  reddish. 


LESSON   V 

§  45.     etre  to  be  (verbe  auxiliaire  auxiliary  verb)  and  its 
various  uses — (conjugated  Lesson  XXVIII). 

Paris  est  le  cceur  de  la  France  Paris  is  the  heart  of  France;  ce  qui 
n'est  pas  clair,  n'est  pas  franqais  what  is  not  clear  is  not  French; 
voild  tout  that's  all;  etre  ou  n'etre  pas,  voila  la  question  to  be  or  not 
to  be,  that's  the  question;  epreuve  salie  (f.)  soiled  proof;  c'est 
facile  comme  tout  it  is  easy  (or:  child's  play);  quelle  est  sa  position 
what  is  his  position?  il  a  une  position  de  mille  francs  he  has  a  five 
thousand  franc  position;  une  epreuve  a  test,  an  ordeal;  entre 
I'enclutne  el  le  marteau  between  the  devil  and  the  deep  sea;  qui 
plus  est  what  is  more;  la  preuve  proof;  d  quoi  bon  what  is  the 
good  of  that?  je  suis  bien  id  I  am  comfortable  here;  preuve 
evidence;  c'est  line  autre  paire  de  manches  it  is  quite  another  thing; 
il  n'est  rien  mains  que  credule  he  is  anything  but  credulous;  d'une 
fa$on  peu  nette  in  a  somewhat  ambiguous  manner;  d'une  faqon 
nette  unmistakably;  I'activite  des  usines  est  febrile  activity  in 
manufactories  is  feverish ;  c'est  trap  cher  de  moitie  it  is  too  dear  by 
half;  c'est  a  peu  pres  la  meme  chose  it  is  nearly  the  same  thing: 
c'est  un  gar$on  manque  she  is  a  torn-boy;  il  est  dans  son  droit  he 
is  within  his  right;  oil  en  sont  les  chases  where  matters  stand: 
qui  pis  est  what  is  worse;  tache;  non  net  spotted:  not  clean;  c'est 
bon  en  soi  it  is  good  in  itself. 

le  il  novembre,  1918,  I'Allemagne  rendit  les  armes  Germany  sur- 
rendered the  nth  of  November,  1918;  un  ordre  (qui  est)  fonde  par 
an  order  founded  by;  d  bon  jour,  bonne  aeuvre  the  better  the  day, 
the  better  the  deed;  il  est  obstine  he  is  stubborn;  la  nuit  tons  les 
chats  sont  gris  when  candles  are  wanting  all  cats  are  gray ;  etre  de 
planton  to  be  on  duty  (mil.);  c'est  une  mauvaise  tete  he  is  light- 
headed (unruly) ;  il  est  d  I'aise  dans  ce  fauteuil  he  is  comfortable 
in  that  chair;  de  petite  taille  of  small  stature  (size);  c'est  jus  vert 
el  vert  jus  it  is  six  of  one  and  half  a  dozen  of  the  other;  un  petit 
pavilion  a  small  pavilion;  d  qui  est  ce  livre  whose  book  is  that? 


AND   ITS    USES  99 

c'estd  moi  (a  lui,  a  elle,  a  eux,  a  elles;  c'est  le  mien,  le  sien,  le  sien, 
le  leur),  it  is  mine  (his,  hers,  theirs,  theirs);  etiez-vous  chez  vous 
hier  soir  were  you  at  home  last  night?  j'y  etais;  je  n'y  etais  pas 
I  was;  I  was  not;  un  homme  blase  man  weary  of  everything;  de 
I'etoffe  blanche  en  colon  white  cotton  material. 

XV 

Oral  Drill: 

un  ordre  expres  a  precise  order;  une  defense  expresse  a  positive 
(explicit,  plain,  etc.)  warning;  elle  est  tres  aimable  she  is  very  kind; 
most  kind;  qu'il  est  gentil  how  nice  he  is!  extremement  heureux 
most  happy;  il  est  des  plus  affables  he  is  most  cordial;  rassemblez 
le  plus  de  livres  possible  collect  the  largest  number  of  books  pos- 
sible; elle  a  eprouve  tous  les  malheurs  possibles  (imaginables) 
she  experienced  every  misfortune  imaginable;  la  mi- Janvier  the 
middle  part  of  January;  cette  lettre  est  franc  (or:  franche)  de  port 
post-paid  letter;  il  est  beaucoup  plus  age  he  is  much  older;  il  est  de 
beaucoup  le  plus  fort  des  trois  he  is  by  far  the  strongest  of  the  three; 
il  fail  de  son  mieux  (il  fait  son  possible)  he  does  his  utmost;  des 
robes  noisette  hazelnut  colored  gowns;  haul  la  main  or  la  main 
haute  with  a  high  hand;  plein  la  maison  or  la  maison  pleine  full 
house;  Us  sont  proches  parents  they  are  near  relatives ;  des  maisons 
proches  (or:  proche)  de  la  riviere  houses  near  (close  to)  the  river; 
les  yeux  demi-fermes  with  eyes  half  closed;  sauf  ma  mere  except 
my  mother;  ma  mere  sauve  my  mother  was  saved;  la  vie  sauve 
her  life  saved;  semi-hebdomadaire  bi-weekly;  il  est  mechant  et 
elle  est  pire  he  is  bad  and  she  is  worse;  plus  ou  mains  reussi  more 
or  less  successful ;  cela  laisse  a  desirer  it  could  be  better  (improved 
upon) ;  n'en  avoir  que  deux  ne  suffirait  pas  to  have  but  two  would 
not  suffice;  je  sais  le  contraire  I  know  better;  le  marechal  Foch, 
generalissime  (general  en  chef). 

§  46.  jamais;  bien;  mat;  mieux;  pas;  plus;  trop;  ioujours 
(generally  precede  the  verb) ;  il  s'agit  de  bien  tra- 
vailler;  it  is  a  question  of  working  well;  il  travaille 
trop  he  works  too  much; 

i.  hier  yesterday;  aujourd'hui  to-day ;  demain  to-morrow;  ici  here; 
la  there  (are  placed  after  a  past  participle) :  il  est  parti  hier  he 
left  etc. 


100  TO   BE 

2.  tout  all  (everything);   rien  nothing  (not  anything)  precede  the 
past  participle:  U  a  tout  vu  he  saw  everything;  il  n'a  rien  vu  he 
didn't  see  anything; 

3.  personne  (nobody)  follows  it:  U  n'a  vu  personne  he  saw  no  one; 
cf. :  personne  n'est  venu  nobody  came. 

XVI 

j'y  serai  lundi  en  huit  I  shall  be  there  a  week  from  Monday; 
comment  est-il  aujourd'hui  how  is  he  to-day?  il  est  beaucoup  mieux 
he  is  much  better;  un  etablissement  de  charite  a  charitable  insti- 
tution; le  timbre  d'une  voix  douce  el  sonore  the  tone  of  a  sweet 
and  sonorous  voice;  immediatement  immediately;  les  figures  sont 
executees  sur  un  fond  auquel  elles  adherent  the  figures  are  carved  in 
relief  on  a  background;  il  etait  pied  hot  he  was  club-footed;  tdt 
ou  lard  sooner  or  later;  le  sommet  d'un  edifice  the  top  of  an  edifice; 
il  est  riche,  n'est-ce  pas  he  is  rich,  is  he  not?  il  I' est  he  is;  cela  n'est 
pas  vrai  that  is  not  so  (true) ;  il  est  toujours  en  retard  he  is  always 
late;  il  ne  I' est  pas  he  is  not;  il  arrive  lard  ce  matin  he  is  late  this 
morning;  il  est  lard  ou  tot  it  is  late  or  early;  bientot  soon;  le  plus 
tot  possible  as  early  as  possible;  le  train  retarde  the  train  is  late; 
sa  montre  retarde  his  watch  is  slow;  on  n'a  vu  personne  no  one  has 
been  seen;  il  est  sorti  tout  a  I'heure  he  went  out  just  a  little  while; 
n'a-t-il  rien  perdu  has  he  lost  nothing?  rien  nothing;  il  est  diffi- 
cile de  ne  pas  rire  it  is  difficult  not  to  laugh;  il  voudrait  ne  rien 
faire  he  wouldn't  like  to  do  anything;  c'est  facile  d  comprendre 
it  is  easy  to  understand  (to  be  understood) :  it  is  easily  understood; 
il  est  propre  a  ne  rien  faire  he  is  not  fit  for  anything ;  on  est  curieux 
de  le  voir  a  I'ceuvre  we  (they)  are  anxious  to  see  him  at  work;  un 
discours  de  longue  haleine  (extremely  long)  an  extremely  long 
speech  (long-winded  speech);  pres  de  near;  un  boniment  clap- 
trap; est-elle  la  dame  du  ler.  (etage)  is  she  the  lady  of  the 
first  floor?  elle  Vest;  elle  ne  I' est  pas  she  is;  she  is  not;  cela  ne  sera 
pas  it. will  not  occur;  etes-vous  la  dame  dont  je  parle  are  you 
the  lady  of  whom  I  speak?  ses  amis  ne  sont  plus  his  friends  are 
dead;  sont-ils  fatigues  are  they  tired?  Us  ne  le  sont  pas  they 
are  not;  sont-ils  freres  are  they  brothers?  Us  le  sont  they  are; 
sont-ils  cousins  are  they  cousins?  Us  le  sont  they  are;  sont-Us 
les  freres  de  Jean  are  they  John's  brothers?  Us  les  sont;  Us  ne  les 
sont  pas;  they  are;  they  are  not;  U  ne  I' a  dit  d  qui  que  ce  soil  he 
mentioned  it  to  nobody;  plus  de  merite  que  les  autres  more,  merit 
than  others. 


AND  ITS  USES  IOI 

xvn 

toucher  pres  to  receive  almost;  au  contact  de  in  contact  with; 
au-devant  de  in  front  of;  en  face  de  opposite;  devant  before  (in  the 
presence  of);  avant  before  (time);  etes-vous  sa  soeur  are  you 
her  sister?  je  la  suis  I  am;  est-ce  un  de  vos  amis  is  he  a  friend  of 
yours?  e'en  est  un  he  is  (one);  incult  uncultivated;  terres  in- 
cultes  (f.)  uncultivated  lands;  il  est  de  son  opinion  he  is  of  the 
same  opinion;  peuples  non-civUises  non-civilized  people  (s);  son 
livre  etait  a  I' index  his  book  was  prohibited;  il  n'est  pas  tou- 
jours  dans  son  assiette  he  is  not  always  even-tempered;  elle  est 
bavarde  (babittarde)  a  gossip;  monsieur,  je  suis  charme  de  vous 
voir  I  am  glad  to  see  you,  sir;  peu  civ  Use  little  civilized;  Us  ne 
sont  pour  rien  dans  cette  affaire  they  have  nothing  to  do  with  the 
case;  cruel  (cruelle)  cruel;  inhumain  (e)  inhuman;  d'une  cruaute 
inouie  so  cruel !  etes-vous  sur  de  votre  fait  do  you  know  what  you 
are  about?  elle  est  fort  attachee  d  sa  sceur  she  is  greatly  attached 
to  her  sister;  il  est  poitrinaire  he  is  in  consumption;  exempt  de 
preoccupations  free  from  anxiety;  je  men  lave  les  mains  I  wash 
my  hands  of  it;  d'une  grossierete;  d'une  ferocite  so  uncouth,  so 
ferocious!  un  poison  violent  a  deadly  poison;  la  paix  peace;  la 
chair  en  est  tres  estimee  its  flesh  (meat)  is  very  much  liked;  une 
cit -Constance  speciale  a  special  occasion;  une  annonce  pompeuse 
a  flaring  announcement;  c'est  un  medecin  manque  he  is  a  would- 
be  doctor;  il  est  de  mauvaise  humeur  he  is  cross  (out  of  sorts); 
elle  reste  fille  she  is  still  unmarried ;  il  est  en  recreation  he  is  at  play 
(recess) ;  il  est  bien  le  fils  de  son  pere  he  is  truly  the  son  of  his 
father;  c'est  la  veille  de  Noel  Christmas  eve;  les  veillees  passees 
chez  des  amis  evenings  spent  with  friends:  il  est  trls  fort  he  is 
very  strong;  il  a  du  biceps  he  has  well-developed  muscles;  c'est 
un  grand  homme  sec  he  is  a  tall,  spare  man;  il  est  dans  I'erreur 
he  labors  under  an  error. 

xvm 

ou  il  y  a  de  la  gene,  il  n'y  a  pas  de  plaisir  when  one  is  under  re- 
straint, there  is  no  pleasure;  c'est  un  esprit  positif  he  is  of  a  practi- 
cal mind;  elle  est  la  bonte  meme  she  is  kindness  itself;  il  est  vif 
comme  la  poudre  he  is  as  quick  as  lightning;  Us  sont  d  bonne  ecole 
they  are  under  competent  masters;  des  gens  capables,  intelligents, 
habiles  efficient,  intelligent,  clever  people;  elle  est  en  vie  she  is 
alive;  ce  n'est  ni  plus  ni  mains  neither  more  nor  less;  imbu 
(rempli;  penetre)  imbued  (filled;  saturated);  impr enable  impreg- 


102  TO    BE 

nable:  brule  vif  burnt  alive;  la  fabrication  du  beurre  the  making 
of  butter;  imbu  de  prejuges  imbued  with  prejudices;  ce  sont  des 
amis  intimes  they  are  close  friends;  il  est  tres  bien  ce  jeune  homme 
he  is  a  suitable  young  man;  c'est  un  jeune  homme  comme  il  faut 
he  is  a  good-mannered  young  man;  la  couleur  d'azur  sky-color; 
ette  est  en  ete  she  is  dressed  for  summer;  etes-vous  en  train  de  lire 
are  you  busy  reading?  c'est  un  mauvais  sujet  he  is  a  bad  boy 
(or  character);  un  mechant  garnement  a  wicked  good-for-nothing 
(fellow);  M.  X.  est-il  toujours  garqon  is  Mr.  B.  still  a  bachelor? 
ette  est  sortie;  ette  rentrera  d  she  is  out;  she  will  come  home  at; 
le  bel  dge  (la  jeunesse)  youth ;  filou,  fripon,  fourbe,  escroc  clever 
thief,  knave,  treacherous  imposter,  swindler;  tout  en  fleur  all  in 
bloom  (flower);  ette  a  les  yeux  bleus  her  eyes  are  blue;  n'est-ce  pas 
qu'ils  sont  malades  isn't  it  true  that  they  are  ill?  Us  sont  malades, 
n'est-ce  pas  they  are  ill,  are  they  not?  ette  est  rentree,  n'est-ce  pas 
she  is  in  (is  at  home)  is  she  not?  ette  est  fdchce  contre  elles  she  is 
angry  with  them;  j'en  suis  fdche  I  am  sorry  (for  it);  est-il  fort  en 
algebre  (ferre  sur  I'algebre)  is  he  strong  in  Algebra?  il  est  cole 
en  histoire  he  is  well  grounded  in  History;  dans  le  temps  present 
(:de  nos  jours)  nowadays;  ette  est  en  dge  de  travailler  she  is  at  an 
age  to  work;  sont-ils  inquiets  sur  son  sort  are  they  anxious  about 
him? 


est-ce  qu'il  n'est  pas  en  has  isn't  he  downstairs?  il  occupe  un  vaste 
terrain  it  occupies  a  spacious  ground;  il  fut  une  plume  hardie 
he  was  a  bold  writer;  il  etait  au  lit  (alite)  he  was  confined  to  his 
bed ;  Us  etaient  hors  d'eux  they  were  beside  themselves ;  le  homard 
est-il  difficile  a  digerer  is  lobster  difficult  to  digest?  un  espace  vide 
an  empty  space;  qui  frappe? — C'est  eux  who  knocks? — It  is  they; 
il  est  en  haul,  montez  he  is  upstairs,  go  up;  c'est  un  importun  he 
is  troublesome  (an  intruder) ;  etre  en  reste  to  have  further  payments 
to  make  (to  be  in  arrears) ;  soyez  assez  bon  pour  le  lui  dire  be  kind 
enough  to  tell  it  to  him  (her) ;  sur  son  terrain  within  his  sphere; 
vous  etes  trap  bon  you  are  too  kind  (it's  too  good  of  you) ;  a  quelque 
chose  malheur  est  bon  it's  an  ill  wind  that  blows  nobody  good; 
la  crete  d'un  coq  the  comb  of  a  cock;  il  est  rouge  comme  un  coq 
he  is  as  red  as  a  beet;  Us  sontfaibles,  eux  they  are  weak,  they  are; 
V instruction  est  obligatoire  instruction  is  compulsory ;  une  varietc  de 
raisin  blanc  a  variety  of  white  grape;  une  grappe  de  raisin  a  bunch 
of  grapes;  le  vin  mousseux  du  Midi  the  sparkling  wine  from  the 
South  of  France;  il  est  libre  comme  I' air  he  is  as  free  as  a  bird;  a 


AND   ITS   USES  1 03 

la  bonne  heure!  voild  ce  qu'il  y  a  de  bon  good!  that's  one  comfort; 
il  etait  nu-lete  he  was  bareheaded;  le  coq  gaulois  est  un  des  emblemes 
nalionaux  de  la  France  the  gallic  rooster  is  one  of  the  national 
emblems  of  France;  I'imperiale  d'un  tramway,  d'un  wagon,  d'une dili- 
gence the  top  of  a  tramway,  of  a  car,  of  a  coach  (stage) ;  la  queue 
the  tail;  faites  la  queue  stand  in  line;  il  est  encore  de  bonne  heure 
it  is  early  yet;  c 'est  d  prendre  ou  a  laisser  take  it  or  leave  it;  croyez 
bien  queje  suis  tout  a  lui  rest  assured  I  have  his  interest  at  heart; 
un  bipede  a  biped;  est-elle  curieuse  de  le  savoir  is  she  anxious  to 
know  (about  it?);  degoute  de  tout  disgusted  with  everything;  on 
est  curieux  de  tableaux  we  are  fond  of  pictures;  sont-ils  presses? — 
Us  le  sont;  are  they  in  a  hurry? — they  are;  un  porte-plume  a  pen- 
holder; quoiqu'il  en  soil,  il  y  est  be  that  as  it  may,  he  hit  (got)  it. 

XX 

47.     a  and  de  as  complement  of  adjectives: 

a:  after  adjectives  denoting  tendency,  purpose,  use, 
fitness,  etc.,  and  their  opposites; 
de:  after    those  denoting    source,    various  senti- 
ments of  joy,  grief,  desire,  anger,  etc. ;  abundance, 
scarcity,  distance; 

en   and    envers,'    en    after    a    few    implying    skill, 
abundance; 

envers  with   those   denoting   good  will  or  ill-will 
towards; 

accoutumc  au  froid  accustomed  to  the  cold ;  applique  d  I' etude 
applied  to  study;  utile  a  savoir  useful  to  know  (to  be  known); 
bon  d  quelque  chose  good  for  something  (serviceable). 

NOTE. — de:  impersonal  forms  with  de;  il  est  utile  d'apprendre 
it  is  useful  to  learn;  cf.:  c'est  facile  d  faire  that's  easy  to  do  (for: 
easy  to  be  done). 

il  fut  eleve  dans  la  profession  de  son  pere  he  was  raised  in  his 
father's  profession;  le  lit  de  mort  death-bed;  il  en  est  pour  ce 
qu'il  a  dit  he  maintains  what  he  said;  voild,  pres  d'un  mois  it  is 
now  nearly  a  month;  il  n'a  vu  qui  que  ce  soil  he  saw  no  one;  passe 
let  it  be  so  (:let  it  pass);  c'est  plein  comme  un  #«/it  is  chock  full; 
un  jeu  de  hasard  prohibe  games  of  chance  prohibited ;  une  poire 
a  peau  blanche  a  pear  with  white  skin;  ne  fut-ce  qu'une  construe- 


104  T0  BE 

tion  en  planches,  une  hutte,  une  baroque  were  it  only  (though  it 
were  only)  a  board  construction,  a  hut,  a  shanty;  une  attaque 
brusque  a  sudden  attack ;  le  caquetage  des  jeunes  filles  the  chatter- 
ing of  young  girls;  quel  est  le  prix  des  asufs  Ij.  douzaine  how  does 
the  price  of  eggs  stand  per  dozen?  brusquement  bluntly;  c'est  un 
manque  d'egards  it  is  a  lack  of  respect;  eu  egard  aux  services  (en 
consideration  des)  considering  the  services;  d  son  egard  in  respect 
to  him  (her) ;  sous  un  fdcheux  aspect  under  an  unfavorable  aspect ; 
une  boisson  fermentee  faite  de  a  fermented  beverage  made  of;  un 
mets  accommode  d  la  sauce  blanche  a  dish  prepared  with  white 
sauce;  vin  ordinaire  ordinary  wine. 

XXI 

il  n'y  a  que  le  premier  pas  qui  coute  the  beginning  is  the  only  diffi- 
culty; c'est  ma  vie  it  is  my  very  life;  il  est  des  votres  he  is  on  your 
side;  c'est  une  nullite  (c'est  tout  simplement  une  nullite  que  celui-ld) 
a  mere  cipher;  il  est  dc  trop  he  is  in  the  way;  sans  vous  (ne  fut-ce 
vous?)  if  it  were  not  for  you;  n'eut  ete  had  it  not  been  for;  en  toute 
liberte  d'agir  (to  act)  in  full  liberty;  cette  obligation  lui  sera  a 
charge  this  obligation  will  be  a  burden  to  him;  un  bleu  (consent) 
a  raw  soldier;  je  serai  a  vos  ordres  I  shall  be  at  your  service; 
elle  sera  a  vous  dans  cinq  minutes  she  will  attend  to  you  within 
five  minutes;  les  cheveux  blonds  light  hair,  une  dame  aux  cheveux 
blonds  a  lady  with  blond  hair;  fermc  par  les  deux  bouts  clasped  at 
both  ends;  ouvert  par  le  milieu  opened  from  the  center;  nous 
serions  sans  argent  (sans  le  sou)  we  would  be  without  money; 
d  votre  aise  (par  ironie)  suit  yourself  (with  irony) ;  elle  sera  a  I'aise 
she  will  be  comfortable;  seraient-ils  bien  dans  leurs  affaires  are 
they  (really)  in  good  circumstances?  ses  propres  tactiques  his  own 
tactics;  on  serait  mains  que  rien  we  would  be  mere  ciphers;  ce 
serait  dur  pour  nous  that  would  be  hard  for  us;  nous  serions 
tout  seuls  we  would  be  all  by  ourselves;  ces  enfants  sont  d  ma 
charge  I  have  to  take  care  of  those  children;  un  sac  de  voyage 
a  suit-case;  il  est  Age  de  huit  ans  he  is  eight  years  of  age; 
il  le  veut,  soil !  he  desires  it,  very  well !  c'est  un  pauvre  diable; 
il  est  reduit  d,  la  besace  he  is  a  poor  devil;  he  is  reduced  to  beggary; 
un  blond  fair  man;  que  cela  soit  (dit)  entre  nous  be  it  said  between 
ourselves;  soit  fait  comme  vous  avez  dit  let  it  be  done  as  you  said; 
eh  bien  (he  bien),  soit  well,  let  it  be  so  (be  it  so) ;  soit  que  vous  I'ayez 
whether  you  have  it;  fut-il  plus  ruse  even  if  he  were  more  cunning; 
qu'est-ce  que  c'est  que  fa  what  is  that?  il  est  des  hommes  qui  there 
are  men  who;  ainsi  soil-il  amen;  qu'est-ce  que  c'est  what  is  it? 


AND    ITS    USES  1 05 

XXII 

voila  ce  que  c'est  que  de  trap  parler  that  is  due  to  too  much  talking; 
U  est  a  la  ville  he  is  in  town;  N.  M.  est  de  famille  anglaise  N.  M. 
is  of  English  stock;  une  peau  de  mouton  tannee  avec  soin  a  sheep's 
skin  carefully  tanned;  un  appui  en  pierre  a  stone  foundation; 
profondement  deeply;  directement  directly;  d  droite;  &  gauche; 
to  the  right;  to  the  left;  en  ligne  droite  in  a  straight  line;  de  but 
en  blanc  point  blank. 

§48.     Oral  Drill: 

il  est  fidele  au  rendez-vous  he  keeps  his  appointment  (he  is  faith- 
ful to,  etc.);  egale  a  la  somme  de  equal  to  the  sum  of;  vous  etes 
libre  de  lefaire  you  are  at  liberty  to  do  it;  il  est  prive  de  leur  soutien 
he  is  deprived  of  their  support ;  on  est  charmc  de  I' entendre  we  (they) 
are  pleased  (glad)  to  hear  him  (her) ;  natif  de  New-  York  born  in 
New  York;  aime  de  tout  le  monde  esteemed  by  everybody;  (and 
the  past  participle  of  most  passive  verbs);  I'heure  incertaine  de 
lamort  the  uncertain  hour  of  death;  impropre  au  service  unfit  for 
service;  stir  de  cela;  inferieur  a  tous;  sure  of  that;  inferior  to  all 
U  est  cheri  de  tous  he  is  beloved  by  all;  contrarie  de  cet  echec  vexed 
at  that  failure;  contraste  d' ombre  el  de  lumiere  contrast  between 
light  and  shade;  qu'il  est  lent  a  repondre  how  slow  he  is  in  answer- 
ing! honteux  de  sa  conduite  ashamed  of  his  conduct;  fier  de  son 
titre  proud  of  his  title;  pret  de  on  the  point  of;  pret  d  partir; 
acharne  d  sa  proie;  ready  to  go;  bent  on  his  prey;  cher  au  cceur; 
hardi  au  combat;  dear  to  the  heart;  bold  in  attack;  ardent  a  la 
lutts  prompt  in  at  tack;  denuedetout  destitute  (deprived)  of  every- 
thing; avide  de  gloire;  jaloux  de  lui;  greedy  for  honors;  jealous  of 
him;  jaloux  de  plaire  anxious  to  please;  fort  triste  de  cette  nouvelle 
very  sad  at  that  news;  envieux  de  ses  camarades  envious  of  his 
comrades;  eloigne  des  siens  far  (distant)  from  his  (own)  relatives; 
c'est  a  qui  sera  id  le  plus  tot  it  is  a  question  of  who  shall  be  here 
first;  une  fausse  nouvelle  false  news;  la  premiere  fois;  la  derniere 
fois;  the  first  time;  the  last  time;  il  est  avare  de  son  temps  he  is 
sparing  of  his  time. 

xxm 

ce  n'est  pas  que  je  sois  presse  I  am  in  no  hurry  (you  understand) ; 
une  piece  de  dix  francs  one  ten-franc  piece ;  on  sonne;  M.  X.  est-il 
chez  lui?  some  one  rings;  is  Mr.  B.  at  home?  il  n'y  est  pas  he  is 
not  in;  concierge,  je  n'y  suis  pas  concierge,  I  can't  understand 


IO6  TO   BE 

(his  absence);  une  absence  prolongee  a  prolonged  absence;  est-ce 
que  le  temps  est  a  la  pluie  shall  we  have  rain?  elle  n'est  pas  sans 
le  savoir  she  (surely)  must  have  heard  of  it;  il  agit  comme  si  de 
rien  n'etait  he  acts  as  if  (he  were)  totally  indifferent;  s'il  agit 
if  he  acts;  il  est  maitre  de  sa  voix  he  has  control  of  his  voice; 
maitre  d'ecole;  maitresse  d'ecole;  school-master;  school-mistress;  un 
appartement  de  cinq  pieces  a  five- room  apartment;  un  morceau 
de  musique;  de  viande;  a  piece  of  music;  of  meat;  cinq  sous  la 
piece  five  cents  a  piece;  les  bras  dans  I' air  (with)  uplifted  arms; 
une  piece  d'artillerie  a  piece  of  artillery;  la  chaine  est  de  fil  el  la 
trame  de  colon  the  warp  is  of  thread  and  the  woof  of  cotton;  un 
bouche-trou  a  stop-gap;  il  n'est  point  lache;  quelle  Idchete  f  he  is 
no  coward;  what  cowardice!  est-ce  tout  is  that  all?  c'est  man  af- 
faire that  concerns  me  (only);  voila  man  affaire  just  what  I  want! 
Us  ne  sont  pas  en  force  they  are  in  no  position  to  make  an  attack 
nor  to  defend  themselves;  serieusement  in  earnest;  pour  de  bon, 
c'est  tout  comme  in  earnest,  it  is  all  the  same,  no  difference;  pour 
tout  de  bon  seriously;  cela  ne  fait  aucun  doule  there  is  no  doubt 
(whatsoever);  c'est  tout  un  it  is  all  one  (the  same)  to  me;  il  est 
propre  a  tout  he  is  fit  for  anything;  ces  regies  sont  de  rigueur  those 
rules  are  indispensable;  I'habitude  est  une  seconde  nature  habit  is 
second  nature;  pauvrete  n'est  pas  vice  poverty  is  no  crime;  neces- 
site  est  mere  d' Industrie  necessity  is  the  mother  of  invention; 
necessite  n'a  pas  de  loi  necessity  knows  no  law;  ce  n'est  pas  un 
mot  latin,  mais  c'est  tout  comme  it  is  not  a  Latin  word,  but  it  is 
all  the  same;  une  double  rangce  de  canons  a  double  row  of  cannons. 

XXTV 

du  blanc  d'ceuf;  du  blanc  d'Espagne;  white  of  an  egg;  whiting; 
c'est  une  bague  au  doigt  it  is  a  feather  in  his  cap;  c'est  leur  affaire 
it's  their  lookout;  il  est  sobre  de  paroles  he  is  chary  of  words; 
la  Surete  est  d  ses  trousses,  a  sa  pour  suite  detectives  are  after  him, 
on  his  trail;  c'est  un  regal  it  is  a  treat;  il  est  tout  raide  froid  he 
is  quite  stiff  with  cold ;  le  mieux  est  I'ennemi  du  bien  let  well  enough 
alone;  il  est  tetu  comme  un  dne  he  is  as  stubborn  as  a  mule;  U  est 
d'une  intrepidite  he  is  so  intrepid!  un  sou,  c'est  toujours  cela, 
a  penny,  it  is  something;  s'il  en  est  ainsi  if  so;  elle  n'est  pas  gate 
she  is  not  in  a  cheerful  mood;  Us  sont  nes  sous  une  mauvaise 
etoile  they  were  born  under  an  evil  star;  un  bel  age  (un  age  avance) 
a  beautiful  old  age;  est-ce  de  votre  gout  does  it  suit  your  taste? 
quelle  bravoure  what  bravery!  la  robe  de  ce  cheval  est  rougedtre, 


AND    ITS    USES  1 07 

avec  crins  et  extremites  noirs  this  horse's  coat  is  reddish  with  black 
mane  and  tail;  il  est  f ache  de  vousfaire  mat  he  is  sorry  to  hurt  you; 
il  est  toujours  sur  le  pave  (sans  emploi,  sans  domicile)  still  homeless 
and  out  of  work;  I' heure  du  diner  dinner-time;  cette  region  est  remplie 
de  cousins  this  section  (region)  swarms  with  mosquitoes;  il  est 
toujours  sur  les  e  pines  (thorns)  he  is  always  on  pins  and  needles; 
il  etait  tout  a  son  ouvrage  he  was  all  absorbed  in  his  work;  elle 
est  toujours  de  bonne  heure  she  is  always  early;  quelle  heure  est-il? 
— II  est  midi;  what  time  is  it? — -Noon;  m.nuit;  une  heure;  midnight 
(twelve);  one  o'clock;  onze  heures  et  quart;  et  demie;  quarter  past 
eleven;  half-past  eleven;  neuf  heures  mains  dix  ten  minutes  to 
nine;  precis;  precise;  precise  (sharp);  trop  tard  too  late;  un  bane 
rembourre  et  sans  dossier  an  upholstered  bench  (seat)  without 
back;  un  pont  (de  navire)  a  deck  (of  a  ship);  noir  comme  un  cor- 
beau  black  as  a  raven;  comme  du  jais  as  jet;  etes-vous  sur  les  rangs 
are  you  one  of  the  candidates?  je  stiis  parmi  les  pretendants  a 
cette  fonction  I  am  among  the  aspirants  for  this  office;  a  cet  emploi 
for  this  post;  a  ce  titre  for  this  title;  Us  sont  le  jouet  (la  risee)  de 
leurs  camarades  they  are  the  sport  of  their  comrades;  si  on  le 
demande,  dites  qu'il  n'y  est  pas  if  anyone  inquires  for  him,  say: 
he  is  not  in;  veritablement  in  truth. 

XXV 

c'est  a  qui  I'achetera  every  one  wishes  to  buy  it;  c'est  tout  de  meme 
bien  embarrassant  just  the  same  it  is  very  perplexing;  un  entreponl 
steerage;  between  decks;  tu  etais  sans  le  sou  you  were  without  a 
penny;  elle  est  morte  a  lafleur  de  I'dge  she  died  in  the  prime  of  life; 
il  est  bien  has  (pret  de  mourir)  he  is  very  low  (at  the  point  of  death) ; 
sous  le  poids  des  fruits  under  the  weight  of  fruit;  il  est  toujours 
courbe  sur  son  bureau  always  bent  over  his  desk;  poudre  (e)  de 
blanc  powdered  white;  il  est  mal  vu  de  tout  le  monde  everybody 
dislikes  him;  est-elle  amoureuse  de  lui  is  she  in  love  with  him? 
c'est  un  imbecile  he  is  a  fool;  il  sera  en  etat  de  lui  faire  tele  he  will 
be  his  match ;  il  serait  en  mesure  de  vous  le  rendre  he  would  be  able 
*o  repay  you  (for  it);  la  boite  aux  lettres  letter-box;  au-dessus  des 
forces  ordinaires  more  than  ordinary  strength;  elle  n'en  est  pas 
mains  avancee  she  is  none  the  wiser  (for  it);  il  est  mains  avance 
he  is  worse  off;  */  est  dans  la  peine  he  is  in  trouble;  cet  enfant 
est  en  dessous  he  is  deceitful,  that  child;  ce  n'est  pas  etonnant 
qu'il  soil  absent  no  wonder  he  is  away;  etes-vous  bien  en  voix  are 
you  in  good  voice?  c'est  un  homme  de  parole  he  keeps  his  word; 
ce  n'est  plus  d' usage  (c'est  hors  d' usage)  it  is  out  of  use  (fashion); 


108  TO   BE 

il  est  clone  a  son  bureau  he  sticks  to  his  desk;  Us  ne  sont  nullement 
parents  they  are  no  relation  whatever;  sa  belle- saeur,  son  beau- 
frere;  sister-in-law  (step-sister);  brother-in-law;  n'est-ce  pas  plu- 
tot  is  it  not  rather?  il  ne  m'est  de  rien  he  is  no  relation  of  mine: 
c'est  un  de  mes  cousins  (un  mien  cousin)  he  is  a  cousin  of  mine; 
il  faut  etre  circonspect  one  must  be  circumspect;  ni  I'un  ni  I'autre 
ne  valent  rien  both  are  good  for  nothing;  il  y  a  quelque  chose  qui 
cloche  there  is  a  hitch  somewhere;  c'est  ce  qui  lui  semble  precisely 
as  he  thought;  il  est  perdu  de  dettes  (greve  de)  he  is  overhead  and 
ears  in  debt;  encumbered  with;  confondu  dans  mingled  with; 
I' enfant  est  perdu  dans  la  foule  the  child  is  lost  in  the  crowd;  dont 
le  cas  est  desespere  whose  case  is  hopeless. 

XXVI 
Oral  Drill: 

une  dame  aux  cheveux  blancs  a  lady  with  white  hair;  une  machine 
d  coudre  a  sewing-machine;  du  papier  a  lettres  letter-paper;  fort 
en  algebre  strong  (good)  in  Algebra;  a  I'egard  de  towards;  cole 
en  histoire  well- versed  in  History ;  reconnaissant  enters  vous  grate- 
ful to  you;  inconnu  de  tous  unknown  to  all;  <J  I'egard  de  in  regard 
to;  grassier  envers  vous  rude  towards  you;  misericordieux  envers 
les  malheureux  merciful  to  the  unfortunate;  cruel  envers  son  pro- 
chain  cruel  to  (towards)  his  neighbor;  fatigue  de  ses  solicitations 
tired  of  his  entreaties;  ennuye  de  tout  wearied  of  everything; 
fdche  de  ne  pas  le  voir  sorry  not  to  see  him ;  fdche  contre  lui  angry 
with  him;  souille  de  crimes  denied  with  crimes;  soucieux  de  sa 
liberte  thoughtful  of  his  liberty;  etre  aneanti  to  be  annihilated 
(dumfounded) ;  prostrated;  rocher  a  fleur  d'eau  rock  level  with 
the  water;  c'est  un  Roger  Bontemps  (il  jouit  du  present)  he  is  a 
jovial  and  indifferent  fellow;  unmindful  of  the  future;  en  perce 
tapped;  un  trou  a  hole;  il  n'est  pas  mal  he  is  not  bad  looking; 
il  est  d'humeur  acaridtre  (bilieux,  irascible)  he  is  peevish,  ill- 
tempered,  irascible;  c'est  mal  a  eux  de  it  is  wrong  of  them;  il  en 
a  le  ccBur  net  his  mind  is  clear  about  it;  tout  est  hors  de  prix  every- 
thing is  extravagantly  dear;  tout  lui  est  egal  it  is  all  one  to  him; 
cela  lui  est  egal  it  is  all  the  same  to  him;  sont-ils  loges  &  meme 
enseigne  (sign)  are  they  in  the  same  predicament?  a  telle  enseigne 
(telles  enseignes)  que  so  much  so  that;  as  a  proof;  hors  de  pair 
beyond  comparison;  place  sous  le  controle  de  I'Etat  placed  under 
the  control  of  the  State;  government;  nez  a  nez  face  to  face; 
les  Etats-Unis  d'Amerique  the  United  States  of  North  America; 
il  est  devant  le  comptoir  (la  caisse)  he  stands  in  front  of  the  counter; 


AND  ITS   USES  lOQ 

pay-desk;  le  comptoir  the  counting-house;  qtiel  nez  busque  (cir- 
que) what  an  arched  (curved)  nose!  camard;  retrousse;  aquilin; 
flat-nosed;  snub  nose;  Roman  nose;  entre  la  bouche  et  le  front 
between  the  mouth  and  forehead. 

XXVII 

ce  n'est  pas  son  litre  de  chevet  (head  of  a  bed)  it  is  not  his  favorite 
book;  il  n'y  a  pas  de  place  no  room;  un  effort  sans  resultat  (result) 
a  fruitless  effort;  il  est  encore  d  jeun  on  an  empty  stomach;  he 
has  not  breakfasted  yet;  d  I'heure  qu'il  est  at  this  time  of  day; 
Us  sont  manche  d  manche  they  are  even  (at  a  game) ;  les  voild 
dans  de  beaux  draps  they  are  in  a  fine  pickle;  c'est  avoir  de  la  chance 
that  is  being  lucky;  elle  est  tres  collet  monte  (collar  of  a  gown) 
she  is  stuck  up  (straight-laced) ;  un  cabinet  de  debarras  a  lumber- 
room;  I'exil  exile  (m.);  le  cabinet  noir  lumber-room;  la  sails 
etait  bondee  d'eleves  the  hall  was  quite  full  of  pupils;  elle  est 
comble  it  is  full;  la  mesure  est  comble  the  measure  is  full;  c'est 
une  chose  connue  it  is  a  known  fact;  il  est  de  son  avis  (il  abonde 
dans  son  sens)  he  shares  his  views ;  (he  is  wedded  to  his  opinion) ; 
apres  I' addition  after  adding;  il  est  le  coq  du  village  the  most 
important  personage  (there);  un  personnage  des  plus  importants 
a  very  important  person. 

Oral  Drill: 

ce  fils  est  cher  et  utile  d  sa  mere  that  son  is  dear  and  useful  to  his 
mother;  chapitre  cinq  chapter  five;  il  lui  est  utile  et  en  est 
cheri  he  is  useful  to  him  (her)  and  beloved  by  him  (her);  dix 
milles  de  New- York  ten  miles;  region  fertile  en  ble  a  region  fertile 
in  wheat;  une  figure  pleine  d' expression  a  face  full  of  expression; 
riche  en  expressions  rich  in  locutions ;  instruit  de  ce  fait  aware  of 
this  fact  (apprised,  cognizant) ;  verse  dans  les  sciences  well- versed 
in  sciences;  ignorant  en  matiere  civile  ignorant  in  Civil  Court 
procedure;  on  vous  I' a  repete  vingt  fois  you  have  been  told  many 
times;  mUle  remerciments  many  thanks;  thousand  thanks;  le 
trois  juin  the  third  of  June  (on  June  the  third) ;  le  premier  juillet 
July  first,  etc.;  etre  d  I'affut  des  modes  to  be  on  the  lookout  for 
fashions;  guetter  une  occasion  to  watch  for  an  opportunity;  il 
epie;  c'est  un  espion;  he  watches  like  a  spy;  he  is  a  spy;  un  eta- 
blissement  public  de  credit  autorise  par  a  public  trust  institution 
authorized  by;  tres  riche  (fort  riche)  very  rich;  voild  un  coffret  de 
metal,  de  carton;  there  is  a  metal  chest;  a  pasteboard  box;  un 
coffre-fort,  a  safe. 


110  TO    BE 

XXVIII 

ce  piano  n'est  pas  d'accord  this  piano  is  out  of  tune;  tout  cela  est 
bel  et  bien,  mais  it  is  all  very  well,  but;  il  est  I' ombre  de  lui-meme 
he  is  a  total  wreck;  Us  sont  determines  a  tout  they  are  ready  for 
anything;  c'est  une  pierre  d'achoppement  it  is  a  stumbling-block; 
un  obstacle  imprevu  an  unforeseen  difficulty;  legerement  indispose 
(mal  a  I'aise)  slightly  indisposed;  c'est  une  fenetre  d  hauteur 
d'appui  breast-high  window;  il  est  en  etat  d' arrestation  (est  arrete) 
he  is  in  custody;  has  been  arrested;  incarcere  in  jail;  emprisonne- 
ment  de  longue  duree  imprisonment  of  long  duration;  il  avail 
I'oreille  basse  (etre  humilie)  he  was  humbled;  une  proclamation; 
une  publication  a  proclamation,  etc.;  quel  en  est  le  sujet  what  is 
its  subject  (-matter)?  et  d  quel  litre  and  of  what  import?  c'est 
sa  bete  noire  it  is  his  pet  aversion;  bien  plus,  c'est  le  bras  droit  du 
patron  what  is  more,  he  is  the  right-hand  man  of  the  proprietor; 
de  plus  (en  outre]  il  n'y  est  pour  rien  besides  (moreover)  he  has 
nothing  to  do  with  it;  il  n'en  est  rien  it  is  not  so;  est-ce  un  piano 
a  queue  is  it  a  grand  piano?  il  n'est  pas  en  odeur  de  saintete  aupres 
d'eux  he  is  not  in  their  good  graces;  ecoutez  listen;  c'est  la  mouche 
du  cache  he  is  a  busy-body;  les  hommes  sont  des  atomes  dans  I'uni- 
vers  men  are  atoms  in  the  universe;  fort  etourdi  very  thoughtless; 
c'est  un  homme  au-dessus  de  "ordinaire  he  is  above  the  common 
run;  au-dessus  de  ses  affaires  prosperous;  I'un  est  le  pendant  de 
I'autre  one  is  the  pendant  of  the  other,  one  matches  the  other; 
attendez-moi  wait  for  me;  il  est  au-dessous  de  ses  affaires  his  busi- 
ness is  far  from  good;  blanc  comme  neige  white  as  snow;  elle  est 
docile  envers  ses  maitres  she  is  docile  towards  her  teachers;  est-ce 
du  linge  sale  is  it  soiled  linen?  elle  est  tres  malade  she  is  very  ill 
(sick);  son  mal  n'est  rien  aupres  du  vbtre  his  (her)  affliction  is 
nothing  to  yours;  par  desceuvrement  through  idleness;  apres  de 
longues  epreuves  after  long  ordeals;  homme  de  caractere,  d' esprit 
man  of  character,  of  wit;  il  est  encore  sur  les  banes  he  is  still  at 
school  (college) ;  il  est  detenu  pour  dettes  he  is  in  jail  for  debt. 

XXIX 

§  49.     ADJECTIVAL  FORMS: 

certain  auteur  a  certain  author;  (as  a  pronoun)  certains:  (quelques- 
uns)  le  soutiennent  some  maintain  (assert)  it;  (as  adjective:) 
and  (as  noun:)  un  fait  certain  a  positive  fact;  le  certain  de  I' in- 
certain  certainty  to  uncertainty;  chaque  matin  each  morning; 


AND   ITS   USES  III 

il  donne  &  chacun  une  pomme  he  gives  an  apple  to  each  (distribu- 
tively);  chacun  le  dit  (tout  le  monde)  every  one  says  so;  chacun 
pour  soi  each  (one)  for  himself;  cinq  francs  chacun  five  francs  each; 
chacun  son  tour  each  one  in  turn;  divers  ecrivains  various  writers; 
differentes  personnes  nous  I'ont  assure  several  persons  affirmed  it 
to  us;  figures  differentes  (dissemblables)  different  forms  (shapes); 
plusieurs  le  disent  several  (people)  say  so ;  fails  divers  miscellaneous 
news;  I'homme  est  divers  man  is  inconstant;  maintes  (maint, 
mainte)  fois  many  a  time;  quelque  (some;  a  few)  imbecile  I'eut 
fait  some  idiot  would  have  done  it;  en  mainte  el  mainte  occasion 
on  many  an  occasion;  a  plusieurs  reprises  several  times  (repeat- 
edly); quelques  personnes  pensent  qu'il  a  bien  agi  few  (some) 
persons  think  he  acted  rightly;  aucune  difficulte  no  trouble;  il 
y  eut  quelque  embarras  there  was  a  little  (some)  difficulty;  sans 
aucun  motif  without  any  ground  (whatever);  aucun  n'est  content 
d'eux  no  one  is  pleased  with  them;  aucuns  frais;  aucune s  fune- 
railles;  no  expense;  no  funeral;  pas  un  sou  ne  lui'reste  he  hasn't  a 
penny  left. 

il  est  la  coqueluche  de  la  ville  he  is  a  great  favorite  in  town;  tout 
le  monde  le  recherche  he  is  in  great  demand;  il  jut  le  point  de  mire 
he  was  the  target;  dans  I'assemblee  oil  I' on  danse,  chacun  a  son 
tour  in  the  gathering  where  we  dance,  each  has  his  turn;  le  siecle 
the  century;  il  est  begue  he  is  a  stutterer;  c'est  une  boutade  it  is  a 
sally  (a  flight  of  fancy;  a  witticism);  il  est  gai  comme  un  pinson 
(finch):  (he  is  as  gay  as  a  lark)  une  alouette;  est-ce  bien  is  it  right? 
sera-ce  a  moi  a  jouer  will  it  be  my  turn  to  play?  quand  il  etait 
jeune  in  his  younger  days. 


il  est  bien  avec  lui;  il  est  mal  avec  lui;  he  chums  with  him ;  he  is  on 
bad  terms  with  him ;  chapeau  en  vogue  hat  in  vogue ;  etre  bien  mal; 
en  danger  de  mart;  to  be  very  low ;  in  danger  of  death ;  elle  est  dans 
une  bonne  position  she  is  well  off;  dans  une  situation  brillante 
in  a  splendid  position ;  un  emploi  lucratif;  un  paste  Sieve;  lucrative 
position ;  a  prominent  place  (office) ;  une  nuance  bleue  a  shade  of 
blue;  il  n'y  est  pas  propre  he  is  not  fit  for  it;  est-ce  bien  is  it  right? 
(apres  I' addition  after  adding);  c'est  bien  le  compte  it  is  right;  il 
n'est  tel  que  balai  neuf  a  new  broom  sweeps  clean;  le  baton  au 
bout  duquel  est  fixe  le  balai  the  stick  to  which  the  broom  is  adjusted; 
le  manche  the  handle;  la  manche  the  sleeve;  la  Manche  the  Eng- 
lish Channel;  il  y  avail  salle  comble  the  hall  was  filled  to  over- 


112  TO   BE 

flowing;  point  de  nouvelles,  bonnes  nouvelles  no  news  is  good  news; 
il  n'est  rien  arrive  de  fdcheux  nothing  unpleasant  has  occurred; 
il  est  sur  ses  gardes  he  has  his  wits  about  him;  il  en  est  pour  son 
argent  he  lost  his  money  through  it;  c'est  un  chevalier  d'industrie 
he  lives  by  his  wits;  elle  est  au  bout  de  son  latin  she  is  at  her  wits' 
end;  Us  sont  desorientes  (deconcertes)  they  have  lost  their  way, 
are  disconcerted;  un  siecle  plus  lard  a  century  later;  serait-il 
occupe  a  lire  would  he  be  busy  reading?  il  est  de  son  devoir  d'obeir 
it  is  his  duty  to  obey;  est-ce  un  exile,  un  proscrit  is  he  an  exile, 
an  outlaw?  lavillebasse;  la  haute  ville;  the  lower  town;  the  upper 
town;  la  roche;  un  bossu;  the  stone;  a  hunchback;  Us  sont  de  la 
vieille  roche  they  are  of  the  old  school;  qu' est-ce  que  cela  me  fait 
what  do  I  care?  vous  n'y  Stes  pas  that  is  not  it;  vous  n'y  avez  pas 
ete,  n'est-ce  pas?  you  have  not  been  there,  have  you?  si  yes  (in- 
deed); que  c'est  bete,  honteuxl  how  stupid,  shameful  that  is! 
il  est  honteux  he  is  bashful;  une  heure  est  sonnee  it  has  struck  one; 
ce  sont  des  amis  de  vieille  date  they  are  very  dear  old  friends; 
il  n'y  a  pas  de  roses  sans  epines  there  is  no  rose  without  thorns; 
s'il  en  est  ainsi  if  it's  so;  chaque  chose  a  sa  place  everything  in  its 
proper  place;  une  place  pour  chaque  chose  a  place  for  everything. 

XXXI 

Place  (f.)  Vendome  a  Paris  Vendome  Square  in  Paris;  sur  la 
Place  d'armes  on  the  parade-ground  (place  of  arms ;  stronghold) ; 
la  place  de  Paris  body  of  Parisian  merchants  and  bankers;  les 
sept  couleurs  de  I' arc-en-ciel  sont:  the  seven  colors  of  the  rainbow 
are:  bleu,  vert,  violet,  indigo,  rouge,  jaune,  orange  blue,  green, 
violet,  indigo,  red,  yellow,  orange;  il  est  de  son  siecle  he  is  of  his 
century  (age);  vous  y  etes;  vous  n'y  etes  pas;  you've  got  it;  you 
haven't  got  it;  il  n'en  est  pas  besoin  there  is  no  necessity  for  it; 
une  puissance  maritime  de  premier  ordre  a  first-class  naval  power; 
cela  n'importe  (c'est  ego/)  no  matter;  revolte  ouverte  contre  I'auto- 
rite  open  revolt  against  authority ;  il  est  grassier  he  is  coarse  (rude) ; 
il  en  fut  de  meme  pour  tout  le  monde  it  was  so  with  everybody; 
peu  intelligent  not  very  intelligent;  qu'il  soit  a  la  hauteur  let  him 
be  equal  to  the  emergency;  il  est  juste  qu'il  soit  quitte  avec  vous 
it  is  fair  he  should  be  even  with  you;  en  deuil  in  mourning;  il 
importe  que  les  dames  soient  a  la  mode  it  matters  to  ladies  to  be  in 
fashion;  il  est  en  ribote  he  is  boozy;  il  faut  qu'ils  soient  rendus 
they  must  be  worn  out;  ce  fut  un  piocheur  he  was  a  hard  worker; 
ce  serait  a  vous  de  le  lui  dire  it  would  be  your  duty  to  tell  it  to  him ; 


AND  ITS   USES  113 

s'il  etait  gene  if  he  were  hard  up;  serait-il  leve  would  he  be  up? 
contentement  passe  richesse  contentment  is  beyond  riches;  appre- 
ciation suivie  de  commentaires  an  appreciation  followed  by  com- 
ments; d' explications  (by)  explanations;  de  developpements,  d' in- 
terpretations elucidations,  interpretations;  un  vers  mal  interprete 
a  line  (of  poetry)  wrongly  etc.;  plus  fin  que  lui  n'est  point  b&te 
he  who  can  take  him  in  is  no  fool;  facile  en  affaires  courteous  in 
business;  Us  sont  coulants  en  affaires  they  are  accommodating  in 
etc.;  ce  serait  une  fete  de  les  voir  it  would  be  a  treat  to  see  them; 
affable,  accommodant  of  easy  manners,  obliging ;  les  bons,  les  mechants 
sont  legion  the  good,  the  bad  are  legion;  Atlantic  City  est  une 
station  balneaire  ( — a  watering  place);  est-ce  que  c'est  comme  qa 
is  it  right  so?  il  n'est  pas  libre  he  is  not  at  liberty  (can't  spare  the 
time);  qu'y  a-t-il  de  nouveau  what's  the  news?  c'est  beaucoup 
dire  that  is,  saying  much. 


§  50.     Oral  Drill: 

un  homme  nul  he  is  a  mere  cipher;  (as  pronoun:)  nul  n'oserait 
I'aUaquer  no  one  (nobody)  would  venture  to  attack  him;  nulle 
part;  quelque  part;  nowhere;  somewhere;  nullement  (aucunement) 
by  no  means  (not  at  all);  a  autrui;  une  autre  fois;  unto  others; 
another  time;  encore  un  (livre)  one  more  (another  book);  de 
temps  a  autre  at  times  (from  time  to  time) ;  d' autre  part  (de  plus) 
moreover;  cela  ne  fait  rien  it  little  matters;  rien  n'y  fait  of  no 
avail;  personne  ne  travaille  no  one  is  working;  une  seule  per- 
sonne  se  trouvait  Id  only  one  person  was  there;  il  ne  voit 
personne  he  sees  no  one;  personne  nobody!  rien  pour  aujourd'hui 
nothing  for  to-day;  une  raison  quelconque  any  reason  (at  all); 
une  base  quelconque  a  basis  (of  some  sort,  any  basis  whatever); 
cela  n'est  pas  encore  prouve  it  has  not  been  ascertained  or  cela 
n'est  pas  certain  it  is  not  certain;  c'est  avec  la  bonne  foi  qu'on  va 
le  plus  loin  honesty  is  the  best  policy;  un  cabinet  (une  salle)  de 
lecture  reading  room;  il  en  est  pour  ses  frais  (sa  peine)  he  has 
his  labor  for  his  pains;  indecis,  en  balance  undecided,  irresolute; 
une  affaire  d' opinion  a  mere  matter  of  opinion;  ouvrage  redige 
par  divers  auteurs  work  edited  by  several  authors;  ce  litre  fut 
porte  depuis  par  that  title  has  been  borne  since  by ;  tout  malades 
qu'ils  sont  ill  as  they  are;  toutes  vieilles  qu'elles  sont  old  as  they 
are;  la  justice  est  aveugle  justice  is  blindfolded;  les  personnes 
presences  sont  toujours  exceptees  the  present  company  is  always 

8 


114  T0  BE 

excepted;  un  livre  quelconque  an  ordinary  book;  lew  interpreta- 
tion est  erronee  their  interpretation  is  erroneous;  organisation 
qui  aurait  besoin  d'etre  severement  reformee  organization  needing 
a  thorough  reform;  a  tout  oiseau  son  nid  est  beau:  il  n'y  a  pas  de 
petit  chez  soi  there  is  no  place  like  home;  c'est  un  egoiste  fieffe  he  is 
downright  selfish;  elle  est  encore  a  jeun  she  has  not  yet  breakfasted; 
ne  prenez  pas  cela  a  jeun  do  not  take  that  on  an  empty  stomach; 
une  recommandation  quelconque  any  recommendation. 

xxxm 

§51.     Oral  Drill: 

un  livre  quelconque  a  book  of  little  merit;  I'un  I'autre  each  other; 
one  another;  I'un  I'autre  both;  I'un  ou  I'autre  one  or  the  other 
(either);  I'un  dit:  oui;  I'autre:  nan  one  says  yes;  and  the  other 
no;  il  est  si  (tellement)  affaire  he  is  so  busy;  de  part  et  d'autre 
reciprocally;  chases  et  autres  one  thing  or  another  (this  and  that); 
a  d'autres  tell  it  to  others!  (colloq.);  on  one  (some  one;  people; 
we;  they;  you  etc.)  or  followed  by  the  passive  voice  in  English: 
ici  on  parle  franqais  French  is  spoken  here;  on  vous  croit  I  (or  we) 
believe  you!  on  vous  appelle  you  are  called;  on  ne  passera  pas!  they 
shall  not  pass !  une  cite  ou  fleurissent  les  lettres,  les  arts  a  city  where 
letters  and  arts  are  flourishing;'  linge  blanc  white  linen;  c'est  un  pays 
de  cocagne  it  is  the  land  of  plenty;  son  compte  sera  bientot  regie  his 
account  will  soon  be  settled;  un  mouvement  perpeluel  a  perpetual 
motion;  tout  flux  a  son  reflux  a  flow  will  have  an  ebb;  les  debuts 
(commencements)  sont  toujours  difficiles  the  beginnings  are  always 
difficult;  un  miserable  a  wretch;  ce  que  c'est  que  de  nous  such  is 
our  fate;  il  y  a  beaucoup  de  mouvement  anime  dans  les  rues  much 
traffic  in  the  streets;  un  engin  de  guerre  an  engine  of  war;  etre 
coutumier  d'un  fait  not  to  be  the  first  time  one  does  it;  droit  cou- 
tumier  common  law;  elle  est  comme  I' oiseau  sur  la  branche  she  is 
unsettled;  est-ce  un  ban,  une  promesse  de  mariage  publiee  a  is  it 
a  ban,  a  promise  of  marriage  published  at;  la  patience  patience; 
un  vasle  local;  une  repetition  generale;  (in)  spacious  quarters; 
general  rehearsal;  un  bouton  de  rose  a  rosebud;  un  has  de  laine 
a  wool  (-en)  stocking;  un  vaste  plateau  en  grande  partie  desert  a 
I'interieur  an  immense  plateau,  mostly  wilderness,  inland;  le  coq 
the  rooster;  il  est  comme  un  coq  en  pate  (paste)  he  is  in  clover. 

XXXIV 

le  sejour  favori  de  litterateurs  celebres  the  favorite  retreat  of  promi- 
nent men  of  letters;  penser  (a)  to  think  of;  elles  sont  sur  le 


AND    ITS    USES  115 

retour  they  are  past  middle  age;  il  n'en  est  rien  nothing  of  the  sort; 
il  est  d' aplomb  (en  equilibre)  it  is  perpendicular  (in  equilibrium); 
il  est  tantot  nuit  it  will  soon  be  night;  ce  chapeau  est  un  pen  juste 
this  hat  is  rather  tight;  le  barometre  est  au  beau  temps  the  baro- 
meter indicates  fair  weather;  il  est  question  de  vous  it  is  about  you; 
il  n'est  pas  de  retour;  il  est  sorti;  he  has  not  returned ;  he  is  out;  elle 
en  est  degoutee  she  is  sick  of  it;  avant  qu'il  soil  une  heure  before  an 
hour  is  over;  il  n'est  vins  que  de  France  French  wines  excel;  puis- 
je  vous  etre  utile  may  I  be  of  any  service  to  you?  la  couleur  de  la 
neige  est  tres  belle  the  color  of  the  snow  is  very  beautiful ;  solide- 
ment  solidly;  les  etres  vivants  the  living  souls;  une  femme  laide; 
pusillanime;  an  ugly  woman;  weak  (mean  in  spirit);  un  ornement 
de  son  pays  an  honor  (a  glory)  to  his  country;  c'est  un  homme  de 
lettres  he  is  a  man  of  letters;  Philadelphie  est  a  quatre-vingt-dix 
milles  de  New- York  Philadelphia  is  ninety  miles  from  New  York; 
il  excelle  he  is  superior  (he  excels);  ah  I  non,  c'est  trap  fort  oh!  no, 
that  is  going  too  far;  est-ce  loin  d'ici  is  it  far  from  here?  nous 
sommes  au  cceur  de  I'hiver  we  are  in  the  heart  of  winter;  ces  pen- 
dules  sont  en  mauvais  etat  these  pendulums  are  out  of  condition; 
c'est  un  des  notres  he  is  one  of  us;  il  est  possible  qu'il  soil  furieux 
probably  he  is  furious;  il  se  pent  qu'il  ne  soil  pas  visible  he  may  be 
engaged;  soyez  a  meme  de  le  voir  be  enabled  to  see  him;  le  berceau 
de  la  liberte  americaine  the  cradle  of  American  liberty;  une  bonne 
occasion  a  good  opportunity;/awra6/e;  avantageux  (se) ;  favorable ; 
advantageous;  etes-vous  de  notre  avis  are  you  of  our  opinion? 
c'est  passable  it  is  passable  (so-so);  Us  sont  en  surete  they  are  safe; 
U  est  rentre,  n'est-ce  pas?  he  is  in  (has  come  home)  has  he  not? 
c'est  I'epoque  de  I'artillerie  lourde  it  is  the  period  of  heavy  artillery ; 
le  gaz;  les  gaz;  the  gas,  gases. 

XXXV 

il  en  a  ete  de  meme  a  diver ses  periodes  it  has  been  so  at  various  times ; 
des  gaz  asphyxiants  asphyxiating  gases;  apres  une  jeunesse  ora- 
geuse  after  a  tempestuous  youth;  livres  souvent  consulles  books 
often  consulted;  I'universite  a  le  droit  d'enseigner  toutes  les  branches 
a  university  has  the  right,  to  teach  all  subjects;  sa  jurisdiction 
particuliere  its  special  jurisdiction  (authority) ;  le  bonheur  n'est  pas 
chose  aisee  happiness  is  (elusive)  not  always  within  reach;  le 
verbe  auxiliaire  auxiliary  verb;  tant  d'autres  hommes  de  genie  ou 
de  talent  so  many  other  men  of  genius  or  talent;  dans  la  puree 
hard  up  (slang);  c'est  une  espece  de  serment  it  is  a  sort  of  oath; 
done  de  quelque  talent  militaire  endowed  with  some  military  talent; 


Il6  TO    BE 

possessing  some,  etc.;  en  grande  toilette  in  full  dress;  Us  sont  con- 
sequents they  are  consistent;  il  ne  me  sera  pas  possible  de  venir  it 
will  not  be  possible  for  me  to  come;  un  marchand  en  gros  (un 
negociant)  a  wholesale  merchant;  cette  lettre  strait  datee  du  ler 
that  letter  would  be  dated  the  1st;  etre  d'un  grand  secours  to 
be  of  great  help. 

LESSON  VI 

§  52.  les  verbes  auxiliaires  aident  a  conjuguer  les  autres 
verbes  auxiliary  verbs  help  the  conjugation  of  other 
verbs. 

VERBE  IMPERSONNEL:  y  avoir  Impersonal  Verb  servant 
a  indiquer  le  nombre,  la  quantite  ou  le  temps  refer- 
ring to  number,  quantity  or  time : 

Infinitif  Present  Participe  Passe 

y  avoir    to  be  (there  to  be)  eu     been 

Participe  Present  Participe  Passe  (compose1) 

y  ayant  there  being  y  ayant  eu  there  having  been 

Indicatif  present  U  y  a   there  is  (are) .     See  §  60. 

Imparfait  il  y  avail  there  was  (were) 

Passe  defini  il  y  eut         "  was  (were) 

Futur  U  y  aura      "     will  be 

Passe  indefini  il  y  a  eu        '     has  (have)  been 

Plus-que-parfait  il  y  avail  eu  there  had  been 

Passe  anterieur  il  y  eut  eu  there  had  been 

Futur  anterieur  il  y  aura  eu  there  will  have  been 

Conditionnel  (present)  il  y  aurait  there  would  be 

(passe)  il  y  aurait  eu  there  would  have  been 

Subjonctif  (present)  qu'il  y  ait  that  there  may  be 

Imparfait  du  Subj.  qu'il  y  eut  that  there  might  be 

Passe  du  Subjonctif  qu'il  y  ait  eu  that  there  may  have  been 

Plus-que-parfait  qu'il  y  eut  eu  that  there  might  have  been 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

I.  //  I' a  he  has  it.  2.  //  ne  I'a  pas  he  does  not  have  it.  3.  Je 
I'ai  I  have  (got)  it.  4.  Je  ne  I'ai  pas  I  do  not  have  it.  5.  L'ai-je? 


AND    ITS   USES  117 

do  I  have  it?  6.  Ne  l'ai-je  pas?  do  I  not  have  it?  7.  Nous 
I'avons  we  have  it.  8.  Nous  ne  I'avons  pas  we  do  not  have  it. 
9.  J'en  ai  I  have  (some).  10.  //  n'en  a  pas  he  hasn't  any.  n. 
En  avez-vous?  have  you  any?  12.  N'en  avez-vous  pas?  have  you 
not  any? 

i.  //  les  a  he  has  (got)  them.  2.  II  ne  les  a  pas  he  does  not  have 
them  (he  hasn't  them).  3.  S'il  I' a  if  he  has  it.  4.  Si  elle  I'a 
if  she  has  it.  5.  Elle  en  a  un  (e)  she  has  one  (of  them).  6.  Elle 
en  a  she  has;  she  has  some.  7.  En  a-t-elle?  has  she  any?  8. 
II  y  en  a  there  is  (are);  there  is  (are)  some.  9.  //  n'y  en  a  pas 
there  isn't  any;  there  are  not  any  (there  aren't  any).  10.  // 
y  en  a  un  (e)  there  is  one. 

i.  Avez-vous  votre  le$on?  are  you  having  your  lesson?  2.  Je  I'ai 
I  am  having  it.  3.  Est-ce  qu'il  I'a  le  soir  ou  le  matin?  does  he 
have  it  in  the  evening  or  in  the  morning?  4.  Est-ce  qu'il  I'avait? 
did  he  have  it?  5.  Y  a-t-il  eu  une  reunion?  was  there  a  meeting? 
6.  II  y  en  a  eu  une  there  was  (one). 

§53.  PRESENT  INDICATIVE  AND  ITS  USE. — Only  one 
form  of  the  Present  is  used  in  French  as  the  act 
is  done  or  continuous  at  the  very  moment  one 
speaks;  it  refers  not  only  to  an  act  purely  pre- 
sent, habitual  or  true  but  replaces  the  Past  or 
Future  in  lively  narratives. 
*/  a  souvent  des  maux  de  tete  he  often  has  headaches. 

NOTE. — Tu  instead  of  vous  is  used  among  relatives  and  friends. 

§  54.     Review: 

thetorlej',  la,  les: 

L' Article  Defi.nl 

le     before  a  masculine  noun  beginning  with  a  consonant 
/'  any  noun  beginning  with  a  vowel  or  h  mute 

la  a  feminine  noun  beginning  with  a  consonant 

Ex.:     le  pere,  le  heros,  I'oncle,  I'homme,  I'ami,  la  tante  the  father, 
the  hero,  the  uncle,  the  man,  the  friend,  the  aunt. 
les  before  all  plural  nouns 

L' Article  Indefini 
un   a,  an,  one  (m.) ;  une  a,  an,  one  (f.) 


Il8  TO    BE 

§  55.     The  Possessive  Adjectives  (Les  Adjectifs  Possesses) 


Masculine 

Feminine 

Plural 

man 

ton 
son 

my 
your  (thy) 
his,  her,  its 

ma 
ta 
sa 

my 
your  (thy) 
his,  her,  its 

mes 
tes 
ses 

my 
your  (thy) 
his,  her,  its 

noire 

our 

noire 

our 

nos 

our 

votre 
leur 

your 
their 

votre 
leur 

your 
their 

vos 
leurs 

your 
their 

NOTE. — It  is  repeated  before  each  noun  to  which  it  refers; 
mon,  ton,  son  used  instead  of  ma,  ta,  sa  before  feminines  beginning 
with  a  vowel  or  h  mute. 

Ex.:  j'ai  ma  leqon;  lu  as  ta  leqon;  il  a  sa  leqon;  elle  a  sa  leqon; 
on  a  sa  lec,on;  nous  avons  noire  leqon;  vous  avez  votre  leqon;  Us  ont 
leur  leqon.  Oral  Drill:  j'ai  mon  crayon,  etc. 

i.  Mon  ami;  mon  amie;  my  friend;  my  (lady)  friend.  2.  //  a  son 
livre  he  has  his  (her)  book.  3.  Elle  a  ses  plumes  she  has  her  (his) 
pens.  4.  Paris  a  ses  charmes  Paris  has  its  attractions.  5.  //  a 
son  crayon  el  sa  regie  he  has  his  pencil  and  ruler.  6.  //  en  admire 
les  beautes  he  admires  its  beauties. 

(a)  after  depuis  quand  since  when:  y  a-t-il  longtemps  que  how 
long  is  it  since;  voila  there  is  (are);  depuis  quand  a-t-il 
le  medecin?  how  long  has  he  been  having  the  doctor?  y  a-t-il 
longtemps  qu'il  est  faible?  has  he  been  weak  long?  or  how 
long  has  he  been,  etc.;  voila  une  heure  qu'il  a  sa  leqon  he  is 
having  his  lesson  an  hour;  literally:  there  is  an  hour  since 
he  is  having  his  lesson. 

(6)  after  si  (if);  and  an  idea  of  futurity  often  implied: 

si  j'ai  de  I'argent  aujourd'hui,  demain;  if  I  have  the  money 
to-day,  to-morrow. 

(c)  after  c'est  .  .  .  que;  c'est  que  and  c'est  .  .  .  qui  (forms  often 
omitted  in  English):  c'est  Joseph  qui  I'a  Joseph  has  it  (of 
course). 

§56 

il  y  a  and  voila  to  be  distinguished;  il  y  a  refers  to  quantity, 
number  and  time;  voila  (there  is  or  are)  is  derived  from  voix  see 
and  la  there,  both  contracted  into  voila  and  used  in  emphatic 
statements : 

voila  le  voleurl  there  is  the  thief!  il  y  a  un  monsieur  dans  la  salle 
d'attente  there  is  a  gentleman  in  the  waiting-room;  il  y  a  deux 
dames  there  are  two  ladies;  il  y  a  une  heure  an  hour  ago. 


AND  ITS  USES  119 

§  57.     NEGATIVE  AND  INTERROGATIVE  FORMS: 

ne  pas  not  ne  point  not  at  all 

ne  rien  nothing  (not  anything)    ne  plus  no  more  (longer) 

ne  que  only;  but  ne  guere  hardly  (scarcely) 

ne  jamais  never  ne  personne  no  one  (nobody) 

{ne  nullement  not  in  ne  aucun  none;  no 

ne  aucunement  no ;  the  least  ni  ni  neither  nor 

ne  nul  no  (one) 

NOTE. — Pas,  point,  rien,  jamais,  nul,  personne  when  beginning 
the  sentence,  precede  the  ne;  ne  is  used  only  with  a  verb  expressed. 

Oral  Drill: 

1.  Je  n'ai  pas;  tu  n'as  pas;  il  n'a  pas;  die  n'a  pas;  on  n'a  pas; 
nous  n'avons  pas;  vous  n'avez  pas;  Us  n'ont  pas;  elles  n'ont  pas. 

2.  Je  n'ai  rien;  tu  n'as  rien,  etc.     3.   //  n'a  point  he  has  not  at  all. 
4.  Elle  n'a  plus  she  has  no  more  (no  longer);  she  has  not  any 
more.     5.  Je  n'ai  qu'une  minute  I  have  only  one  minute  (but  a, 
etc.).     6.  On  n'a  guere  one  has  scarcely  (hardly).     7.  Nous  n'avons 
jamais  vu  we  never  saw  (we  have  never  seen).     8.  //  n'y  a  per- 
sonne there  is  no  one  (nobody) :  there  is  not  any  one  (not  anybody). 
9.  //  n'a  ni  or  ni  argent  he  has  neither  gold  nor  silver.     10.  Ni 
I'un  ni  I'autre  neither  one;  neither  the  one  nor  the  other,      n. 
Sans  argent  without  money  (change).      12.  //  n'a  aucun  interet 
he  has  no  interest   (whatever).     13.  Nul  n'est  prophete  en   son 
pays  no  one  is  a  prophet  in  his  own  country.      14.  Sans  nul  doute 
without   any    doubt    (whatsoever).     15.  Personne   no   one.     16. 
Naguere(s)  not  so  long  ago;  lately.     17.  //  n'a  plus  aucune  ambi- 
tion he  has  no  more  ambition.     18.  II  y  a;  il  n'y  a  pas;  there  is 
(are);  there  is  not  (there  are  not).     19.    Y  a-t-il  is  (are)  there?; 
n'y  a-t-il  pas?  is  (are)  there  not?  or:  est-ce  qu'il  n'y  a  pas? 

§  58.     Review: 

ai-je?  do  I  have?  est-ce  que  j'ai  (conversational  form)  do  I  have? 

as-tu              or  est-ce  que  tu  as        do  you  have? 

a-t-il  '     qu'il  a            does  he  have? 

a-t-ette  '     qu'elle  a         does  she  have? 

avons-nous     "  "     que  nous  avons    do  we  have? 

avez-vous        "  "     que  vous  avez       do  you  have? 

ont-ils             "  "     qu'ils  ont             do  they  have? 

ont-elles          "  "     qu'elles  ont          do  they  have? 


I2O  TO    BE 

est-ce  que  je  n'ai  pas     (n'ai-je  pas)    do  I  not  have? 

"     quetun'aspas     (n'as-tu  pas)   have  you  not?  etc. 

"     qu'il  n'a  pas        (n'a-t-il  pas)  has  he  not;  does  he  not  have? 

"     qu'elle  n'a  pas      (n'a-t-elle  pas)   has  she  not;    does  she  not 
have? 

NOTE. — Est-ce  que  is  rather  inquisitive. 
n'avons-nous  pas  (est-ce  que  nous  n'avons  pas)  have  we  not?  (do  we 

not  have?) 

n'avez-vous  pas  (est-ce  que  vous  n'avez  pas)  have  you  not? 
est-ce  qu'il  y  a  (y  a-t-il?)  is  (are)  there? 

cf. :  qu'avez-vous?  what  ails  you  or:  what  is  the  matter  with  you? 
(in  reference  to  health,  temper). 

§  59.     en  and  le  (/');  la;  les;  as  Pronouns: 

en  may  mean:  some  (any);  of  it;  of  him;  of  her; 
of  them;  it;  le  it  (him);  /'  it  (him);  la  it  (her); 
les  them: 

Ex.:  J'en  ai  I  have  or  I  have  some;  je  n'en  ai  pas  I  have  not 
any;  I  have  none;  j'en  ai  un  (une)  I  have  (one);  j'en  ai  seulement 
deux  I  have  only  two;  U  en  a  besoin  he  needs  it  (them) ;  (need  of, 
etc.);  il  en  parle  he  speaks  of  it  (him,  her,  them). 

NOTE. — No  neuter  gender  in  French;  le;  /';  la;  les;  en;  y;  are 
placed  before  the  verb  (simple  tense)  and  before  the  auxiliary  in 
the  Compound  Tenses:  je  I'ai  vu  I  saw  it  (him);  I  have  seen  it 
(him). 

(a)  The  two  above  pronouns  come  after  the  Imperative  when  not 
used  negatively: 

donne-le;  ne  le  donne  pas  give  it;  do  not  give  it 
donne-la;  ne  la  donne  pas  give  it;  do  not  give  it 

(b)  le  (/')  may  replace  an  adjective: 
il  Vest  he  is  (so  he  is) 

Exercice  de  Conversation : 

i.  Etes-vous  fatigue?  Je  le  suis  are  you  tired?  I  am;  so  I  am.  2. 
Je  ne  le  suis  pas  I  am  not.  3.  L'etes-vous?  Are  you?  4.  Nel'etes- 
vous  pas?  are  you  not?  5.  Si,  je  le  suis  yes,  I  am;  malade  ill 
(sick);  presse  (e)  in  a  hurry;  occupe  (e)  busy;  en  retard  late;  de 
retour  back  (returned);  est-il  en  retard?  II  I'est;  is  he  late?  he  is; 
est-il  de  retour?  is  he  back?  etc. 


AND    ITS    USES  121 

Practice  and  Oral  Drill: 

je  ne  suis  pas;  tu  n'es  pas;  il  n'est  pas;  elle  n'est  pas;  on  n'est  pas; 
nous  ne  sommes  pas;  Us  ne  sont  pas;  elles  ne  sent  pas;  also :  ne  suis-je 
pas?  n'es-tu  pas?  n'est-il  pas?  n'est-elle  pas?  n'est-on  pas?  ne  sommes- 
nous  pas?  n'etes-vous  pas?  ne  sont-ils  pas?  ne  sont-elles  pas?  Also : 
est-ce  que  je  ne  suis  pas?  am  I  not?  etc. ;  n'est-ce  pas  one  je  suis? 
(calls  more  for  an  affirmative)  am  I  not  (really)?  etc. 

Various  Examples: 

I.  II  ne  s'en  soucie  guere  he  hardly  cares  (cares  little  about  it;  for 
it).  2.  Point  de  service  sans  retribution  no  work  (attendance) 
without  reward;  the  laborer  is  worthy  of  his  hire.  3.  On  est 
tous  egaux  devant  la  loi  we  are  all  equal  in  the  eyes  of  the  law.  4. 
//  n'a  plus  rien  a  esperer  he  has  no  more  hope.  5.  Pour  modifier, 
s'il  y  a  lieu  to  be  modified,  if  need  be  (there  is  occasion,  necessity). 
6.  C'est  une  chose  dont  il  ne  se  met  guere  en  peine  he  hardly  troubles 
himself  about  that  (thing).  7.  Ce  ne  jut  qu'au  bout  d'un  certain 
temps  it  was  only  after  a  certain  time.  8.  Le  ban  de  I'histoire, 
c'est  que  the  point  of  the  story  is  (was) .  9.  En  aucun  temps  in  no 
time.  IO.  En  mains  de  rien  (en  un  rien  de  temps)  in  no  time  (in 
a  twinkling  of  an  eye).  1 1.  En  tres  pen  de  temps  in  a  short  time. 
12.  Rien  que  d'y  songer  the  very  thought  of  it.  13.  II  y  a  six  mots 
this  time  six  months  ago.  14.  Lt  livre  de  son  frere  the  book  of 
his  (her)  brother  or  her  brother's  book.  15.  C'est  un  vice  dans 
la  prononciation  it  is  a  defect  in  pronunciation.  16.  Ce  qu'il  y  a 
d' extraordinaire,  c'est  que  one  extraordinary  thing  was.  17.  Une 
bonne  action  a  sa  recompense  a  good  act  brings  its  reward.  18. 
D'un  pas  mesure  (regie)  with  a  measured  (regulated)  step. 

§  60.     avoir  faim  avoir   so  if  avoir  chaud 

j'aifaim  I  am  hungry;  tu  as  soif  you  are  thirsty 
il  a  chaud  he  is  warm;  on  a  chaud  we  (they)  are  warm,  etc. 

avoir  froid  avoir  peur  avoir  honte 

elle  a  froid  nous  avons  peur          vous  avez  honte 

she  is  cold  we  are  afraid  you  are  ashamed,  etc. 

Us  ont  sommeil          elles  ont  raison  Us  ont  tort 

they  are  sleepy          they  are  right  they  are  wrong,  etc . 

Us  en  ont  besoin  they  need  it :  they  have  need  of  it,  etc. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

I.  Vous  avez  bonne  mine  you  look  well.  2.  Quel  age  a-t-il?  how 
old  is  he?  3.  //  a  dix  ans  he  is  ten  years  of  age;  he  is  ten  years 


122  TO    BE 

old.  4.  //  a  du  sang-froid  he  is  self-possessed.  5.  //  en  a  quelques- 
uns  (unes)  he  has  some  (or  a  few) .  6.  //  n'en  a  pas  besoin  he  has  no 
occasion  for  it.  7.  Elle  a  coutume  de  se  lever  she  is  accustomed  to 
rise  (get  up).  8.  Elle  a  froid  she  feels  cold.  9.  //  a  bonne  envie 
d'y  aller  he  has  a  good  mind  (has  half  a  mind)  to  go  there.  10. 
//  desire  de  he  desires  to.  \\.  II  a  mal  au  pied  he  has  a  sore  foot. 
12.  Elle  a  mal  aux  dents  she  has  a  toothache.  13.  //  a  affaire 
he  has  to  go  (he  is  busy).  14.  II  a  peine  a  se  soutenir  he  can  hardly 
keep  himself  up.  Cf.:  the  coffee  is  hot.  Le  cafe  est  chaud. 

Oral  Drill: 

le  malade;  la  malade;  la  maladie;  etre  malade;  the  patient;  the 
patient;  the  illness;  to  be  ill  (sick);  chez  moi;  chez  tot;  chez  lui; 
chez  soi;  chez  elle;  chez  nous;  at  (my)  home;  at  (your)  house 
(home);  at  his  house;  at  one's  home;  at  her  house;  at  (our) 
home;  or:  to  my  house,  etc.;  chez  vous;  chez  eux;  chez  elles; 
at  your  house;  at  their  house  (home);  at  their  house  (fern,  pi.); 
le  foyer  the  hearth  (home);  il  a  les  mains  dans  ses  poches  his  hands 
are  in  his  pockets:  he  has  his  hands  in,  etc.;  un  homme  nul  a  man 
of  no  merit;  elle  est  mechanic,  aussi  (c'est  pourquoi)  chacun  la 
fuit  she  is  wicked,  and  so  every  one  shuns  her;  a  la  t$te  d'une 
petite  troupe  armee  at  the  head  of  a  small  armed  troop;  une  carte 
de  visile  visiting  card;  aucun  des  tireurs  n'avaient  pu  tendre  I' arc 
none  of  the  shooters  had  been  able  to  bend  the  bow. 

Various  Examples  on  avoir  and  etre,  etc. 

il  est  des  hommes  qui  there  are  men  who;  il  n'a  plus  qu'a  agir 
it  only  remains  for  him  to  act;  on  n'a  jamais  rien  vu  de  pareil 
(alike)  the  like  was  never  seen  before;  il  n'y  a  pas  un  chat  (il  n'y 
a  personne)  there  is  not  a  soul;  il  n'y  a  rien  de  mieux  nothing  bet- 
ter; voiciautre  chose  de  plus  singulier  now  is  another  thing  more  sin- 
gular; le  bruit  est  si  grand  que  there  is  so  much  noise  that;  jamais, 
au  grand  jamais!  never,  no  never!  chez  les  Fran$ais  (Americains) 
among  the  French  (Americans) ;  chez  le  negociant;  chez  le  marchand; 
at  the  wholesale  dealer's;  at  the  merchant's;  pas  davantage nothing 
more;  on  a  un  chez  soi  we  have  a  (house)  home  of  our  own;  est-ce 
une  habitude  chez  elle  is  it  a  habit  with  her?  il  n'a  aucun  succes 
he  has  no  success  whatever;  il  est  toujours  en  mouvement  he  never 
rests;  cela  ne  s'est  jamais  vu  that  has  never  occurred;  a  jamais: 
pour  jamais  for  ever  (more) ;  pour  toujours  for  ever ;  est-il  toujours 
a  New-  York  is  he  still  in  New  York?  on  n'est  pas  toujours  de 
bonne  humeur  one  is  not  always  in  a  happy  mood ;  plus  longtemps 


AND    ITS    USES  123 

longer;  un  sou,  c'est  toujours  $a  (celd)  a  penny,  it's  something  (to 
be  sure) ;  en  sail-on  davantage  does  any  one  know  more  about  it? 
ne  travaillez  pas  davantage  stop  working;  il  se  trouve;  il  se  trouva 
que  (il  arriva  que)  there  is  (are);  it  happened  that;  il  se  trouva 
mal  (il  cut  une  syncope)  he  had  a  fainting  spell;  ces  animaux 
se  trouvent  par  tout  those  animals  are  (found)  everywhere;  ne 
jamais  le  payer  1  I  (we)  would  never  pay  him!  il  n'y  entend  pas 
malice  there  is  no  harm  in  him;  rien  ne  presse  there  is  no  hurry; 
on  est  presse  de  faim,  de  soif  we  are  tormented  by  hunger  and 
thirst;  c'est  une  affaire  qui  ne  presse  guere  it  is  hardly  an  urgent 
case;  pressez  ces  citrons  squeeze  those  lemons;  il  en  reste  cent  there 
are  a  hundred  left ;  cela  laisse  a  desirer  there  is  room  for  improve- 
ment; il  n'y  a  plus  un  fiacre  disponible  there  is  not  one  cab  at 
liberty;  ah  I  les  voila  !  oh!  there  they  are!  U  y  a  quelque  cinquante 
ans  some  fifty  years  ago;  il  y  a  bien  des  mois  months  and  months 
ago;  il  y  a  de  cela  vingt  ans  that  was  twenty  years  ago;  il  y  a 
plus  what  is  more;  pas  d' argent,  pas  de  Suisse  (:  rien  pour  rien) 
no  money,  no  piper  (nothing  for  nothing), 

General   Review: 

monsieur,  c'est  trap  de  bontes  que  vous  avez  you  are  too  kind,  Sir; 
le  voila!  la  voila  I  there  he  (she)  is!  il  existe  (il  est;  on  trouve) 
des  gens  qui  there  are  people  who;  il  y  en  a  qui  (il  regne  des  etc.) 
there  are  people  who;  il  est,  etc.,  implies  more  a  general  idea;  ce 
n'est  que  pure  imagination  it  is  mere  fancy;  on  ne  les  voit  guere  we 
hardly  ever  see  them;  il  n'a  aucun  avenir  he  has  no  prospects;  quel 
mal  y  a-t-il  a  rire  what  harm  is  there  in  laughing?  il  ne  voit  guere 
(il  voit  a  peine)  he  hardly  sees  (he  sees  with  difficulty);  m'y  voila. 
(j'y  suis  !)  now!  I  have  it!  il  ne  voit  goutte  (drop)  he  does  not  see 
at  all;  il  n' entend  goutte  he  can't  understand;  il  est  sourd;  elle 
est  sourde;  he  is  deaf;  she  is  deaf;  on  a  souvent  besoin  d'un  plus 
petit  que  soi  we  often  need  the  services  of  (an  assistant)  a  person 
of  lower  rank;  il  est  question  (il  s'agit)  de  vous  it  is  about  you; 
de  quoi  s'agit-il?  what  is  it  about?  il  ne  s'agit  pas  de  cela  that  is 
not  the  point;  il  s'agit  de  deviner  ou  il  se  trouve  it  is  a  question  of 
guessing  where  he  is;  des  pigeons  pigeons;  il  n'y  a  plus  que  le  nid 
only  the  nest  has  been  left  (is  left);  on  n'a  plus  trouve  que  le  nid 
the  birds  have  flown ;  il  ne  veut  que  les  voir  or  il  veut  seulement  les  voir 
he  only  wishes  to  see  them;  c'est  toujours  d  recommencer  one  must 
begin  over  again;  no  end  to  it;  je  n'aurais  pas  voulu  manquer 
ce  rendez-vous  pour  tout  au  monde  (for  nothing  in  the  world)  I 
should  not  have  cared  to  miss  that  appointment;  c'est  bel  et  bien  un 


124  PARTITIVES 

commencement  it  is  assuredly  a  start;  plus  on  a  de  biens,  plus  on  en 
veut  avoir  the  more  one  has,  the  more  one  wants;  depenser  to 
spend;  to  waste;  il  n'en  reste  pas  mains  confus  he  is  disconcerted 
nevertheless. 

LESSON  VII 

§61.     CONTRACTIONS  OF:  de  le    =  du  of  the;  from  the 
de  r    =  de  I1  (no  contraction) 
de  la  =  de  la     "        '     " 
de  les  =  des     (before     plural 

nouns) 
(partitive  sense) :  all  may  mean  some;  any. 

NOTE. — Same  rule  ap-    die  =  au  to  the  (at  the) 

plies  to  both  du  and  au:      a  V  =  a  V 

a  la  =  ala     " 

d  les  =  aux     " 

du  before  a  masc.  noun  beginning  with  a  consonant  or 

h  aspirate 
de  I'  before  a  masc.  or  fern,  noun  beginning  with  a  vowel  or 

h  mute 
de  la  before  a  fern,  noun  beginning  with  a  consonant  or 

h  aspirate 

For  Practice : 

de  New-  York  of  (from)  New  York;  du  village  of  (from)  the  village; 
du  her os  of  (from)  the  hero;  de  la  mere  of  the  mother,  etc.;  des 
efeoes  of  the  pupils;  some  pupils;  a  New-  York  to  (at,  in)  New  York; 
au  village  to  the  (at  the)  village;  au  heros  to  the  hero;  a  la  mere 
to  the  mother;  aux  eleves  to  the  pupils;  a  la  hauteur  de  to  (at)  the 
height  of;  avez-vous  du  pain,  de  I'eau,  de  I'huile,  de  la  viande,  des 
pommes?  Have  you  any  bread,  water,  oil,  meat,  apples?  Ten  ai 
I  have. 

§62.     IMPERFECT  OF  THE   INDICATIVE   AND    ITS   USES 
(so-called  descriptive  tense) : 

j'avais;   tu  avais;    il  avail;    nous  avions;    vous  aviez;  Us  avaient 
I  had;     you  had;    he  had;      we  had;        you  had;      they  had 


PARTITIVES  125 

NOTE. — This  tense  has  the  same  endings  in  all  verbs:  -ais,  -aw; 
-ait;  etc. ;  and  may  mean  also :  used  to  have;  was  having;  kept  hav- 
ing; had  been  having;  did  have;  would  have  (as  a  past  of  habit) ; 
conditional  endings  which  are  the  same. 

§  63.  RULES. — This  tense  implies  a  past  idea, — inter- 
preted as  habitual,  lasting  condition,  situation; 
frequently  used  in  relative  clauses,  in  or  after  such 
expressions  as: 

je  croyais  (fai  cru)  que  I  thought 

(a)  j'avais  des  lemons  le  lundi,  le  mardi,  le  merer edi,  le  jeudi,  le 
vendredi  et  le  dimanche;  el  le  samedi;  I  had  (used  to  have)  lessons 
on  Monday,  Tuesday,  Wednesday,  Thursday,  Friday  and  Sunday; 
and  on  Saturday 

je  croyais  que  vous  aviez  une  plume  d'acier  I  thought  you  had  a 
steel  pen;  j'ai  cru  que  tu  avais  mon  canif  I  thought  (for  a  moment) 
you  had  my  penknife;  elle  avail  les  cheveux  blonds  ou  roux  she  had 
light  or  reddish  hair;  sa  maison  avail  de  grandes  fenetres  his  (her) 
house  had  large  windows. 

§  64.  NOTE. — de  (some  or  any) — whether  expressed  or 
understood  in  English  stands  before  an  adjective  or 
the  direct  object  of  a  negative  verb ;  in  partitive  con- 
structions ;  in  expressions  denoting  measure,  quan- 
tity, material  (adjectival  phrases) ;  after  adverbs 
of  quantity;  after  verbs,  adjectives  or  expressions 
requiring  it : 

elle  a  de  bon  sucre,  de  ban  papier  blanc,  dejolis  enfanls  she  has  (some) 
good  sugar,  good  white  paper,  pretty  children;  du  fil  noir;  des 
ganls  blancs;  black  thread;  white  gloves;  but:  des  pelils-fils 
grandchildren;  indivisible  in  sense;  il  n'a  pas  d'or  he  has  no  gold; 
he  hasn't  any  gold;  il  en  a;  il  n'en  a  pas;  he  has  (some);  he  has 
none  (not  any);  il  est  sans  argent  he  is  without  (any)  money; 
peu  d' argent  little  (not  much)  money;  Us  n'ont  pas  de  quoi  payer 
they  haven't  anything  to  pay  with;  une  robe  de  soie  a  silk  dress; 
tin  metre  de  longueur  a  yard  long;  avoir  besoin  de  to  need;  to  have 
need  of;  il  manque  d' argent  he  lacks  money;  il  vit  d'air  pur  he  lives 
on  fresh  air. 


126  PARTITIVES 

§  65.     NOTE. — In  negative  interrogations;  after  general 
negations  implying  an  affirmative  answer: 

n'avez-vous  pas  des  amis?  Si,  monsieur;  have  you  not  (any)  friends 
(haven't  you  some,  etc.)?  yes,  Sir;  mats  si;  mats  si;  why,  yes; 
yes  indeed;  je  n'ai  pas  des  gants  de  soie,  mais  j'ai  des  gants  de 
colon  I  haven't  silk  gloves,  but  I  have  cotton  gloves. 

(b)  after  c'est  .  .  que  often  omitted  in  English  and  meaning  because: 
il  a  prodigue  son  or;  c'est  qu'il  avail  de  V argent;  he  was  lavish  of 
his  gold;  (because)  he  had  money;   cf. :   parce  que  because  (and 
reason  given). 

(c)  after  depuis  que  (quand);  void  (voila)  que: 

depuis  quand  avait-il  ce'.  hotel?  how  long  had  he  that  hotel?  (had 
he  been  having?) ;  voila  que  dans  ma  poche  il  y  avail  un  dollar 
(5  frs.)  (why)  in  my  pocket  there  was  one  dollar  (5  francs);  depuis 
qu'il  avail  le  cheval,  elle  allait  souvenl  en  voilure  after  (the  time) 
he  got  the  horse,  she  often  went  riding. 

(d)  after  si  if;  que  why;  comme  as,  because;  que  how;  combien  how 
much;  how  many?  and  the  i  in  si  omitted  only  before  il: 

s'il  I' avail;  si  elle  les  avail;  if  he  had  it;  if  she  had  them;  s'il  ne 
les  avail  pas  if  he  did  not  have  them;  il  en  avail;  insense  qu'il 
elait!  un  sol  (fou)  he  had  some;  how  stupid  he  was!  a  fool. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

I.  Donnez-lui  de  meilleur  the  give  him  (her)  better  tea.  2.  //  en 
a  besoin;  il  n'en  a  pas  besoin;  he  needs  it  (them);  he  does  not. 
3.  Combien  de  paires  de  souliers  aviez-vous  how  many  pair  of  shoes 
did  you  have?  4.  Voila  du  papier,  de  I'encre,  des  plumes;  en 
voulez-vous?  there  are  paper,  ink  and  pens;  will  you  have  some? 
5.  //  y  avail  une  fois  once  upon  a  time.  6.  //  y  avail  aulrefois 
there  was  formerly.  7.  On  mangeait  du  pain  noir  we  (they)  ate 
black  bread.  8.  Si  je  I'avais,  je  n'aurais  pas  froid  if  I  had  it, 
I  would  not  be  cold.  9.  Qu'il  avail  froid  aux  mains  how  cold  his 
hands  were!  10.  Comme  il  avail  froid  (au  moment  ou  il  avail 
froid)  as  he  was  cold.  11.  Au  moment  ou  (lorsque)  when;  just 
as;  du  moment  que  since;  as  soon  as.  12.  Elle  n'aurail  pas  froid,  si 
elle  avail  son  manchon,  ses  ganls  she  would  not  feel  cold,  if  she  had 
her  muff,  her  gloves. 

Observe. — Si  followed  by  the  Imperfect  answers  to  the  Condi- 
tional or  vice-versa. 


PARTITIVES  127 

qu'il  avail  de  beaux  cheveux  f rises  how  beautiful  his  curly  hair  was! 
les  cheveux  boucles  curly  hair;  combien  en  aviez-vous  how  much 
(many)  did  you  have?  avait-il  assez  de  beurre  did  he  have  butter 
enough?  il  en  avail  assez  he  had  enough;  des  soldals  franqais  se 
Irouvaienl  sur  la  place  French  soldiers  were  in  the  square;  des 
jeunes  gens  young  men;  n'en  avait-il  pas  trop  didn't  he  have  too 
much  (many)?  elle  esl  degoulee  de  ce  livre  she  is  disgusted  with 
that  book;  il  avail  du  ban  sens  he  had  common  sense;  donnez-lui 
de  ce  gateau  give  him  (her)  some  of  that  cake;  ce  sont  des  jeunes 
gens  they  are  young  men;  qu'il  avail  de  jolis  cheveux  boucles  what 
pretty  curly  hair  he  had ! 

(e)     simultaneity  (simultaneousness)  or  actions  taking  place  together 
in  point  of  time: 

quand  il  avail  sa  leqon,  j'avais  la  mienne  when  (whenever)  he  had 
his  lesson,  I  had  mine;  il  sortait,  lorsque  je  suis  enlre  he  was  leav- 
ing when  I  entered  (came  in) ;  elle  avail  de  vos  chansons  she  had 
some  of  your  songs;  quand  when;  also  used  in  questions. 

il  y  en  avail  de  bonnes  el  de  mauvaises  there  were  good  and  bad 
ones;  plusieurs  several;  il  y  avail  une  joule  de  curieux  there  was 
a  crowd  of  lookers-on;  bien  du  monde  much  (large)  company; 
le  meilleur  homme  du  monde  the  best  man  in  the  world;  bien  des 
personnes  many  persons  (people);  bien  du  mat  much  trouble. 

Observe. — De  plus  le  (the  article) ,  etc. ,  after  bien  or  the  French 
superlative;  plusieurs  (several)  as  adjective  requires  no  de  after  it. 

(/)     surprise,  strong  statements: 

voila  le  monsieur  qui  avail  ma  montre  there  is  the  gentleman  who 
had  my  watch ;  apres  sa  chute,  il  marchail  after  his  fall  he  walked ; 
il  faisail  un  mille  lous  les  jours  he  walked  a  mile  every  day;  lous 
les  deux  jours  every  other  day. 

(g)     instead  of  the  Conditional  Past  or  Conditional  to  enliven  a  nar- 
rative : 

rien  n'y  faisail  nothing  would  do ;  s'il  avail  approche,  on  le  luail 
if  he  had  approached,  they  would  have  killed  him;  vains  efforls 
vain  efforts;  en  vain  in  vain;  inulilemenl  uselessly;  sans  effel 
without  (any)  effect  or  impression;  le  resullal  the  result  (conse- 
quence) ;  s'approcher  de  lui  to  come  (go)  near  him. 


128  PARTITIVES 

(h)     after  plus  .  .  plus ;  the  more     .  the  more,  etc.: 

plus  on  chantait,  plus  on  riait  the  louder  they  sang,  the  louder  they 
laughed;  il  vous  en  coutait  plus  qu'd  moi  it  cost  you  more  than  it 
did  me  (to  mention  it) ;  le  plus  qu'il  avail  etail  cent  sous  the  most 
he  had  was  a  hundred  cents  (pennies) ;  deux  de  plus;  plus  de  deux; 
two  more;  more  than  two;  il  n' avail  plus  que  vingt  dollars  de  layer 
he  had  only  twenty  dollars'  rent;  il  en  avail  plus  de  cent  he  had 
more  than  a  hundred. 

§  66.     PAST  DEFINITE  (PRETERIT)  :  also  called  historical, 

narrative,  literary  tense: 

j'eus;      tu  eus;         il  eut;       nous  eumes;     vous  eutes;     Us  eurent 
I  had ;     you  had ;    he  had ;    we  had ;  you  had ;       they  had 

NOTE. — Tense  mostly  used  in  books;  time  entirely  elapsed. 

§  67.  RULE. — As  the  name  implies  the  Past  Definite 
refers  to  a  single  act  accomplished  at  a  specific 
time  mentioned  in  the  sentence;  the  action  or  state 
denoted  by  it,  is  not  viewed  as  being  in  progress 
(as  in  the  Present  Indicative  or  the  Imperfect) 
but  more  as  a  (whole)  result : 

il  n'eut  point  non  plus  le  plaisir  de  les  voir  he  had  not  the  pleasure 
of  seeing  them  either;  or  lui  non  plus  n'eut  point  le  etc. 

aussi  n'eut-il  aucune  peine  a  faire  approuver  ces  regies  so  he  had  no 
difficulty  (whatever)  in  having  those  rules  approved;  j'eus  ma 
leqon  hier;  hier  matin;  I  had  my  lesson  yesterday;  yesterday 
morning;  do  not  say:  j'eus  ma  leqon  aujourd'hui  I  had  my  lesson 
to-day. 

The  present  tendency  is  to  use  in  French  conversation 
the  Past  Indefinite  instead  of  the  Past  Definite.  In  narra- 
tions authors  often  prefer  the  Present  Indicative, — and 
also  the  Infinitive  preceded  by  de  to  the  Past  Definite,  so 
as  to  enliven  a  narrative  or  relieve  the  monotony. 

le  tambour  bat;  le  clairon  sonne;  et  d'aller; 

the  drum  beats;          the  bugle  calls;      and  indeed  we  went. 


DEMONSTRATIVE   ADJECTIVES  129 

§  68.     POSSESSIVE  PRONOUNS: 

singular  plura! 

masculine  feminine  masculine  feminine 

le  mien        mine  la  mienne  les  miens  les  miennes 

le  tien          yours  la  tienne  (thine)  les  Hens  les  tiennes 

le  sien         his  (hers,  its)  la  sienne  les  siens  les  siennes 

le  noire       ours  la  noire  les  notres  les  notres 

le  wire        yours  la  votre  les  votres  les  votres 

le  leur          theirs  la  leur  les  leurs  les  leurs 

§  69.     PAST  INDEFINITE  or  CONVERSATIONAL  TENSE  : 

j'ai  eu  for:      I  had       (have  had);    tu  as  eu  you  had  (have  had) 
il  a  eu  he  had     (has  had);       nous  avons  eu  we  had,  etc. 

vous  avez  eu    you  had  (have  had) ;    or:  did  have 

§  70.  RULE. — This  tense  may  refer  or  not  to  an  action 
accomplished  to-day,  yesterday,  etc.;  in  fact  to  all 
moments  of  the  past;  to  express  a  truth  one  may 
sometimes  use  either  the  Past  Definite  or  In- 
definite: 

Dieu  crea  le  monde  or  Dieu  a  cree  le  monde  God  created  the  world ; 
avez-vous  tout  dit  have  you  had  your  say  (have  you  told  all)? 
que  n'ai-je  ete  toute  ma  vie  plus  prevoyant?  why  have  I  not  been 
all  my  life  more  foreseeing?  les  enfants  qu'elle  a  eus  du  premier 
mariage  sont:  the  children  she  had  by  her  first  marriage  are; 
un  de  ses  enfants  one  of  her  (his)  children;  one  child  of  hers  (his); 
une  de  mes  amies  a  (lady)  friend  of  mine;  one  of  my  friends. 

§  71.  ADJECTIFS  DEMONSTRATES  (Demonstrative  Ad- 
jectives) : 

ce  (cet)  m.;  this,  that;  cette  f. ;  this,  that;  ces  these, 

those; 
cet  before  a  masculine  noun  or  adjective  beginning 

with  vowel  or  h  mute: 

ce  garqon;     cet  ami;  cet  homme;     cette  femme; 

this  boy;       this  friend;     this  man;      this  woman  (wife) 

9 


I3O  DEMONSTRATIVE    PRONOUNS 

ce  heros;        ces  gar$ons;     ces  fittes; 

this  hero;      these  boys;     these  (those)  girls; 

Observe:  demonstrative  adjectives  always  repeated: 
a-t-il  achete  ces  crayons  et  ces  plumes? 
did  he  buy  those  pencils  and  pens? 

§  72.     PRONOMS    DEMONSTRATES  (Demonstrative    Pro- 
nouns) : 

singular  plural 

celui  (m.)    this  (one);  that  (one)          ceux  (m.)  these 
celle  (f.)      the  one  (that  of)  celles  (f.)  those 

NOTE. — celui  plus  de,  etc.,  may  replace:  's 

man  crayon  et  celui  de  Jean  my  pencil  and  John's;  ma  plume  et 
celle  de  Jeanne  my  pen  and  Jane's;  mes  devoirs  sont  meilleurs 
que  ceux  de  Pierre  my  exercises  are  better  than  those  of  Peter 
(Peter's). 

ceci  this;  cela  that;  -ci  and  -la  are  added  to  above  nouns  and  pro- 
nouns to  better  distinguish;  for  emphasis: 

j' at  deux  livres;  voulez-vous  celui-ci  ou  celui-la?  I  have  two  books; 
will  you  have  this  one  or  that  one?  voulez-vous  ce  livre-la?  Do  you 
wish  that  book?  voulez-vous  ce  livre-ci?  Do  you  wish  this  book? 
cela  (ga)  est  vrai  that  is  true;  ceci  (cette  chose-ci)  est  pour  vous 
this  (this  thing  here)  is  for  you. 

Observe:  cela  refers  to  ideas,  objects  indicated,  not  yet  named: 
cela  est  pour  lui  that  is  for  him ;  retenez  bien  ceci  do  not  forget  this. 

§73.     FUTURE  AND  ITS  USES: 

j'aurai                         tu  auras  il  aura 

I  will  (shall)  have  you  shall  (will)  have  he  shall  (will)  have 

nous  aurons                      vous  aurez  Us  auront 

we  will  (shall)  have  you  shall  (will)  have  they  shall  (will)  have 

and  correspond  generally  to  the  same  English  tense; 

Us  n'auront  rien  du  tout  they  shall  have  nothing  at  all  or:  they  will 

have  nothing  at  all 
il  en  aura  le  dementi     he  will  get  the  worst  of  it 

he  will  be  worsted 
il  en  aura  le  dessous     he  will  have  the  worst  of  it 


RELATIVES  13! 

§  74.     RELATIVE  PRONOUNS   (Pronoms  Relatifs)  ; 

qui  (who,  that,  which)  as  subject  (nominative  case) 
que  (which,  that)  as  object  (in  the  objective  case) 
ce  qui  (what  or  that  which;  which,  that)  as  subject 
ce  que  (what)  as  object;  the  e  may  be  elided;  not  i  in  qui 
qui  est  Id  who  is  there? 

I'homme  qui  est  malade,  est  age  the  man  who  is  ill  is  old;  la  dame 
que  vous  avez  vue  the  lady  (whom)  you  have  seen;  que  dit-il  (qu'est- 
ce  qu'il  dit)  what  does  he  say?  que  cherche-t-U  what  is  he  looking 
for?  on  le  cherche  some  one  is  looking  for  him;  cf.:  quel  est  ce  jeune 
homme  who  is  that  young  man?  for:  what  sort  of  a  young  man 
is  he?  d  qui  est-ce?  whose  is  it? 

(a)  future  instead  of  the  Imperative  in  the  Ten  Commandments: 
un  seul  Dieu  tu  adoreras  thou   shalt   have  no  other  gods  before 
me  (adore  but  one  God). 

(b)  in  mild  command: 

vous  I'aurez  dans  cinq  minutes,  n'est-ce  pas?  Have  it  in  five  minutes, 
please. 

(c)  in  regulations,  edicts,  supposition  (probability) ;  with  5*  whether: 
je  ne  sais  s'il  I'aura  ou  non  I  do  not  know  whether  he  will  have  it 
or  not;  s'il  ne  Va  pas,  c'est  qu'il  I'aura  perdu  if  he  has  it  not,  he 
must  have  lost  it;  vous  aurez  la  salle  a  six  heures  have  the  room  at 
six  o'clock;  cf.:  c'est  a  qui  I'aura  every  one  wishes  to  have  it;  U 
I'aura  dans  sa  matte  he  may  have  it  in  his  trunk;  Jean  I'aura  alors 
John  has  it  then. 

(d)  in  absolute  affirmation: 

il  m'a  assure  qu'il  I'aura  he  assured  me  that  he  will  have  it;  voild 
qui  vous  plaira  just  what  you  want;  elle  a  predit  qu'il  aura  le  prix 
she  predicted  that  he  will  win  the  prize;  ce  qui  n'arrivera  pas 
and  that  may  not  happen;  ce  qui  est  facheux  (dommage)  and  that 
is  a  pity  or:  which  is  unfortunate. 

Notice  the  use  of  the   present   (indicative)  in  reference  to  a  near 
future: 

je  vais  sortir  I  am  going  out  (I  will  go  out) ;  encore  une  minute,  et 
je  I'ai  one  more  minute  and  I  shall  have  it ;  il  le  veut  ainsi  he  will 
have  it  so;  c'est  un  parti  pris  chez  elle  she  will  do  it;  a  eux  deux 
maintenant  and  now  both  will  have  it  out;  cela  suffit  that  will  do; 


132 


RELATIVES 


that  suffices;  c'est  Id  que  je  les  attends  I  shall  get  (await)  them 
there; 

Distinguish:  voulez-vous?  will  you  have  (do  you  wish  or  desire?) 
and  aurez-vous? 

§  75.     IMPORTANT    RULE    IN    FRENCH. — If   futurity   is 
implied  after: 

quand;  lorsque  (when);  aussitot  que  (sitot  que)  as  soon  as 

des  que  from  the  very  moment  that; 

tant  que  as  long  as;  USE  the  Future  in  French: 

aussitot  qu'il  I' aura,  vous  I'aurez  as  soon  as  he  has  it  (or:  will  have 

it)  you  will  have  it 

and  Future  also  in  the  following: 

comme  vous  I'entendrez  as  you  think  proper;  faites  ce  que  vous 

pourrez  do  what  you  can;  faites  ce  que  vous  voudrez  do  what  you 

wish;  advienne  que  pourra  come   what  may;  vienne  qui  voudra 

come  who  will;  comme  il  vous  plaira  as  you  like;  rira  bien  qui  rira 

le  dernier  laughs  well  who  laughs  last;  qui  vivra  vena  or  celui  qui 

etc.;  he  who  lives  longest  will  see  most;  time  will  tell;  tant  qu'il 

vivra  as  long  as  he  lives ;  le  plus  tot  que  vous  pourrez  as  early  as 

you  can;  d  votre  aise:  comme  vous  voudrez  as  you  please. 

LESSON  VIII 

§  76.     ce  (plus  est)  or:  sont:  c'est;  ce  sont  as  demonstrative 
pronoun:  c'est  Charles  it  is  Charles;  c'est  moi  it  is 
I ;  c'est  le  plus  joli  it  is  the  prettiest : 
c'est  toi  c'est  lui  c'est  elle 

it  is  you  it  is  he  it  is  she 

c'est  nous  c'est  vous  c'est  eux  (dies  f.) 

it  is  we  it  is  you  it  is  they  (they) 

c'est  le  meilleur  (la  meilleure)  it  is  the  best;  ce  sont  les  meilleurs 
(les  meilleures)  they  are  best;  c'est  celui  qu'il  a  it  is  the  one  he  has; 
c'est  celle  qu'il  a  it  is  the  one  (that  one)  he  has;  c'est  son  ami  qui 
est  Id  it  is  his  (her)  friend,  etc.;  n'est-ce  pas  is  it  or  is  it  not?  etc.; 
qui  est-ce  who  is  he?  c'est  mon  ami  (e)  he  (she)  is  my  friend;  ce 
sont  eux;  ce  sont  elles;  it  is  they;  est-ce  eux?  is  it  they? 

§77»    ce  :  as  a  conclusive  statement,  remark  or  for  emphasis: 

c'est  juste  quite  right;  c'est  une  belle  ville  que  Paris  Paris"  is  a  beau- 
tiful city  (indeed);  c'est  un  Anglais  he  is  an  Englishman;  cf.: 


DEMONSTRATIVE    PRONOUNS  133 

ii  est  Anglais  he  is  English;  c'est  midi  it  is  twelve  (noon) ;  c'est  ma 
sceur  she  is  my  sister;  it  is  etc.; 

ce  sont  (c'est):  used  before  a  proper  noun,  a  pronoun,  a  super- 
lative as:  it;  this;  that;  he;  she;  these;  those. 

General  Review: 

il  fume,  ce  qui  m'etonne  he  smokes,  which  astonishes  me;  ce  qui 
m'etonne,  c'est  son  savoir  what  surprises  me  is  his  knowledge;  il 
est  line  heure  it  is  one  o 'clock ;  c'est  un  homme  qui  sail  tout  a  man  who 
knows  everything;  c'est  ce  a  quoi  je  songeais  precisely  what  I  was 
thinking;  ce  que  vous  dites  est  vrai  what  you  say  is  true;  tant  pet  its 
que  grands  both  great  and  small;  tant  pour  eux  que  pour  vous  as 
much  (many)  for  them  as  for  you;  que  c'est  joli  !  how  pretty  that 
is!  des  qu'il  se  presente,  on  lui  obeit  as  soon  as  he  makes  an  ap- 
pearance, he  is  obeyed;  obeir  (a)  to  obey;  s'il  vient  (arrive)  ce 
soir,  je  le  verrai  if  he  comes  (will  come,  should  he  come)  to-night, 
I  shall  see  him. 

§  78.  RULE. — si  (if)  being  a  condition  answers  to  the 
Future  or  vice-versa:  je  le  verrai  ce  soir,  s'il  vient, 
etc.,  and  independently  of  the  English  form. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

c'est  mes  sceurs  it  is  or  those  are  my  sisters;  sont-ce  les  votres  is  it 
(are  those)  yours?  ce  ne  sont  pas  ceux  (celles)  que  j'ai  achetes 
(-ees)  those  are  not  the  ones  I  bought  (or:  these  etc.);  ce  ne  sont 
pas  celles-ci;  ce  sont  celles-la  these  are  not  the  ones;  those  are; 
oil  sera-ce  where  will  that  (it)  be?  vous  I'aurez,  n'est-ce  pas  or: 
n'est-ce  pas  que  vous  I'aurez?  you  will  have  it,  will  you  not?  minuit 
sonne  (c'est  minuit)  it  is  midnight  (on  the  stroke  of  twelve); 
quelle  heure  est-il?  II  est  minuit  what  time  is  it?  it  is  midnight; 
de  ces  deux  ecrivains,  je  prefere  celui-ci;  celui-ld;  of  these  two  writers 
I  prefer  the  latter;  the  former;  (slang):  en  voild  une  bonne  blague 
or:  c'est  une  bonne  blague  (que)  celle-ld  that's  a  good  hoax  (joke) ;  ce 
que  je  crains,  c'est  de  le  froisser  (blesser)  what  I  fear  is  to  wound 
his  feelings;  un  homme  de  la  sorte  a  man  of  that  kind;  de  la  sorte 
in  that  way;  c'est  un  grand  chef  que  Foch  Foch  is  a  great  leader; 
c'est  aujourd'hui  le  ler;  le  2  mai;  to-day  is  the  1st;  the  second 
of  May;  il  a  tout  ce  qu'il  desire  he  has  all  he  wishes;  c'est  une  heure 
qui  sonne  (une  heure  sonne)  it  strikes  one;  une  demi-heure,  une 
heure  et  demie  half  an  hour,  an  hour  and  a  half. 


134  DEMONSTRATIVE    PRONOUNS 

§  79.     CONDITIONAL  PRESENT  (le  Present  du  Conditionnel] 

j'aurais  tu  aurais 

I  would  or  should  have  (thou   wouldst   or  shouldst  have) 

you  would  or  should  have 

il  aurait  nous  aurions          vous  auriez  Us  auraient 

he  would  have     we  would  have   you  would,  etc.    they  would  have 

§80 

Observe:  It  answers  to  the  imperfect  with  si  (if),  expressed  or 
understood : 

would  and  should  may  be  distinguished  while  studying 

devoir;    pouvoir;  vouloir  and  the  Imperfect  of  habit  (or  Past  or 

habit) : 

vous  devriez  le  faire  you  should  do  it;  */  pourrait  le  faire  s'il  avail 
le  temps  he  would  be  able  to  do  it,  if  he  had  the  time;  il  ne  voudrait 
pas  y  aller  he  wouldn't  care  to  go;  elle  y  allait  souvent  she  would 
often  go  there;  si  je  I'avais,  il  serait  content  or  il  serait  content,  si 
etc.,  if  I  had  it  (should  I  have  it;  were  I  to  have  it;  should  I 
happen  to  have  it)  he  would  be  glad ;  je  voudrais  etre  riche  I  should 
like  to  be  rich  or  I  wish  I  were  etc.;  (si  if  being  understood); 
mentir  serait  honteux  (il  serait  honteux  de  mentir)  to  lie  would  be 
shameful. 

(a)  also  in  statements  of  indignation,  surprise,   supposition,  con- 
cession, contingency  and  reports: 

je  croyais  qu'il  /' 'aurait  I  thought  he  would  have  it;  U  I' aurait, 
qu'il  n'en  serait  pas  content  he  might  have  it,  yet  not  be  satisfied 
with  it;  serait-ce  possible  can  that  be!  lui,  il  les  aurait  he  would 
have  them!  comme  qui  dirait  somewhere  about;  je  ne  savais  s'il 
V aurait  I  did  not  know  whether  he  would  have  it;  cela  serait-il 
vrai  were  it  (if  it  were)  true?  on  le  dirait  it  looks  like  it;  one  would 
say  so ;  quant  a  moi,  quand  m&me  elle  les  aurait;  quand  bien  meme; 
as  for  me,  even  if  she  had  them;  even  if;  quand  (alors  qu')  il 
serait  malade  even  if  he  should  be  ill;  alors  qu'il  etait  malade 
when  he  was  ill;  comme  si  I' on  disait  as  if  one  would  say;  par  un 
decret  de  la  Providence  as  God  would  have  it ;  on  remarquera  peut- 
etre  alors  qu'il  y  a  eu  un  malentendu  perhaps  it  may  be  noticed 
then  there  was  a  misunderstanding. 


INTERROGATIVE    ADJECTIVES  135 

(ft)  with  verbs  of  wishing;  also  oser  (to  dare) ;  pouvoir  and  in  a  few 

exclamations  or  questions: 

je  vous  serais  oblige  I  would  be  obliged  to  you ;  oserais-je  lui  parler 
could  I  dare  to  speak  to  him?  pourrais-je  ne  pas  I' avoir  could  I 
not  have  him  (it) ! 

(c)  in  mild  statement,  favor  or  threat; 

je  ne  saurais  vous  le  dire  I  hardly  know  or  I  couldn't  tell  you; 
auriez-vous  la  bonte  de  passer  chez  moi?  will  you  kindly  call  on  me? 
cf.:  appeler  to  call;  je  voudrais  bien  I'acheter  I  should  like  well  to 
buy  it;  qui  (quiconque)  I'aurait,  serait  puni  whoever  might  have  it 
would  be  punished;  on  m'a  dit  qu'il  I'aurait  I  was  told  he  would 
have  it;  on  m'a  dit  qu'il  I'aura  I  was  told  he  will  get  it. 
(Future  implies  strong  affirmation) 

§81 

quel  (masculine  singular)     quelle  (feminine  singular) 
quels  (masculine  plural)       quelles  (feminine  plural) 

Practice: 

quelle  maison  a  ete  incendiee?  what  house  (whose  house)  was  burnt? 
which  or  what  (a) : 

quel  crayon  a-t-il?  what  (which)  pencil  has  he? 

quelle  plume  a-t-il?  what  (which)  pen  has  he? 

quelle  plume  I  what  a  pen! 

quel  beau  jour  I  what  a  beautiful  day!     Adjectives  only. 

§  82.     INTERROGATIVE  PRONOUNS  (Pronoms  Interrogatifs} 

lequel  lesquels  laquelle  lesquelles 

which  (one)        which  (ones)  which  (one)          which  (ones) 

duquel  desquels  de  laquelle  desquelles 

of  which  (one)  of  which  (ones)    of  which  (one)     of  which  (ones) 

auquel  a  laquelle  auxquels  auxquelles 

to  which  (one)     to  which  (one)     to  which  (ones)    to  which  (ones) 

NOTE. — Instead  of  de  qui  (of  whom)  used  of  persons  and  of 
duquel,  etc.,  with  prepositions;  dont  of  whom;  of  which;  whose 
is  most  frequently  employed ;  dont  (from  where,  whence)  replaces 


136  INTERROGATIVE    PRONOUNS 

d'ou:  from  which;  or  whence;  oil  (where)  often  means:  to;  in; 
at  which  and  the  like. 

voila  le  pupitre  sur  lequel  il  a  mis  ses  livres  there  is  the  desk  upon 
which  he  put  his  books;  lequel?  which  one?  lequel  des  deux  est 
le  plus  studieux?  which  one  of  the  two  is  more  studious?  I'homme 
dont  il  parle  est  son  cousin  the  man  of  whom  he  speaks  is  his  cousin; 
I'ecureuil  auquel  il  donne  a  manger  the  squirrel  to  which  he  gives 
(something)  or  which  he  is  feeding;  I ' appartement  oil  il  demeure  est 
petit  the  apartment  in  which  he  lives  is  small;  I' hotel  oil  il  va 
the  hotel  to  which  he  goes;  I'heure  oil  (que)  il  expira  the  hour  at 
which  (when)  he  expired;  les  parents  dont  il  est  issu  the  parents 
from  whom  he  sprung  (he  was  born);  I' hotel  dont  le  patron  est 
M.  X.  the  hotel  whose  head  is  Mr.  B.;  de  qui  est-U  JUs?  whose 
son  is  he?  parmi  lesquels  among  whom. 

§83.     in  the  body  of  a  sentence  and  in  order  to  distinguish  the 

number  and  gender  of  the  person  or  thing  spoken  of,  use: 
lequel,  laquelle,  etc. 

les  amies  de  ma  femme,  lesquelles  sont  A  mericaines  the  friends  of 
my  wife,  who  are  American;  les  enfants  dont  il  a  trouve  le  pere 
the  children  whose  father  he  found;  donnez-lui  ce  dont  il  a  besoin 
give  him  (her)  what  he  needs  (that  of  which  he  has  need);  tout 
ce  qui  (que)  all  that;  everything  that;  quoi  what;  used  alone  or 
with  prepositions,  and  refers  to  things  only:  quoi  de  nouveau 
what's  new?  de  quoi  parlez-vous  what  are  you  speaking  of? 
a  quoi  songez-vous  what  are  you  dreaming  of  or  about? 


§  84.     IMPERATIVE  PRESENT  or  FUTURE  (Vlmperatif] 

aie  have  (thou)        ayons  let  us  have          ayez  have  (you) 
qu'il  ait  let  him  have  qu'ils  aient  let  them  have 

Forms  borrowed  from  the  Subjunctive: 

aie  patience  be  patient;  aie  courage  be  courageous;  ayez  soin  de 
lui  take  care  of  him. 

(a)  instead  of  the  Present  Indicative: 

ayez  de  la  patience,  il  se  moque  de  vous  have  patience  (be  patient) 
with  him,  he  laughs  at  you,  or:  if  you  are  patient  with  him,  he 
laughs  at  you. 


PRONOUNS    REVIEWED  137 

(b)  instead  of  the  Subjunctive: 

ayez  du  chagrin  on  non,  cela  lui  est  egal  be  sorrowful  or  not,  it 
matters  not  to  him  (her);  for:  whether  you  may  be  in  sorrow  or 
not,  it  matters  little  (whether  you  are  in  sorrow,  etc.). 

(c)  the  Imperative   has  no  first  person  singular;   the  speaker  in 

addressing  himself  may   use  the   second  or  the  first  person 
plural : 

aie  courage,  Charles  (ayons  courage,  Charles)!  have  courage,  Charles. 

(d)  supposition: 

ayez  de  I'envie,  tout  le  monde  en  parle  be  envious,  everybody  speaks 
of  it. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

les  dames  aux  fils  desquelles  il  donne  des  leqons  the  ladies  to  whose 
sons  he  gives  lessons;  Dieu  en  qui  je  crois  God  in  whom  I  believe; 
moi  qui  suis  son  frere  I  who  am  his  brother;  voila  qui  est  bizarre! 
now  that  is  strange!  lui  qui  est  riche  he  who  is  rich;  elle  qui  est 
pauvre  she  who  is  poor;  celui  qui  est  riche,  n'est  pas  toujours 
heureux  he  (any  one;  one)  who  is  rich,  is  not  always  happy; 
c'est  vous  qui  I'avez  you  have  it  (it  is  you  who) ;  le  lion  qui  rugit 
the  lion  that  (which)  roars;  c'est  ce  dont  il  se  plaint  that's  what 
he  complains  of;  a  qui  est  cette  maison  whose  house  is  this,  whose 
house  is  that?  c'est  celle  de  man  oncle  it  is  my  uncle's  (that  of); 
c'est  la  dame  dont  le  fils  est  malade  she  is  (it  is)  the  lady  whose  son 
is  ill;  celle  dont  j'ai  connu  le  fils  d  the  one  whose  son  I  knew  at; 
une  somme,  en  vertu  de  laquelle  a  sum  in  virtue  of  which  or  by  which ; 
un  acte  par  lequel  il  s' engage  a  an  act  by  which  he  binds  himself  to ; 
a  I'heure  qu'il  est  at  the  present  time;  rien  de  ce  qu'il  dit  est  vrai 
nothing  that  he  says  is  true;  le  printemps  prochain  (qui  viendra) 
the  next  Spring  (the  coming  Spring);  celle  qu'il  aime  the  one  he 
loves  (she  whom  he  loves) ;  le  couteau  dont  je  me  sers  the  knife  I 
use;  of  which  I  make  use;  se  servir  de  to  use;  d'ou  venez-vous 
where  do  you  come  from?  ce  d  quoije  songeais  something  I  thought 
of;  ce  a  quoije  ne  songeais  guere  something  I  hardly  thought  of; 
a  quoi  passe-t-il  ses  soirees  how  does  he  spend  his  evenings? 
ce  dont  (ce  de  quoi)  nous  parlions  what  we  were  speaking  of;  d 
propos  de  quoi  in  reference  (with  respect)  to  what?  ce  en  quoi  il 
se  trompe  he  is  mistaken  in  that  or  therein  he  is  mistaken;  au 
nombre  desquels  among  etc. ;  sur  quoi  il  se  tut  whereupon  he  kept 
silent;  sur  ce,  il  sortit  thereupon  he  went  out. 


138  PRESENT   SUBJUNCTIVE 

LESSON    IX 

§  85.  SUBJUNCTIVE  PRESENT  or  FUTURE  (Le  Present  du 
Subjonctif): 

que  j'aie  que  tu  aies,  etc. 

(that)  I  may  have  (that)  you  may  have,  etc. 

qu'il  ait  que  nous  ayons 

(that)  he  may  have  (that)  we  may  have,  etc. 

que  vous  ayez  quits  aient 

(that)  you  may  have  (that)  they  may  have,  etc. 

NOTE. — These   forms  are   variously    translated   into   English. 
Study  carefully: 

§  86.     RULE.— As  the  name  implies  this  tense  is  used  in 
subordinate,  depending  clauses;  hence  subjected 
to  a  principal  (main)  clause: 
i.     After  principal  clauses  implying  will,  order,  fear,  desire,  request, 

approval,  doubt,  strong  wish,  expectation; 

il  veut  (ordonne)  queje  I'aie  he  commands  that  I  should  have  it  or  he 
wishes  me  to  have  it;  maintenant  ou  a  I'avenir  now  or  in  the  future. 

§  87.  Also  in  the  subordinate  clause  there  is  an  idea  of 
the  present  or  the  future  when  the  first  verb  is  in 
the  present  or  the  future  (tense);  the  following 
example  implies  an  idea  of  the  past, — in  the  sub- 
ordinate clause: 

il  doute  que  nous  I' ayons  eu  he  doubts  that  we  have  had  it;  he 
doubts  that  we  ever  had  it;  il  doutera  que  nous  I' ayons  eu  he  will 
doubt  that  we  had  it;  cf.:  je  commande  man  diner  I  am  ordering 
my  dinner;  je  commande  a  Jean  d'apporter  le  cafe  I  am  ordering 
John  to  bring  the  coffee;  je  ne  demande  qu'une  chose  I  ask  but  one 
thing;  c'est  de  reflechir  a  ce  que  vous  dites  to  think  over  what  you 
say;  j'y  reflechirai  I  shall  think  about  it;  fa  (cela)  demande  de  la 
reflexion  that  requires  reflection;  on  fait  de  serieuses  reflexions 
we  (they,  etc.)  are  seriously  thinking  (about  it);  fa:  is  colloquial: 
fa  demande  tout  that  (thing)  fellow  asks  for  everything;  quels 
sont  ces  gens-la  who  are  those  people  (men)?  or:  what  kind  of 
people  are  those  (over  there)?  voyez  done  $a  !  just  look  at  that! 
comme  fa  devore!  how  ravenously  they  eat!  How  they  devour! 
quels  gloutons  (gluttons) ! 


PRESENT   SUBJUNCTIVE  139 

2.  Idea  of  uncertainty  with  Subjunctive;  idea  of  certainty  with 
Indicative : 

on  doute  que  cela  soil  one  doubts  if  it  is  so;  je  doute  qu'il  veuillt  le 
faire  I  doubt  whether  he  will  do  it  ( :  he  may  be  willing  to  do  that) ; 
je  ne  crois  pas  qu'il  I' ait  I  do  not  believe  (that)  he  has  it;  but: 
il  ne  croit  pas  qu'elle  I' a  (Indicative)  he  does  not  believe  she  has  it; 
elle  crut  qu'un  glaive  la  transper^ait  she  thought  a  blade  (sword) 
was  piercing  her  body;  je  ne  crois  pas  qu'il  sorte  ce  matin  I  do  not 
believe  he  is  going  out  this  morning;  je  ne  crois  pas  qu'il  sorte 
ce  soir  I  do  not  believe  he  will  go  out  this  evening. 

3.  In  independent  clauses  with  or  without  qjte  (elliptical  clauses) : 
vive  I'Amerique!  long  live  America!  (for:  I   hope  that  America 
may  live  long);  Dieu  vous  protege  (garde)  God  speed   (protect) 
you;  qu'il  I'ait  ou  non,  pen  m'importe  whether  he  has  it  or  not, 
little  matters  to  me ;  puisse-je  le  revoir!  may  I  see  him  again ! 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

dites-moi  quelle  heure  il  est  tell  me  what  time  it  is;  une  heure  vient 
de  sonner  it  has  just  struck  one;  je  vais  regler  ma  montre  (mon 
chronometre  I  will  set  my  watch  (my  chronometer) ;  une  montre 
de  precision  a  timepiece;  une  montre  a  repetition  a  repeating-watch; 
(a  repeater);  je  recule  I' aiguille  I  move  back  the  hand;  une  hor- 
loge  a  clock;  une  pendule  a  pendulum;  le  cadran  face;  la  chaine 
de  montre  the  watch-chain;  il  met  sa  montre  a  I' heure  he  is  setting 
his  watch  on  time;  il  est  deux  heures  et  quart  it  is  quarter  past 
(after)  two;  il  est  trois  heures  mains  vingt  it  is  20  minutes  of  three; 
tl  est  six  heures  et  demie  half-past  six;  une  demi-heure  half  an  hour 
(and  demi  is  invariable  before  the  noun);  for  brevity  we  say: 
z:jo  one  thirty;  or:  une  heure  trente;  a  trois  heures  de  1'apres-midi, 
du  soir  at  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  (evening; ;  du  matin;  de 
I'avant-midi;  in  the  morning  (forenoon);  vers  midi;  vers  les  une 
heure;  about  noon ;  about  one ;  il  y  a  environ  une  heure  de  marche 
d'icia  (jusqu'a)  there  is  (it's)  about  an  hour's  walk  from  here  to; 
demander  I' heure  to  ask  the  time;  j'aitravaille  trois  heures  I  worked 
three  hours. 

1  un  7  sept          one     two    three    four      five      six 

2  deux  8  huit         seven      eight      nine     ten     eleven 

3  trois  9  neuf         twelve  (which  is   midi  or    minuit 

4  quatre  10  dix  noon     midnight) 

5  cinq  u  onze 

6  six  12  douze 


140  PRESENT  SUBJUNCTIVE 

douze  heures  means:  12  hours'  duration  or  twelve  long  hours; 

il  est  sorti  vers  les  deux  heures  he  went  out  about  two  o'clock; 
c'est  I'heure  juste  it  is  the  correct  time;  I'heure  precise  the  correct 
time;  il  vient  a  I'heure  precise  he  comes  on  the  hour  sharp;  ponc- 
tuel  (-le);  retardataire;  punctual;  tardy;  attar  de;  etre  en  retard; 
belated;  to  be  late;  arriver  tard  to  arrive  (come)  late. 

4.  After  verbs  of  emotion: 

penser  to  think;  esperer  to  hope  being  excepted  unless  the 
latter  are  used  negatively,  interrogatively;  craindre  to  fear; 
trembler  to  tremble;  empecher  (de)  to  prevent;  apprehender  to 
apprehend;  avoir  peur  to  be  afraid;  redouter  to  dread,  usually 
take:  ne;  unless  used  negatively  or  interrogatively;  ne  penses-tu 
pas  qu'il  y  ait  la-dessous  une  histoire?  don't  you  think  that  there  is 
(a  story)  something  behind  it?  elle  empechera  qu'il  ne  sorte  she 
will  prevent  him  from  going  out;  il  craint  qu'il  ne  soil  malade 
he  fears  he  is  ill  or  may  be  ill;  une  boite  de  montre  a  watch-case; 
vous  etes  loin  de  vous  douter  de  ce  qu'il  a  eu  a  souffrir  (a  endurer) 
you  ar^  far  from  having  a  suspicion  of  what  he  had  to  suffer 
(endure);  horloger  watchmaker;  je  ne  pense  pas  qu'il  soil  a  Paris 
I  do  not  think  he  is  in  Paris;  une  breloque  a  charm  (trinket); 
'  je  pense  qu'il  est  a  New- York  I  think  he  is  in  New  York;  elle  ne 
doute  pas  qu'il  ne  le  fasse  she  does  not  doubt  but  he  will  do  it; 
reparer  to  repair;  il  ne  craint  pas  qu'ils  entrent  he  does  not  fear 
they  will  enter;  il  remonte  sa  montre  he  winds  his  watch;  il  attache 
une  breloque  a  sa  chaine  d' argent  he  fastens  a  charm  to  his"  silver 
watch-chain;  on  fait,  repare,  vend  des  montres,  des  horloges,  des 
pendules  we  (they  etc.)  make,  repair,  sell  watches,  clocks,  etc. 
craignez-vous  qu'il  sorte  do  you  fear  he  will  go  out? 

NOTE. — Ne  may  or  may  not  be  used  (in  a  subordinate  clause) : 
ne  craignez-vous  pas  qu'il  ne  sorte  (qu'il  sorte)?  do  you  not  fear  he 
will  go  out  (he  may  go  out)? 

In  poetry  ne  is  optional. 

5.  After  most  Impersonal  Verbs:  and  with  que: 

il  faut  que  it  is  necessary;  il  est  juste  it  is  fair;  il  est  bon  it  is  well; 
il  importe  it  matters;  il  est  possible  (impossible)  it  is  possible 
(impossible);  il  est  temps  it  is  time  (that,  for);  il  convient  (il  est 
convenable)  it  is  suitable;  peu  s'en  faut  little  is  wanting;  il  suffit 
it  suffices;  c'est  dommage  it  is  a  pity;  il  vaut  mieux  better,  it  is 
better,  etc. 


PRESENT   SUBJUNCTIVE  14! 

Also  with  (if)  (si  .  .  .  et  que  (if) : 

il  faut  que  nous  ayons  notre  billet;  il  est  necessaire  que;  we  must 
have  our  ticket;  il  est  important  que  etc.:  it  is  important  that 
we  should  have  our  ticket;  si  vous  etes  a  Paris  et  que  votre  cousin 
n'y  soit  pas  if  you  are  in  Paris  and  your  cousin  is  not  there;  que 
ferez-vous?  what  will  you  do?  il  n'y  a  rien  qui  tienne  nothing  can 
hinder  him;  resister  a  la  tentation  to  resist  temptation;  il  vaut 
mieux  or  vaut  mieux  que  vous  I'achetiez  you  had  better  buy  it; 
il  faut  que  ces  imprimes  soient  affranchis  that  printed  matter  must 
be  pre-paid  (post-paid);  un  timbre-poste  a  postage-stamp;  il  lui 
semblait  n' avoir  jamais  eprouve  cela  de  sa  vie  it  seemed  to  him  that 
he  had  never  experienced  that  before  in  his  life;  de  sorte  que 
I'objet  repare  soit  comme  neuf  so  that  the  article  repaired  looks 
like  a  new  one;  de  sorle  qu'il  soit  (repare)  a  neuf  so  that  it  will 
seem  like  new;  la  reparation  des  enduits  contre  les  murs  (de  pldtre) 
repairing  the  walls  with  a  coat  of  plaster. 

6.  After  Superlatives  — except  when  certainty  is  implied: 

c'est  le  meilleur  cigare  que  j'aie  jamais  fume  it  is  the  best  cigar  I 
have  ever  smoked.  But:  c'est  la  plus  belle  des  fleurs  qu'il  a  (il 
a  la  plus,  etc. )  it  is  the  most  beautiful  flower  that  he  has  (he  has 
the  most  beautiful,  etc.);  c  est  la  meilleur e  preuve  que  je  dis  la 
verite  that's  the  best  testimony  that  I  spoke  the  truth. 

Same  rule  after: 

le  seul,  la  seule,  les  seuls,  les  seules,  etc. 

c'est  le  seul  qui  soit  coupable  he  is  the  only  one  that  is  guilty 
c'est  la  seule  qui  soit  coupable  she  may  be  the  only  guilty  one 

7.  After  que  preceded  by  soit: 

soit  que  vous  I'ayez  whether  you  have  it;  whether  you  may  have 
it;  cf.:  que  vous  I'ayez  ou  non  whether  you  may  have  it  or  not; 
qu'il  I'ait  let  him  have  it;  qu'il  les  ait  let  them  have  them. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

il  est  facile  de  faire  cela  to  do  that  is  easy;  c'est  facile  (c'est  chose 
facile  a  faire)  it's  easy  (an  easy  thing  to  do;  to  be  done);  il  ne 
faut  pas  jurer  qu'on  ne  le  fera  pas  we  must  not  affirm  that  we  will 
not  do  that;  il  jure  d'etre  la  (d'y  etre)  he  swears  to  be  there  or: 
that  he  will  be  there;  un  des  plus  grands  exploits  qui  soit  (soient) 
one  of  the  greatest  feats  that  have  been;  on  espere  y  atter  we  (they, 
etc.)  hope  to  go  there;  on  espere  qu'il  va  mieux  we  hope  he  is 


142  PRESENT   SUBJUNCTIVE 

better;  qu'il  soil  venu,  je  I'avoue  that  he  has  come,  I  admit;  die 
defend  qu'on  sorte  she  forbids  any  one  to  go  out;  on  s'etonne  qu'il 
ne  soil  pas  id  we  are  astonished  that  he  isn't  here  (:  that  he  should 
not  be  here);  le  premier  qui  soil  mart  the  first  who  died;  c'est  la 
settle  personne  a  laquelle  je  me  fie  he  (she)  is  the  only  person  that 
I  trust;  je  ne  suis  pas  le  premier  qui  I' at  dit  I  am  not  the  first 
person  (one)  who  said  so;  nous  sommes  tous  presents;  il  n'y  a 
personne  qui  ne  soil  venu;  we  are  all  here;  there  is  no  one  absent; 
or:  there  is  no  one  who  has  not  come;  */  n'y  a  que  lui  pour  les  criti- 
quer  (qui  puisse  les  critiquer)  he  is  the  only  one  who  criticizes 
them  or  able  to  criticize:  who  may  criticize  them;  s'il  y  avail  un 
homme  qui  put  les  trahir  if  there  were  a  man  who  might  betray 
them. 

8.     After    adverbial    clauses,— substantive,  temporal,   concessive, 
hypothetical,  final,  consecutive   clauses   and  que;   substantive 
clauses  are  those  used  as  subject  or  object  of  a  verb;  adjectival 
clauses  are  used  to  qualify  a  noun;  adverbial  clauses  used  to 
qualify  a  verb  either  to  limit  or  qualify  the  action  whenever  an- 
ticipation, contingency,  time,  purpose,  result  is  implied: 
afin  que  in  order  that  (so  that);  a  condition  que  provided;  on  con- 
dition; de  peur  que  lest  (with  ne) ;  de  crainte  que  for  fear  that  (with 
ne);  en  cas  que  in  case;  non  que  not  that;  bien  que  although; 
loin  que  far  from;  pour  peu  que  (si  peu  que)  if  ever  so  little  that; 
au  cas  que   (en  cas  que)   in  case;  sans  que  unless;  suppose  que 
granting  that  (suppose);  encore  que   (bien   que)    altho;  a   mains 
que  unless  (with  ne)  in  strong  affirmation;  malgre  que   (nonob- 
stant)  notwithstanding;  pour  peu  que  however  little;  si  .  .  .  que 
(or:  quelque  .  .  .  que)  however  .  .  .  that;  tout  .  .  .  que  however; 
pourvu  que  provided;    quoique  although;  jusqu'a  ce  que  (or:  que 
only)  until;  till;  qui  que  whoever;  ou  qu'il  ait  wherever  he  may 
have;  quoi  que  whatever;  en  attendant  que  while;  quelque  (with 
an  adjective)  however. 

NOTE. — que  is  often  used  alone  for:  afin  que;  sans  que;  a  mains 
que  .  .  .  ne;  jusqu'a  ce  que. 

General  Review  for  Conversation: 

avant  qu'il  soil  trap  tard  before  it  is  too  late;  avant  de  partir  before 
leaving  (avant  que  je  parte)  etc.;  jusqu'a  ce  qu'il  le  trouve  until 
he  finds  him  (it);  attendez  qu'elle  soit  prete  (for:  jusqu'a  ce  qu'elle 
soil)  wait  until  she  is  ready;  jusqu'a  ce  qu'il  arrive  quelqu'un  until 
some  one  comes;  U  tient  a  ce  qu'il  vienne  he  is  desirous  to  have 


PRESENT    SUBJUNCTIVE  143 

him  come;  il  ne  tient  pas  a  moi  qu'elle  ne  vienne  pas  her  coming 
does  not  depend  on  me;  jusqu'd  ce  qu'arrivent  les  neveux  until 
the  nephews  arrive;  il  fallait  attendre  que  la  patrouille  cut  passe 
it  was  necessary  to  wait  until  the  patrol  had  passed;  en  attendant 
qu'une  occasion  se  presente  while  waiting  for  an  opportunity  (to 
come);  qui  que  vous  soyez  whoever  you  may  be;  oil  qu'il  soit  or 
en  quelque  lieu  qu'il  soit  wherever  he  may  be  (in  whatever  place 
he  may  be) ;  non  qu'il  soit  orgueilleux  not  that  he  is  proud;  malgre 
qu'il  travaille,  il  ne  reussit  pas  notwithstanding  that  he  works, 
he  does  not  succeed;  loin  d'etre  genereux,  il  est  porte  (enclin)  a 
economiser  de  plus  en  plus  far  from  being  generous  he  is  inclined 
to  economize  more  and  more;  liberal  liberal;  cf.:  dans  le  cas  ou 
il  viendrait  (au  cas  ou,  etc.)  in  case  he  comes  (in  case  he  should 
come) ;  sans  que  je  le  leur  dise  without  my  telling  it  to  them ;  d 
mains  que  je  ne  sois  malade  unless  I  am  ill;  au  cas  qu'il  soit  occupe 
in  case  he  is  busy;  quelque  riche  (tout  riche  qrte;  si  riche  que)  qu'il 
soit  however  rich  he  may  be;  but:  tout  riche  qu'il  est,  il  est  avare 
rich  as  he  is,  he  is  a  miser. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

approchez  que  (pour  que)  je  vous  voie  come  near,  that  I  may  see 
you;  il  travaille  dur  afin  de  reussir  he  works  hard  so  as  to  succeed; 
el'.e  peine  (se  donne  du  mal)  afin  que  son  fils  reussisse  she  toils  that 
her  son  may  succeed;  de  peur  que  cela  ne  vous  incommode  for  fear 
it  may  trouble  you;  deranger  to  disturb;  quel  que  soit  son  pouvoir 
whatever  his  power  may  be;  quelle  que  soit  leur  influence  however 
influential  they  are  (may  be);  pour  peu  que  vous  vous  appliquiez 
if  only  you  apply  yourself;  yourselves;  pour  peu  qu'on  leur  donne 
however  little  one  may  give  them;  donnez-lui  en  tant  soit  peu 
give  (him)  her  ever  so  little;  suppose  que  cela  soit  granting  that 
that  is  so;  en  supposant  que  (dans  la  supposition  que)  supposing 
(it  is  so) ;  quelles  que  soient  ses  remontrances  whatever  his  remon- 
strance may  be;  une  reprimande  a  rebuke;  on  resta  jusqu'd  ce 
qu'il  partit  we  (they)  stayed  (remained)  until  he  left;  c'est  la 
seule  nouvelle  qu'on  a  reque  jusqu'd  ce  jour  the  only  news  received 
to  date;  qu'ils  sortent  sans  delai  (tout  de  suite)  let  them  go  out 
without  delay  (at  once);  faites-les  entrer  let  them  come  in; 
quoique  je  doute  qu'ils  entrent  though  I  doubt  they  will  come  in. 

Cinq  voyelles,  une  consonne 
En  franqais  composent  mon  nom; 
Et  je  porte  sur  ma  personne 
De  quoi  I'ecrire  sans  crayon. 


144  INDICATIVE 

LESSON   X 

REVIEW  CAREFULLY  pages  116  to  143  and  the  follow- 
ing to  page  173. 

In  French  there  are  six  Moods  or  manners  of  expressing 
an  action,  of  implying  a  state  of  existence,  viz. : 

I'infinitif;  I'indicatif;  le  conditionnel;  I'imperatif;  le  subjonctif 
et  le  participe. 

§  88.  The  Infinitive  or  Impersonal  Mood  may  be  used 
as  a  noun:  (a)  as  subject;  (6)  as  direct  or  indirect 
object;  (c)  as  attribute;  (d)  in  prepositional 
phrases.  There  is  another  Infinitive — an  infini- 
tive of  narration,  which  is  preceded  by  de  to 
emphasize  an  idea  translated  in  English  by  the 
Preterit :  Past  of  immediate  action. 

§89.     PRESENT  INDICATIVE    (le  Present  de  rindicatif}. 

As  previously  stated  there  is  in  French  only  one  form  of 

expressing  or  indicating  an  action:  being  done  now;  of 

implying  a  state  of  being — at  the  very  moment  one  speaks. 

1.  Hence:  j'ai  or  any  other  verb  may  mean  a  present  action  or 
feeling : 

il  a  sa  leqon  he  has  (is  having)  his  lesson,  etc. 
elle  a  faint  she  is  hungry 
tl  est  malade  he  is  ill  (has  been  ill,  etc.) 
depuis  une  heure  since  one  o'clock;  also: 
depuis  une  heure  for  an  hour  (he  is  still  ill) 

2.  An  undeniable  fact: 

la  lumiere  existe  light  exists 

3.  a  doubt— or  positive  meaning  implied  with:  si  (if)  when  followed 
or  preceded  by  a  principal  clause  in  the  Future  tense: 

si  j'ai  le  temps,  je  travaillerai  or:  je  travaillerai,  si,  etc.  if  I  have  the 
time,  I  shall  work;  I  shall  work  if,  etc.;  cf.:  s'il  est  malade, 
laissez-le  seul  or:  puisque  since,  as  he  is  ill  (if  he  is  ill)  leave  him 
alone;  si  (whether)  may  imply  doubt:  je  ne  sais  s'il  parle  le 
franqais  ou  l'allemand  I  do  not  know  whether  he  speaks  French 
or  German;  s'il  est  gai,  c'est  qu'il  a  de  I'argent  if  he  is  cheerful, 


IMPERFECT  145 

it  is  because  he  has  money;  le  temps,  c'est  de  I' argent  time  is 
money;  il  a  si  pen  d' argent  he  has  so  little  money;  vous  n'etes 
pi,int  malade;  mais  si,  mais  si:  je  le  suis  or:  si,  je  le  suis;  you 
are  not  ill;  why  yes,  indeed;  yes,  I  am;  la  maladie  illness;  le 
malade  patient. 

V     In  narratives  to  enliven  descriptions: 

le  pere,  la  mere,  les  enfants,  tons  prennent  la  fuite  the  father,  the 
mother,  the  children,  all  take  to  flight;  d  I'approche  du  bandit 
at  the  approach  of  the  bandit;  si  je  te  propose  ces  demarches,  c'est 
pour  te  procurer  une  satisfaction  personnelle  if  I  suggest  to  you 
this  step,  it  is  to  afford  you  personal  satisfaction;  menace  de  mart 
prochaine,  on  se  precipite  d  la  portiere  threatened  with  imminent 
death,  we  (they)  rush  to  the  carriage-door;  un  coupe  s'arrete 
devant  la  porte  later  ale  de  a  brougham  stops  at  the  side  door ;  cf . : 
je  viens  de  les  voir  I  just  saw  them;  I  have  just  seen  them;  c'est 
elle  queje  viens  de  rencontrer  it  was  she  whom  I  just  met  (immediate 
Past). 

§90.     DIRECT  INTERROGATION:     It    requires    the    per- 
sonal   pronoun     (subject)    after   the   verb    with 
hyphen;  if  the  subject  is  a  noun,  the  latter  usually 
stands  before  the  verb  and  is  repeated  as  a  pro- 
noun after  the  verb:  ai-je?  a-t-il?  etc. 
I'homme  est-il  mortel?  is  man  mortal?  but:  est-ce  que  I'homme  est 
mortel?  is  man  mortal? 

A  form  required  in  the  present  indicative  of: 

partir  to  leave  (depart);  parler  to  speak; 

and  all  monosyllabic  verbs  (in  the  first  person  singular)  except: 
avoir    and    etre;   aller   to   go;    devoir   to  owe;  dire  to  say  (tell); 
faire  to  do   (make);  pouvoir  to  be  able;  savoir  to  know   (how); 
voir  to  see. 

§91.     IMPERFECT   OF  THE    INDICATIVE   (V Imparfait  de 

I'lndicatif  (descriptive  tense). 

i.     It  describes  a  past  not  completed  when  something  happened; 
as  being  in  progress: 

il  avail  sa  leqon,  lorsqueje  suis  entre  he  had  his  lesson  (was  having 
his,  etc.),  when  I  entered. 


146  IMPERFECT  WITH:  si 

2.  A  state  of  being;  habit  or  permanent  action: 

il  etait  si  triste  a  cette  epoque-la  he  was  so  sad  then;  se  (router 
to  be  (there) ;  nous  avions  nos  lemons  le  lundi  we  had  (used  to  have; 
would  have)  our  lessons  on  Mondays;  Napoleon  avail  du  courage 
Napoleon  had  courage;  on  en  avail  souvenl  we  would  often  have 
some;  oh!  cette  nuil,  Jean,  que  ne  te  Irouvais-lu  pas  la  oh!  John, 
why  were  you  not  there  last  night? 

3.  Simultaneity — or  two  actions  taking  place  together: 

quand  nous  avions  noire  le$on  de  franqais,  vous  aviez  la  votre 
when  (whenever)  we  had  our  French  lesson,  you  had  yours 

4.  After  si  (if) — with  conditional  meaning,  and  followed  or  preceded 
by  the  principal  clause  in  the  conditional : 

si  vous  aviez  de  I' argent,  vous  anriez  ce  violon  or:  vous  auriez  ce  violon, 
si  vous  etc.  if  you  had  (should  have;  happened  to  have)  any  money, 
the  money,  etc. ;  you  would  have  this  violin,  or:  you  would  have,  etc. 
cf.:  sij'yallais!  suppose  I  go  there !  or:  I  had  better  go  (a  sudden 
decision);  si  je  I'achetais!  I  had  better  buy  it;  suppose  I  buy  it; 
si  je  les  voyais!  if  I  should  see  them !  if  I  were  to  see  them ! 

si  (whether)  implying  doubt  may  be  used  in  all  the  tenses  of  the 
Indicative  and  Conditional: 

il  ne  sail  si  son  frere  parle,  a  parle,  parlera,  aura  parle,  avail  parle 
he  does  not  know  whether  his  brother  speaks,  spoke  (has  spoken), 
will  speak,  will  have  spoken,  had  spoken;  il  ne  savait  si  son  frere 
parlail,  parlerail,  etc.  he  did  not  know  whether  his  brother  was 
speaking,  would  speak,  etc. 

si  (if)  implying  a  condition  is  not  to  be  used  with  the  Future  or  the 
Conditional: 

si  j'elais  de  vous  (si  j'elais  que  de  vous)  if  I  were  you;  s'il  parle, 
elle  parlera  if  he  speaks,  she  will;  or:  so  will  she;  s'il  parlail,  elle 
parlerail  if  he  should  speak,  should  he  speak,  she  would  too;  if  he 
were  to  speak,  she  would  also;  (should  he  happen  to,  if  he  were 
to  speak,  she  would  also);  si  elle  avail  parle,  il  aurail  parle  had 
she  spoken,  so  would  he  (have).  Note  that  in  the  last  example 
we  may  use  sometimes  the  Conditional  Past  (2nd  form). 
Exercice  de  Conversation: 

on  parlail  souvenl  de  lui  we  often  spoke  (would  speak)  of  him; 
we  used  to  speak  of  him  (meaning  what  used  to  happen);  on  se 
levait  de  bonne  heure  we  used  to  rise  early;  de  meilleure  heure 
earlier;  son  pere  etait  medecin  his  (her)  father  was  a  doctor;  il 


PAST   DEFINITE  147 

y  avail  une  heure  que  j'attendais,  lorsqu'il  se  presenta  I  had  been 
waiting  an  hour,  when  he  made  an  appearance;  at.endre  to  wait 
for;  ((ou  sont  les  enfants?))  fit  (s'ecria)  le  professeur  where  are  the 
children?  said  (exclaimed)  the  professor;  (Past  in  narrative, 
indirect  discourse) :  on  demanda  au  concierge  ou  se  trouvait  M.  X . 
we  inquired  of  the  janitor  where  Mr.  B.  was;  on  te  le  disait.  bien 
et  cela  depuis  longtemps  we  (they)  kept  telling  it  to  you,  and  for  a 
long  time;  or:  we  did  tell  you,  and  for  a  long  while;  depuis  quand 
I'aviez-vous,  lorsqu'il  le  reclama  how  long  had  you  had  it,  when  he 
claimed  it;  depuis  qu'il  etait  maire  de  la  ville,  tout  le  monde  I'admi- 
rait  davantage  after  he  became  mayor  of  the  city,  everybody 
admired  him  more;  voila  plus  d'un  an  qu'on  se  le  disait  we  had  been 
repeating  it  to  one  another  for  more  than  a  year;  comme  il  se 
levait  de  table  et  qu'il  s'avanQait  vers  la  fenetre  as  he  rose  from  the 
table  and  advanced  towards  the  window;  voila,  s'ecria-t-il  (s'ecri- 
ait-il)  la  voiture  qui  m'attend!  "there,"  exclaimed  he,  "is  the  car- 
riage waiting  for  me" ;  voila  ce  qu'il  disait  that's  what  he  was  saying. 

§  92.     Imperfect  used  sometimes  in  verbs  of  speaking  or 

in  quotations: 

il  entrait,  dinait,  se  reposait  he  would  enter,  dine,  rest;  les  uns 
disaient:  oui;  les  auires  disaient:  non  some  would  say :  yes ;  others: 
no;  tous  repondirent:  oui  all  answered:  yes! 

Note  again:  the  Past  (when  used)  is  determined  by  an  act  viewed 
as  in  progress  (Imperfect):  habitual,  lasting  condition;  in  the 
way  it  is  interpreted,  in  its  relation  to  some  other  action  (going 
on  at  the  time  another  occurs);  the  Past  Definite  (Preterit) 
refers  briefly  and  simply  to  an  action  in  the  past  and  in  a  general 
way  (without  further  implication),  while  the  Imperfect  is  (in  our 
mind)  a  Present  as  if  continuous  and  descriptive  for  what  had 
been  and  still  was  (or  Pluperfect  in  English) :  Us  y  etaient  depuis 
deux  jours  they  had  been  there  for  two  days. 

§  93.  PAST  DEFINITE  (preterit,  historical,  narrative  tense] 
—  le  passe  defini — expresses  what  happened  in  a 
definite  period  of  time: 

il  eut  alors  une  recompense  he  had  then  a  reward;  il  mourut,  le 
ler  mai,  1900;  he  died  on  the  ist  of  May,  1900. 

NOTE. — In  books  it  is  used  with:  hier  (yesterday);  la  semaine 
passee  (derniere)  last  week;  le  mois  passe  the  past  month;  I'annee 
dernier e  last  year;  but  not  in  conversation. 


148  OTHER    PAST   TENSES 

§94.  PAST  INDEFINITE  (or:  Perfect;  Conversational 
Tense)  refers  to  a  past  action  at  a  definite  or 
indefinite  period: 

il  a  eu  sa  legon  d  dix  heures  he  had  his  lesson  at  ten;  elle  a  eu  sa 
leqon  she  had  her  lesson. 

NOTE. — This  tense  is  used  instead  of  the  (near)  Future  Past 
tense : 

attendez-le;  il  a  fini  dans  cinq  minutes  wait  for  him;  he  (will  be 
through)  will  have  finished  within  five  minutes. 

In  few  other  cases:  if  you  do  not  wish  to  be  assertive,  the  Future 
Past  is  used:  il  I'aura  perdu  he  may  have  lost  it;  perhaps  he  did 
lose  it. 

Various  Examples: 

il  est  arrive  ce  matin  he  arrived  this  morning;  on  s'est  couche  de 
bonne  heure  hier  soir  we  (they)  went  to  bed  early  last  night; 
il  a  ete  aime  de  tout  le  monde  everybody  esteemed  him;  il  a  ete 
mal-ade  deux  semaines  he  was  (has  been)  ill  two  weeks  (he  is  no 
longer  ill) ;  I'avez-tous  achete  did  you  buy  it?  je  I' at  achete  I  did. 

NOTE. — Tense  considered  rather  formal  in  letter  and  conversa- 
tion in  English,  while  the  French  prefer  it  to  the  Past  Definite, 
either  in  -peaking  of  general  facts,  or  of  recent  events: 
il  y  a  eu  deux  personnes  de  tuees  two  persons  were  killed  (there  have 
been  two  persons  killed);  Richelieu  a  fondc  I' Academic  fran$aise 
Richelieu  founded  the  French  Academy:  the  French  Academy 
was  founded  by  Richelieu  (Passive  Voice  often  avoided  in  French). 

A.  Thierry  a  dit  de  lui:  ((Tout  ce  nui  etait  possible  en  fait  d' ame- 
lioration sociale  au  temps  de  Richelieu  fut  execute  par  eel  homme, 
dont  I' intelligence  comprenait  tout,  dont  le  genie  pratique  n'omettait 
rien,  qui  allait  de  I 'ensemble  aux  details,  de  I'idee  d  I'action  avec  une 
merveilleuse  habilete;  il  eut  a  un  degre  unique  I' universalite  et  la 
liberte  d'esprit.)) 

§  95.  PAST  ANTERIOR  refers  to  an  act  accomplished 
immediately  before  another: 

quand  (apres  que)  il  eut  lu  le  journal,  il  sortit  after  he  had  read  the 
paper,  he  went  out;  a  peine  eut-il  re$u  la  lettre  qu'il  y  repondit 
scarcely  had  he  received  the  letter  than  he  answered  it;  repondre 
(a)  to  answer;  to  reply  to;  la  reponse  (answer). 


PLUPERFECT  149 

§  96.     COMPARE   the  Pluperfect    (both    answer   to   the 
English  Pluperfect) : 

il  eta-it  sorti  quand  vous  etes  venu  he  was  out  (he  had  gone  out) 
when  you  came,  or  vice- versa;  lorsquej'avais  eu  ma  legon,je  sortais 
(whenever  I  had  had)  when  I  had  my  lesson,  I  used  to  go  out 
(would  go  out)  etc. 

Observe:  In   some   cases   this   tense   is   replaced   by   the   Past 
Indefinite: 

j'ai  lu  avec  plaisir  que  vous  n'avez  pas  etc  longtemps  malade 
I  read  with  pleasure  you  had  not  been  ill  long. 

§  97.  PLUPERFECT  generally  used  with  the  Imperfect : 
quand  il  avail  eu  sa  le$on,  il  sortait  when  he  had  had  his  lesson, 
he  would  go  out. 

si  (if)  with  the  Pluperfect  instead  of  the  Conditional  Past : 

si  vous  aviez  fait  cette  question,  je  vous  aurais  repondn  if  you  had 
asked  that  question,  I  would  have  replied  to  you;  for:  si  vous 
eussiez  fait,  etc.;  it  was  customary  to  end  (our  task):  on  avail 
toujours  termine  nos  devoirs  avant  le  diner  our  exercises  were  always 
over  before  dinner  (-time). 

§  98.     FUTURE  (absolute  and  simple) : 

ils  ont  des  yeux  et  ne  verront  pas;  Us  ont  des  oreilles,  Us  n'enten- 
dront  pas  they  have  eyes  and  see  not ;  they  have  ears  and  hear  not. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

elle  avail  grandi  depuis  qu'on  ne  I' avail  vue  she  had  grown  since 
we  saw  her;  elle  disait  que  oui  she  said :  yes;  il  parla  les  yeux  baisses 
he  spoke  with  downcast  eyes;  on  ne  le  fera  pas;  ni  moi  non  plus; 
they  will  not  do  it ;  neither  shall  I  (nor  I  either) ;  ni  lui  non  plus 
neither  he;  qu'elait  devenu  son  frere?  what  had  become  of  his 
brother?  il  est  a  souhailer  que  la  guerre  d' Europe  se  termine  ( finisse) 
le  plus  tot  possible  it  is  desirable  that  the  European  war  will  soon 
end;  vous  sortirez,  n'est-ce  pas?  n'est-ce  pas  que  vous  sortirez? 
you  will  go  out,  will  you  not?  ceux  qui  riront  pleureront  those 
who  laugh  will  weep ;  peut-etre  un  jour  meme  ces  souvenirs  auront 
pour  vous  des  charmes  perhaps  some  day  these  remembrances 
may  delight  you. 

Observe:  This  tense  denotes  simply  an  act  to  be  done;  use 
will  or  shall  with  verb  expressed  or  understood. 


150  FUTURE 

j'aurai  ma  legon  demain,  n'est-ce  pas?  I  shall  have  my  lesson  to- 
morrow; shall  I  not?  or:  n'est-ce  pas  que  j'aurai  ma  legon  demain.' 
si  yes;  jusqu'oil  ne  monterai-je  to  what  height  may  I  not  ascend? 
monter  to  go  up;  comme  vous  vondrez  as  you  please;  f^is  ce  que 
tu  pourras  do  what  you  can;  voulez-vous?  is  to  be  distinguished 
from  aurez-vous?  vous  viendrez,  n'est-ce  pas?  you  will  come, 
will  you  not?  je  viendrai  I  shall  (for:  I  shall  come). 

Instead  of  the  Imperative : 

(ne  tue  point  do  not  kill;  for:)  tu  ne  tueras point  thou  shalt  not  kill; 
que  ne  dira-t-on  pas?  what  may  we  not  say?  cf. :  elle  ne  veut 
point  y  oiler  she  will  not  go  there;  elle  n'ira  pas  demain,  mats 
apres-demain  she  will  not  go  to-morrow,  but  after  to-morrow; 
the  day  after;  ce  gamin  passe  souvent  ses  soirees  dans  Ics  rues  this 
street-urchin  often  spends  his  evenings  in  the  streets;  voulez-vous 
m'accompagner  chez  moi?  will  you  accompan"  me  to  my  house 
(home)?  U  veut  que  je  vous  le  dtse  he  wishes  me  to  tell  it  to  you 
(that  I  should  tell  it  to  you);  savez-vous  s'il  ira  do  you  know 
whether  he  will  go?  toutes  les  personnes  present es  voudront  bien 
s'asseoir  all  present  will  kindly  be  seated ;  il  aura  agi  sans  doute 
d'apres  les  formalites  requises  he  has  no  doubt  acted  according 
to  the  required  formalities. 

§  99.  FUTURE  PAST  (ANTERIOR)  corresponds  to  the  same 
English  tense  and  refers  to  what  will  have  hap- 
pened; also  to  denote  possibility,  conjecture,  etc. : 

il  aura  fini  a  six  heures  he  will  have  finished  at  six  o'clock;  quand 
il  sera  parti,  on  partira  after  he  has  left,  we  shall  leave  (we  shall 
leave  after  he  does);  il  aura  bientot  termine  (fini)  he  will  soon 
have  finished;  il  I' aura  perdu  (in  simple  conjecture)  he  may  have 
lost  it;  perhaps  he  did  lose  it;  elle  aura  ecrit  sa  lettre,  quand  vous 
terminerez  la  votre  she  will  have  written  her  letter  when  you  end 
yours;  il  espere  que  vous  n'aurez  pas  travaille  trap  dur  he  hopes 
you  have  not  worked  too  hard. 

§  ioo.     Two  FUTURE  ANTERIORS  in  one  sentence,  one  of 
which  has  a  subordi nate  clause  with  si: 

quand  (meme)  vous  aurez  gagne  des  millions,  vous  n'aurez  point 
merite  de  confiance,  si  vous  n'etes  pas  honnete  even  if  you  have 
earned  millions,  you  will  deserve  no  confidence,  if  you  are  dis- 
honest. Cf.:  §  101,  i. 


CONDITIONAL  15! 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

recueillir  1 2  fruit  de  son  travail  to  reap  the  fruit  of  one's  labor; 
vous  recueillerez  ce  que  vous  aurez  seme  you  will  reap  what  you  have 
sown;  il  aura  dissipe  son  bien  he  may  have  squandered  his  pro- 
perty (fortune) ;  on  espere  qu'il  viendra  we  hope  he  may  come  (it  is 
to  be  hoped  etc.) ;  qui  le  volera  sera  puni  whoever  steals  it  (him) 
will  be  punished;  ce  sera  demain  le  trots  mat  to-morrow  will  be 
the  third  of  May;  il  sera  devenu  plus  riche  que  Jean  he  must 
have  become  richer  than  John;  il  se  sera  leve  avanl  nous  he  must 
have  risen  before  us;  il  aura  etc  estime  de  tout  le  monde  he  must 
have  been  esteemed  by  all;  il  se  sera  trompe  de  rue  he  must  have 
taken  the  wrong  street  (he  must  have  made  a  mistake) ;  si  />  tie 
me  trompe  pas  if  I  mistake  not;  if  I  am  not  mistaken;  des  qu'il 
m'aura  paye,  je  vous  le  ferai  savoir  as  soon  as  he  has  paid  me,  I 
shall  inform  you  (let  you  know);  personne  ne  saura  si  elle  sera 
venue  no  one  will  know  whether  she  has  come. 

§101.     CONDITIONAL    (PRESENT)    (le  present  du  condi- 
tionnel)  depends  on  a  condition  implied  or  stated 
(with  would  or  should  as  auxiliaries)  and  answers 
to  a  past  as  the  Future  to  a  present;  it  is  trans- 
lated into  English  by  would  or  should  expressed  or 
understood;  cf.:  should  with  devoir  implies  duty; 
would  with  vouloir  implies  volition;  would  (in  the 
Imperfect  of  past  habit)  to  be  distinguished  from 
would  and  should  in  the  Conditional  tense. 
j'aurais,  etc.   I  would  or  should  have,  etc. ;   //  voudrait  etre  riche 
(s'il  le  pouvait)  he  wished  he  were  rich  (if  he  could);  elle  aurait 
sa  legon,  si  elle  n'etait  pas  malade  she  would  have  her  lesson,  if 
she  were  not  ill;  or:  si  elle  n'etait  pas  malade,  elle,  etc.;  le  feriez- 
vous  would  you  do  that  (it)?  je  leferais  I  would;  sij'avais  le  temps 
if  I  had  the  time;  on  serait  heureux,  s'il  se  retablissait  we  shall  be 
glad  if  he  recovers;  il  pourrait  vous  le  dire  he  could  tell  it  to  you; 
je  voudrais  etre  riche  I  wish  I  were  rich ;  si  je  le  pouvais  if  I  could ; 
il  vint  comme  on  pensait  qu'il  leferait  he  came  as  it  was  anticipated 
that  he  would ;  il  lisail  du  matin  au  soir  he  would  read  from  morn- 
ing till  night  (Past  of  habit). 

i.  after  si  (if);  quand  (bien)  meme  (even  ifj;  also  in  subordinate 
clauses  when  a  verb  of  the  principal  clause  in  one  of  the  Past 
tenses  and  there  is  no  doubt: 


152  CONDITIONAL 

quand  meme  il  me  le  dirait,  je  ne  le  croirais  pas  even  if  he  should 
tell  it  to  me,  I  would  not  believe  him;  on  croyait  qu'il  viendrait 
we  (they;  people)  thought  he  would  come;  elle  voulait  voir  s'il 
trait  she  wished  to  see  if  (whether)  he  would  go. 

2.  in  advice,  supposition,  astonishment,  iadignation,  hearsay: 
ilvaudrait  mieux  que  vous  I'ayez  better  for  you  to  have  it;  on  dirait 
qu'il  est  mart  one  would  think  he  is  dead;  luil  trahir  son  serment! 
(lui,  il  trahirait  son,  etc. !)  he  would  betray  his  oath !  porter  du  bois 
a  une  foret  ne  serait  pas  plus  insense  it  is  carrying  coals  to  New- 
castle; on  m'a  dit  qu'il  se  retablirait  I  was  told  (they  told  me)  he 
would  recover;  on  m'a  dit  d'entrer  I  was  told  I  could  enter;  or: 
on  m'a  dit  que  je  pouvais  entrer;  on  m'a  defendu  d'entrer  I  was 
forbidden  to  enter;  c'est  a  ne  pas  y  croire  one  would  not  believe  it; 
autant  dire  you  might  as  well  say;  je  me  demande  ce  que  j' aimer ais 
mieux  qu'il  soil  (murmura  la  mere)  I  wonder  what  is  the  best  thing 
for  him  to  be. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

comme  il  achevait  sa  lettre,  il  s'apergut  que  sa  cigarette  est  eteinte 
as  he  was  finishing  his  letter,  he  noticed  that  his  cigarette  was  out; 
il  part  dans  un  instant  he  will  leave  in  a  moment;  il  etait  nuit 
noire  quand  il  arriva  chez  lui  it  was  pitch  dark  when  he  reached 
home;  rien  ne  I'ebranlera,  je  vous  en  avertis  nothing  will  move  him, 
I  warn  you  (tell  you  beforehand);  elle  sera  sortie  des  qu'elle  aura 
acheve  sa  lettre  she  must  have  gone  out  as  soon  as  she  had  finished 
her  letter;  il  ne  me  repond  pas;  me  serais-je  trompe?  he  does  not 
answer  me;  is  it  possible  that  I  may  be  mistaken?  il  venait  d'etre 
elu  president  he  had  just  been  elected  president;  a  quoi  lui  auraient 
servi  ses  conseils?  Us  ne  les  auraient  pas  suivis  of  what  avail 
would  have  been  his  advice?  he  would  not  have  followed  it;  c'est 
la  que,  apres  sa  mart  (apres  qu'il  sera  mart)  il  reposera  en  terre  it 
is  there  where,  after  his  death,  he  will  be  buried;  il  les  connaissait 
bien,  et  en  parlait  souvent  he  knew  them  well,  and  would  often 
speak  of  them ;  si  tu  avais  etc  temoin  de  son  courage,  tu  ne  parlerais 
pas  comme  fa  if  you  had  witnessed  his  courage,  you  would  not 
speak  in  that  way;  cela  ne  sera  jamais  approuve  that  will  never 
be  approved;  cela  ne  serait  jamais  approuve  that  can  (could)  never 
be  approved;  d  ce  que  dit  le  journal  du  matin,  le  traite  de  paix 
serait  conclu  (selon  le  journal,  etc.)  (by  what)  the  morning  paper 
says,  a  treaty  of  peace  is  concluded  (according  to  the  paper,  etc.); 
cf. :  il  serait  en  ville  he  is  in  town;  quand  je  I' avais  connu,  il  n' etait 


REVIEWED  153 

pas  ce  qu'il  est  aujourd'hui  when  I  knew  him,  he  was  not  what  he 
is  to-day;  plus  on  le  cherchait  a  trovers  les  bois  (la  foret),  plus  on 
se  perdait  the  more  we  looked  for  him  through  the  woods  (forest) , 
the  more  we  wandered  (lost  our  way);  quand  le  voleur  entrera,  el 
qu'il  sera  temps  de  I'empoigner,  je  tirerai  un  coup  de  pistolet  when 
the  thief  enters  and  the  moment  is  favorable  to  arrest  (grab)  him, 
I  shall  fire  a  shot  (fire  off  a  pistol);  apres  qu'il  Jut  sorti  on  consola 
la  mere  qui  fondait  en  larmes  after  he  had  left  (gone),  we  (they) 
consoled  the  mother  who  burst  into  tears. 

3.     to  express  a  wish,  an  opinion  reservedly;  also  in  certain    ex- 
clamations or  questions: 

je  vous  en  serais  bien  reconnaissant  I  should  be  very  grateful  to 
you  (for  it);  il  vaudrait  mieux  le  faire  better  do  it;  on  ne  saurait 
partager  votre  opinion  one  could  (cannot)  not  share  your  opinion; 
il  Vaurait  qu'il  n'en  serait  pas  content  he  would  have  it  and  yet  not 
be  satisfied  with  it;  serait-ce  possible  could  it  be  possible?  can 
that  be!  je  ne  saurais  le  lui  dire  I  could  not  tell  it  to  him;  oserais-je 
lui  parler!  how  could  I  dare  speak  to  him !  pourrais-je  ne  pas 
lui  parler  I  See  §  80,  (ft). 

§    IO2 

NOTE. — would  and  should  more  fully  explained  with :  vouloir,  devoir, 
pouvoir  and  savoir  at  §§  128,  131,  113,  116,  80. 

auriez-vous  I'obligeance  de  me  laisser  passer?  would  you  kindly 
allow  me  to  pass?  il  serait  honteux  de  mentir  (mentir  serait  honteux) 
it  would  be  shameful  to  lie !  en  pareilcasin  such  a  case;  ons'etonne 
qu'il  ne  nous  voie  point  we  are  astonished  that  he  should  not 
(does  not)  see  us;  si  vous  en  goutez  (quand  or  apres  que  vous  en 
aurez  goute)  vous  ne  voudrez  plus  manger  d'autre  chose  if  you  taste 
(try)  it,  you  will  never  wish  to  eat  any  other  kind;  quiconque 
(celui  qui)  en  mangerait,  en  mourrait  whoever  would  eat  of  it, 
would  die. 

§103.     CONDITIONAL  PAST: 

si  j'avais  eu  la  lettre,  je  I'aurais  lue  if  I  had  had  the  letter,  I  would 
have  read  it;  s'il  etait  venu,  je  serais  venu  if  he  had  come,  I  would 
have  come;  s'U  etait  aime,  il  serait  estime  if  he  were  liked,  he  would 
be  esteemed;  si  je  m'etais  leve  a  temps,  je  me  serais  habille  if  I  had 
gotten  up  in  time,  I  would  have  dressed  myself;  o  Fabricius  1 
qui  cut  dit  votre  grande  dme  O  Fabricius!  who  could  have  imagined 


154  CONDITIONAL    REVIEWED 

your  great  soul?  il  se  strait  doncfdche  he  lost  his  temper  (no  doubt) ; 
ette  aura-it  perdu  la  tete  she  lost  her  head  (then!);  si  vous  eussiez 
parle  plus  tot!  if  you  had  spoken  sooner!  je  comptais  que  vous 
seriez  venu  lundi  I  expected  you  to  come  (on)  Monday ;  cela  fut-il 
vrai,  ce  n'est  pas  ban  d  dire  or:  cela  serait-il  vrai,  ce  n'est  pas,  etc. 
granting  that  it  is  true  or  even  if  that  were  true,  it  is  not  well  to 
say  it. 

§  104.  NOTE. — The  Second  Form  of  the  Conditional 
Past,  cannot  replace  the  First  Form  when  there  is 
no  condition  expressed ;  the  Conditional  Anterior 
has  the  same  use  as  that  of  the  Conditional :  some- 
thing would  have  happened,  if,  etc. ;  and  is  related 
to  the  simple  Conditional  just  as  the  Future 
Perfect  (Anterior)  to  the  Future. 

Exercice  de  Conversation : 

avait-il  de  I'argent,  il  le  depensait  (for  s'il  avail,  etc.)  if  he  had 
money  he  spent  it;  il  depensait  tout  ce  qu'il  gagnait  he  would  spend 
all  his  earnings  (all  he  earned);  un  panier  perce  a  spendthrift; 
de  folles  depenses  extravagant  expense;  il  est  depensier  he  is  extra- 
vagant (he  likes  spending  money) ;  il  depense  plus  qu'il  ne  gagne 
he  spends  more  than  he  earns;  elle  n'oserait  vivre  aux  depens  d'au- 
trui  she  wouldn't  dare  to  live  at  the  expense  of  others  (at  other 
people's  expense);  voulait-elle  de  I'argent,  sa  mere  lui  en  donnait 
frequemment  if  she  wished  for  money,  her  mother  often  gave  her 
some;  quel  gas  pillage!  what  a  waste!  elle  est  econome  she  is  saving 
(thrifty) ;  il  faudrait  faire  des  economies  we  (you,  etc.)  ought  to 
put  by  money  (we  should  save);  plus  il  perdait  son  temps,  plus 
il  gaspillait  (dissipait  follement)  the  more  he  wasted  his  time, 
the  more  he  squandered  away  (spent  extravagantly) ;  sans  discerne- 
ment  without  discrimination;  sans  reflexion  thoughtlessly;  sans 
reflechir  without  considering  (seriously);  son  bien,  sa  fortune 
his  wealth,  his  fortune;  les  richesses  du  pays  the  riches  of  the 
country;  le  temps,  c'est  de  I'argent  time  is  money;  on  ne  saurait 
trap  profiler  d'une  occasion;  one  cannot  (could  not)  make  too 
much  of  an  opportunity ;  on  se  moquait  (on  se  riait)  de  ses  largesses 
they  paid  no  heed  to  his  liberality;  ce  serait  se  moquer  que  de  ne 
pas  en  tenir  compte  it  would  be  treating  it  slightingly  not  to  take 
account  of  it;  il  en  revenait  toujours  la  he  always  persisted  (harped 
on  that  same  string). 


IMPERATIVE  155 

§  105.  IMPERATIVE  (I'lmperatif)  used  in  general  as  in 
English;  in  the  2nd  person  singular  and  in  the  ist 
and  2nd  persons  in  the  plural: 

parle  speak  (thou) ;    fais-le  do  it  (thou) 

Observe:  Verbs  of  the  first  conjugation  take  no  5  in  parle, 

etc.;  also  in:  cueille;  ouvre;  offre;  tressaille;  but  the  s  is  added  to 

parle;  cueille,  etc.,  before  en  and  y: 

cueilles-en  gather  some;  and  avoir,  etre,  savoir,  vouloir  borrow  in 

the   Imperative  the  forms  of  the  Subjunctive:  aie;   sois;   sache; 

veuille  for:  have;  be;  know;  please. 

1 .  in  a  command  this  tense  may  imply  present  or  future : 

parlez  maintenant  speak  now;  partez  demain  leave  to-morrow. 

2.  for  want  of  the  first  person  singular,  the  speaker  may  address 
himself  by  using  the  second  person  singular  or  first  person  plural : 

soyons  sage,  me  dis-je  (let  us)  be  good,  said  I  to  myself;  rentre 
en  toi-mtme,  Jean  collect  thy  (your)  thoughts,  John. 

3.  in  suppositions: 

faites-le,  on  se  moque  de  vous  do  it  and  people  will  laugh  at  you. 

4.  Perfect  Imperative  seldom  used: 

ayezfini  votre  travail  quand  je  serai  de  retour  have  your  work  done 
when  I  am  back  (return) ;  cf . :  finissez  de  parler  have  done  speaking. 

§  106.  Few  verbs  as  Interjections, — and  as  if  to  express 
a  sudden  surprise  or  turn  of  mind;  as  if  to  en- 
courage, to  incite: 

allons,  j'accepte    very    well,     1     accept;    allons    done!    nonsense! 

liens  (tenez)!  il  est  la  there!  (why!  hold!)  look!  he  is  here!  voyons, 

soyez  sage  come!  be  good.     See  §  84. 

LESSON  XI 

§  107.  PRACTICE  with  the  personal  pronouns  when  the 
Imperative  is  used  affirmatively: 

apporte-le-moi;  apportez-la-moi  bring  it  to  me 
apportez-les-nous  bring  (fetch)  them  to  us 
apportez-les-moi;  apporte-les-moi  bring  them  to  me 
apporte-le-lui;  apporte-la-lui  bring  it  to  him  (her) 


156  PERSONAL    PRONOUNS 

apportez-le-lui;  apportez-la-lui  bring  it  to  him  (her) 
apporte-les-lui;  apportez-les-lui  bring  them  to  him  (her) 
apportez-le-leur ;  apporte-le-leur  bring  it  to  them 
apportez-la-leur ;  apporte-la-leur   bring  it  to  them; 
apportez-les-leur ;  apporte-les-leur  bring  them  to  them 

moi  becomes  rn   before:  en;  lui  does  not  change;  y  precedes  en 

me  le  te  le  nous  le  vous  le 

me  la  te  la  nous  la  vous  la 

me  les  te  les  nous  les  vous  les 

m'en  m'y  nous  en  lui  en 

t'en  t'y  vous  en  leur  en 

s'en  s'y  lui  en  y  en 

Drill: 

apporte-m'en;  apportez-m'en  bring  me  some;  ne  m'en  apporte(z) 
pas  do  not  bring  me  any;  apporte-lui-en  bring  him  (her)  some; 
ne  lui  en  apportez  pas  do  not!  il  s'en  va  he  is  going  (away);  ap- 
portez-leur-en  bring  (fetch)  them  some;  portes-y-en  (portes-en-ld) 
carry  some  there;  portez-y-en  (portez-en-la)  carry  some  there; 
n'y  en  portez  pas  do  not  carry  any;  portez-y-moi  (portes-y-moi) : 
portez-moi  la  carry  me;  portes-y-le  (la);  portez-y-la  (le)  carry  it 
(him);  portez-le  la;  portez-y  la  take  it  (him)  there;  portes-y-la 
carry  her  (it)  there;  portez-y  nous  carry  us  there;  or  portez-nous  la. 

Reflexive  verbs: 

leve-toi;  levez-vous  get  up 
levons-nous  let  us  rise  (get  up) 
qu'il  se  leve  let  him  rise  (get  up) 
asseyez-vous  sit  down;  assieds-toi  sit  down 

§  108.     FINAL  REVIEW  of  two  possible  pronouns  after  the 
verb: 

le  moi  with  hyphens  as  above,  although  some  prefer  to  omit 

la  moi  the  second  hyphen. 
les  moi 

la  moi  le  nous                     la  nous                 les  nous 

les  moi  le  lui                        la  lui                    les  lui 
le  leur                        la  leur                   les  leur 

m'en  nous  en                             nous  \ 

t'en  vous  en                             vous  y 

lui  en  leur  en 


PERSONAL    PRONOUNS  157 

Observe.     Combinations  of  three  forms  like: 

donnez-m'y  en  are  to  be  avoided,  and  also  in  conduisez-y  mot 
for:  conduisez-moi  la. 

songez-y  think  of  it;  fiez-vous  y  trust  him  (confide  in  him);  va- 
t-en; allez-vous-en  go  away;  je  m'y  fierai  for:  je  me  fierai  a  lui  I 
shall  trust  him;  I'y;  t'y;  m'y  are  to  be  avoided. 


§  109.  Two  possible  pronouns  before  the  verb :  me  le  (/') ; 
me  la  (/');  me  les;  te  le  (/');  te  la  (/')/  te  les; 

le  lui;  la  lui;  les  lui  se  le(l');  se  la(l');  se  les 

m'en;  fen;  s'en;  I'en  lui  en;  nous  en;  vous  en 

m'y;  t'y;  s'y  leur  en 

nous  y;  vous  y;  leur  y  y  en;  les  y 

je  les  ai  vus,  lui  el  elle  I  have  seen  him  and  her;  on  en  a  parle  a 
lui,  a  vous  et  a  moi  they  spoke  of  it  to  him,  to  you  and  to  me; 
je  lui  ai  parle  I  spoke  to  him  (her). 

§  1 10.  A  few  observations  on  the  Imperative.  The 
tone  of  voice  differentiates  command  from  simple 
wish: 

tiens,  ecoute  now,  listen;  va  pour  un  franc  I  accept  (at  that  rate): 
colloq.;  let  it  go  for  a  franc;  tiensl  qu'il  est  drole  !  how  funny 
he  acts!  il  est  brutal,  allez  he  is  a  brute,  I  assure  you;  qu'il  ait; 
qu'il  soil;  let  him  have;  let  him  be;  etc.;  (in  the  Subjunctive 
Present)  replace  the  third  person  lacking  in  the  Imperative. 

also  in  such  expressions  as: 

riez,  moquez-vous,  approuvez,  critiquez-moi,  cela  nt'est  egal  laugh, 
make  fun,  approve,  criticize,  it  is  all  the  same  to  me;  or:  gue 
vous  riiez,  que  vous  vous  moquiez,  etc.  (in  the  Subjunctive), 
whether  you  laugh,  make  fun,  etc.;  que  vous  sondiez  le  terrain  ou 
non  whether  you  examine  the  ground  or  not;  whether  you  see 
how  matters  stand. 

but  not  in  reference  to  threats  (Subjunctive  only) : 

que  tu  casses  ce  verre  et  que  je  le  sache  break  that  glass  and  should 
I  be  informed  of  it. 


158  SUBJUNCTIVE    REVIEWED 

§111.  Infinitives  used  instead  of  the  Imperative  at  the 
end  of  circulars,  letters  or  even  in  the  body  of  a 
sentence  as  a  request  for  the  reader: 

voir  a  la  page  dix  (also:  voyez  page  dix)  see  page  10;  s'adresser  a 
apply  to;  prendre  une  cuilleree  a  the  take  a  teaspoonful;  for: 
je  vous  prie  de  vous  adresser  a  or:  je  vous  engage  &  vous  adresser  a 
I  request  you  to:  I  beg  of  you  to  apply  to. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

je  vous  en  prie  I  beg  of  you;  implorer  to  beseech;  I' enfant  dit  sa 
priere  the  child  is  saying  his  prayer;  on  fait  la  priere  du  soir 
they  (etc.)  are  having  their  evening  prayer;  priere  de  faire  parvenir 
cette  lettre  a  will  you  kindly  see  that  this  letter  reaches  M.;  on 
prie  Dieu  avec  ferveur  we  pray  God  fervently;  on  les  pria  d,  diner 
we  (they)  invited  them  to  dinner;  avec  instance  earnestly;  de  la 
part  de  M.  X.  at  the  request  of  Mr.  B.;  une  demande  indiscrete 
an  indiscreet  question  (request) ;  priere  de  ne  pas  cracker  dans  les 
tramways  please  do  not  expectorate  in  the  tramways;  une  de- 
mande instante  urgent  request;  instamment  urgently;  instamment 
earnestly  (urgently) ;  un  tribunal  de  premiere  instance  qui  siege  au 
chef -lieu  du  10'-  (dixieme)  arrondissement  Civil  (Inferior)  Court 
sitting  at  the  headquarters  of  the  loth  (tenth)  precinct  (district); 
Paris  a  vingt  (20)  arrondissements  (precincts). 
dis-moi  (dites-moi)  ce  qu'il  fait  tell  (do  tell  me)  me  what  he  is  doing 
(what  he  does);  dites-lui  ce  que  font  ces  amis  tell  him  (her)  what 
his  (her)  friends  are  doing;  dis-moi  oil  se  trouve  ton  ami  (where 
your  friend  is);  Us  se  donnent  la  main  they  shake  hands;  elle 
donne  la  main  a  she  shakes  hands  with;  je  vous  serre  la  main  I 
shake  your  hand;  a  I' instant  meme  at  this  very  moment;  on  me 
derange  d  chaque  instant  I  am  disturbed  every  moment;  je  suis 
&  vous  dans  un  instant  I  will  be  with  you  in  a  moment;  qu'il 
attende  un  instant  let  him  wait  a  minute;  on  les  attend  d'un  instant 
£  I'autre  we  expect  them  any  minute;  they  are  expected,  etc. 

LESSON  XII 

§112.  Su  B JUNCTI VE  Present  or  Future :  le  present  du  sub- 
jonctif  fully  illustrated  and  reviewed  from  §  121 
on.  Thus  called:  subjoined  (subordinate,  depend- 
ing) because  this  tense  is  generally  dependent 
upon  another;  it  implies  probability  or  uncer- 


SUBJUNCTIVE    REVIEWED  159 

tainty;  desirability  or  undesirability;  in  other 
words  it  is  the  mode  of  expectation,  contingency, 
requirement  and  is  introduced  by  que: 

je  ne  crois  pas  (je  doute)  qu'il  soil  malade  I  do  not  believe  he  is  ill 
(  :  that  he  is  ill)  ;  il  est  possible  qu'il  I'  ait  he  may  have  it  (it  is  possible 
that  he  may  have  it);  il  aura  soin  que  vous  ayez  votre  argent  he 
will  see  that  you  get  (secure)  your  money. 

Observe:  The  verb  in  the  principal  clause,  —  being  in  the  Present 
or  Future,  is  followed  in  the  subordinate  clause  by  a  verb  in  the 
Subjunctive  Present  or  Past,  if  one  wishes  to  express  a  past  action: 
il  est  possible  que  vous  ayez  paye  trap  cher  you  may  have  paid  too 
much;  payer  cher  sa  victoire  to  pay  dearly  for  one's  victory;  il  a 
paye  sa  visile  cinq  francs  he  paid  him  five  francs  for  his  visit; 
colloq.  :  il  me  le  payera  I  shall  have  my  revenge;  payer  d  'ingratitude 
to  repay  (reward)  with  ingratitude;  il  agit  personnellement  he 
acted  in  person  ;  continuellement  unceasingly  ;  il  payade  sapersonne 
he  took  a  risk  (he  was  in  the  thick  of  the  fray  or  battle)  ;  on  ne  se 
paye  pas  de  mots  words  are  insufficient  (do  not  satisfy  us);  il  se 
paiera  un  complet  (full  suit);  he  will  treat  himself  to  a  suit;  un 
vetement  dont  toutes  les  pieces  sont  de  la  meme  etoffe  a  (full)  suit 
comnosed  of  the  same  material. 


i.  after  verbs  implying  doubt,  will,  supposition,  mild  affirmation, 
concession,  preference,  wish,  forbidding  and  emotions  (fear,  joy, 
sorrow,  etc.): 

j'entends  que  vous  restiez  id  I  expect  you  to  stay  here;  il  doute 
que  cela  soil  he  doubts  whether  it  be  so;  je  ne  doute  pas  qu'il 
ne  le  fasse  I  do  not  doubt  that  he  will  do  that  (it);  il  n'y  a  pas 
le  moindre  doute  there  isn't  the  least  doubt;  le  moindre  d'entre 
nous  the  lowest  in  rank  among  us;  le  moindre  bruit  les  effraie 
the  least  noise  frightens  them  (it  takes  little  to  etc.);  assure- 
ment;  sans  doute;  assuredly;  no  doubt;  without  doubt  ;  j'entends 
que  I'  on  m'obeisse  I  expect  to  be  obeyed;  c'est  man  intention 
que  Von  m'obeisse  it  is  my  intention  that  I  shall  be  obeyed; 
on  entendait  qu'aucune  avance  ne  put  etre  consentie  (autorisee)  it 
was  intended  that  no  preliminary  steps  should  be  allowed  ;  autor- 
i^er  to  authorize;  autorisation,  authorization. 

Note  sequence  of  tense  in  the  foregoing  examples. 


I6O  SUBJUNCTIVE    REVIEWED 

serieusement  seriously;  cette  chose  merite  qu'on  y  rcflechisse  this 
matter  deserves  that  one  should  think  it  over;  que  vouliez-vous 
qu'il  fit  contre  trois?  what  would  you  have  had  him  do  against 
three?  qu'il  mourut  (Corneille)  I  should  have  had  him  die;  il 
est  heureux  (c'est  un  bonheur)  qu'il  Vail  rencontre  it  is  fortunate  he 
should  have  met  him ;  il  ne  viendra  jamais  a  I'idee  de  personne  de 
croire  que  ce  soient  des  betes  no  one  would  ever  imagine  that  they 
are  animals;  il  est  douteux  qu'on  le  fasse  it  is  doubtful  whether  it 
will  be  done;  or:  il  n'est  pas  certain  que  cela  se  fasse;  il  s' attend 
a  ce  qu'elle  vienne  he  expects  that  she  will  come;  il  veut 
que  je  parte  he  wants  me  to  go;  cf. :  il  veut  partir  he  wants  to 
go;  je  veux  bien  qu'il  parte  I  am  willing  he  should  go;  il  se  peut 
qu'il  soitmalade  perhaps  he  is  ill;  he  may  be  ill.  But:  on  ordonna 
que  I'annee  commencerait  le  ler  Janvier  it  was  decreed  that  the 
year  should  begin  on  the  first  of  January;  il  est  juste  qu'il  soil 
puni  it  is  fair  he  should  be  punished;  il  desire  qu'elle  Use  he  desires 
her  to  read;  on  prefere  que  vans  y  alliez  one  prefers  that  you  should 
go  there;  elle  souhaite  que  vous  reussissiez  she  (strongly)  wishes 
you  to  succeed;  il  demande  qu'un  sauf-conduit  lui  soil  obtenu  a 
I'avenir  he  asks  that  safe-conduct  be  accorded  him  in  the  future; 
il  demande  ses  passeports  el  les  recoil  he  asks  for  his  passport  and 
receives  it;  en  cas  de  difficultes  diplomatiques  in  case  of  diplomatic 
difficulties;  un  certificat  delivre  par  a  certificate  issued  by;  la  libre 
circulation  des  ambassadeurs  accredites  aupres  de  the  free  passage 
of  accredited  ambassadors;  on  sollicile  son  depart  they  request 
his  departure;  they  enforce,  etc.;  on  a  impose  son  depart  his  de- 
parture was  enforced;  c'est  un  permis  de  voyager  donne  par  it  is  a 
permit  to  travel  granted  by;  on  vous  prie  instamment  de  quitter 
le  pays  you  are  urgently  requested  to  leave  the  country;  tant  d 
I'interieur  qu'd  I'exterieur  in  both  countries;  both  in  and  outside 
of  the  country;  dans  I'interieur  (du  pays)  inland;  in  the  interior. 
il  defendra  que  vous  passiez  he  will  forbid  you  to  pass;  on  defendra 
que  vous  passiez  you  will  be  forbidden  to  pass;  cf. :  on  vous  defendra 
de  passer  you  will  be  prevented  from  passing;  on  defend  une 
attaque,  un  enfant,  un  accuse  we  (they,  people)  defend  an  attack, 
a  child,  an  accused  person;  il  se  defend  bien  he  defends  himself 
well;  la  defense  du  faible  the  defense  of  the  weak;  defense  de 
fumer  no  smoking  allowed;  le  defenseur  the  defender;  the  ad- 
vocate; il  se  tient  sur  la  defensive  (I' offensive)  he  stands  on  the 
defensive  (offensive);  le  defendeur  the  defendant;  le  demandeur 
the  plaintiff;  defendable,  indefendable  defensible,  not  defensible; 
indefensible;  on  admet  que  it  is  admitted  that;  il  vous  defie  de 


SUBJUNCTIVE    REVIEWED  l6l 

trouver  un  journal  qui  puisse  le  defendre  he  defies  you  to  find  a 
newspaper  that  may  defend  him ;  on  defendra  la  France  jusqu'a 
la  derniere  goutte  France  will  be  defended  to  the  last ;  une  goutte  de 
sang  a  drop  of  blood. 

approuvez  (agreezgueor  souffrezque)  approve  of  (permit)  or  forbear: 
j'exige  que  I  require  that;  on  permet  qu'il  entre  (on  lui  permet 
d'entrer)  he  is  allowed  to  enter  (go  in) ;  on  trouve  naturel  que; 
on  consent  que  we  find  it  natural  that;  we  consent  that;  on  s' op- 
pose a  ce  qu'il  entre  we  oppose  his  entering;  dites-leur  qu'ils 
s'appretent  tell  them  to  make  themselves  ready. 


8    114 

2.  after  adjectives  or  various  expressions  (with:  etre  ;  avoir)  re- 
ferring to  joy,  sorrow,  indignation,  wonder,  doubt  and  the  like 
(with  different  subjects) : 

je  suis  fdche  qu'il  se  soil  derange  I  am  sorry  that  he  should  have 
disturbed  himself;  il  est  content  que  vous  ayez  gagne  le  prix  he  is 
glad  that  you  should  have  won  the  prize;  on  s'etonne  que;  on  se 
rejouit  que  we  are  astonished;  we  are  glad  that;  on  craint  que; 
on  a  peur  que;  on  ahonte  que;  one  fears;  one  fears;  one  is  ashamed 
that. 

'§   "5 

3.  after  interrogative  or  negative   verbs  implying  doubt,   uncer- 
tainty, etc.: 

croyez-vous  qu'il  soit  id?  do  you  believe  he  is  here?  je  ne  pense 
pas  qu'il  soil  arrive  (jusqu'a  present)  I  do  not  think  he  has  come 
(till  now)  or  I  do  not  think  he  has  arrived;  je  crois  qu'il  est  id 
I  believe  he  is  here;  il  ne  croit  pas  que  je  I'ai  (certainty  implied) 
he  does  not  believe  that  I  have  it;  il  n'y  avail  pas  jusqu'au  dentiste 
qui  n'arrachat  the  dentist  was  not  the  only  one  to  pull,  etc.; 
si  I'on  soutient  (affirme)  que' la  chose  soil  male  if  it  is  affirmed  that 
it  is  so;  esperez-vous  qu'il  vienne?  do  you  hope  he  will  come? 

§  1 1 6.  and  in  fact  after  all  verbs  signifying:  viewing, 
stating,  perceiving,  resulting,  declaring,  knowing, 
like  s'apercevoir  to  perceive;  voir  to  see: 

etre  sur  (certain)  s'imaginer 

to  be  sure  (certain)  to  imagine 


162  SUBJUNCTIVE   REVIEWED 

se  douter  (de)  declarer 

to  suspect  to  declare 

se  rappeler  se  souvenir  (de} 

to  recall  to  remember 

§  117 
4.     after  the  following  verbs: — and  que: 

ilfaut  (il  est  necessaire:  il  est  important)  qu'il  soil  aupres  du  malade 
he  must  be  near  (beside)  the  patient  or  it  is  necessary  (it  is  impor- 
tant) that  he  should  be,  etc. 

il  est  bon  il  est  facile  il  est  possible 

it  is  well  it  is  easy  it  is  possible 

il  est  impossible  il  n'est  pas  possible 

it  is  impossible  it  is  not  possible  (impossible) 

il  semble  (with  doubt)  il  est  temps 

it  seems  it  is  time 

il  convient  il  vaut  mieux 

it  is  suitable  it  is  better  ( :  better) 

il  est  singulier  il  est  singulier 

it  is  rare  it  is  singular 

il  importe  il  se  peut 

it  imports  it  can  be 

il  est  a  souhaiter  (desirer)  <J  propos 

it  is  desirable  or  fitting 

il  est  naturel  il  est  indispensable 

it  is  natural  it  is  indispensable 

and  many  others  of  similar  or  dissimilar  import:  all  based  on  prob- 
ability, doubt  or  uncertainty. 

il  n'est  personne  qui  n'ait  quelque  qualite  there  is  no  one  that  may 
not  have  some  merit;  comment  se  fait-il  que  personne  n'y  pense? 
how  is  it  that  no  one  thinks  of  it?  il  est  bon  de  defendre  sa  religion 
it  is  well  to  defend  one's  religion. 

§  II8 
But:  the  Indicative  is  used  in  the  following: 

il  me  (te;  lui;  leur)  semble  it  seems  to  me  (to  you;  to  him;  to  her; 

to  them) 

U  resulte  il  s'ensuit 

it  ensues  it  follows 

il  est  certain  il  est  evident 

it  is  certain  it  is  evident 


SUBJUNCTIVE    REVIEWED  163 

toujours  est-il  que  it  is  nevertheless  true  that 

U  m'est  avis  il  lui  est  avis,  etc. 

my  opinion  is  his  (her)  opinion  is,  etc. 

il  est  vrai,  sur,  incontestable  it  is  sure,  true 

il  est  clair  il  est  incontestable 

it  is  clear  it  is  demonstrated 

il  par  ait  d'ailleurs  que  c'est  lui  qui  est  coupable 

it  seems  however  that  it  is  he  who  is  guilty 

Observe:  Those   same    verbs    used    negatively  would    require 
the  subordinate  clause  in  the  Subjunctive: 

il  ne  lui  semble  pas  que  leur  desir  soil  susceptible  de  it  does  not 
seem  to  him  (her)  that  their  desire  is  apt  to  (or:  capable  of)  or: 
may  assume. 

§  "9 

5.  in  reference  to  verbs  of  will,  supposition,  use  the  Indicative  in  a 
subordinate  clause  if  the  matter  questioned  is  very  likely  true : 

on  suppose  qu'il  a  fait  son  devoir  they  suppose  (assume)  that 
he  has  done  his  duty;  on  pretend  qu'il  est  vivant  they  presume  he 
is  alive. 

same  remark  applies  to  interrogative  or  negative  verbs : 

croyez-vous  vraiment  que  j'ai  casse  cette  fenetre?  do  you  really 
believe  I  broke  that  window?  il  ne  croit  pas  que  je  suis  la  he  does 
not  believe  I  am  here. 

§  1-20 

6.  always  the  Subjunctive  after  the  following  conjunctive  clauses: 

d  condition  que  provided;  avant  que  before;  a  mains  que  (with 
ne)  unless;  afin  que  in  order  that;  bien  que  although;  en  cas  que 
in  case;  de  peur  que  (with  ne)  and  de  crainte  que  (ne)  for  fear; 
jusqu'a  ce  que  until;  encore  que  although;  hors  que  without; 
loin  que  far  from  its  being  the  case;  malgre  que  notwithstanding; 
non  que  not  that;  pour  que  so  that;  pourvu  que  provided; 
quoique  although;  sans  que  without;  quelque  .  .  .  que  however; 
soil  que  (ou  que)  whether;  si  peu  que  (si  .  .  .  que)  or  pour  peu 
que  however  little;  suppose  que  suppose  (supposing). 

NOTE. — avant  de;  afin  de;  sans;  de  peur  de;  are  followed  by  the 
Infinitive;  Subjunctive  also  after  the  following: 
qui  que  whosoever;  quoi  que  whatever;  quelque  .  .  .  que  what- 
ever; tout  .  .  .  que  however;  ce  n'est  pas  que  but  it  is  not. 


164  SUBJUNCTIVE   REVIEWED 

§  121 

que  may  stand  for:  sans  que;  bien  que;  jusqu'd  ce  que;  etc.;  or 
si  when  followed  by  Subjunctive:  attendez  qu'il  vienne  (jusqu'd 
ce  qu'il,  etc.)  wait  till  he  comes;  si  vous  etes  absent  et  qu'il  se  pre- 
sente,  que  dirais-je?  if  you  are  away  and  he  comes,  what  shall  I 
say?  et  que  is  then  equivalent  to:  and  if  he,  etc.,  with  the  Subjunc- 
tive. 

For  Practice  and  General  Review: 

voulez-vous  qu'il  reste  ou  qu'il  parte?  do  you  wish  him  to  stay  or 
leave?  je  prefere  qu'elle  s'en  aille  I  prefer  to  have  her  go  away; 
or  I  prefer  that  she  should  go  away;  pourquoi  avoir  honte  qu'il 
le  sache?  why  be  ashamed  of  his  knowing  it  (to  have  him  know 
it?) ;  il  a  honte  de  ne  pas  avoir  reussi  (a' avoir  echoue)  he  is  ashamed 
of  not  having  succeeded  (of  having  failed);  de  ce  qu'il  a  echoue 
that  he  failed;  evitez  qu'il  ne  leur  parle  avoid  having  him  speak 
to  them;  epargnez-leur  cette  peine  save  them  that  trouble;  eviter 
un  danger  to  avoid  a  peril;  prenez  garde  que  cela  ne  lui  arrive 
take  care  lest  that  happen  to  him;  cela  empechera  qu'on  n' aille 
avec  eux  that  will  prevent  our  going  with  them;  empecher  de  to 
prevent  from;  empecher  de  sortir  to  prevent  from  going  out; 
elever  aucune  objection  to  raise  no  objection;  y  donner  son  adhesion 
to  give  one's  consent;  s'il  consent  que  celasefasse,  j'y  donne  mon 
adhesion  if  he  consents  to  that  being  done,  I  too  consent;  on 
juge  bon  (louable;  on  approwve)  qu'il  s'abstienne  de  vin  we  think  his 
abstaining  from  wine  is  praiseworthy  and  we  approve  of  it. 

on  se  felicite  (on  se  rejouit,  on  se  glorifie)  d' avoir  pris  une  telle  reso- 
lution we  congratulate  ourselves  upon  (we  rejoice  at;  we  take 
pride  in)  such  a  resolution;  on  se  felicite  que  vous  nous  honoriez 
de  votre  presence  we  are  pleased  that  you  should  honor  us  with, 
etc.;  pour  que  nous  le  complimentions  sur  son  succes  so  that  we 
may  compliment  him  upon  his  success;  juger  a  propos  to 
think  fit;  desapprouver  to  disapprove  (of);  trouver  juste,  injuste, 
mauvais  to  think  it  just  (fair);  unjust  (unfair);  to  disapprove; 
loin  qu'il  puisse  etre  une  question  de  vengeance  far  from  being  any 
question  of  vengeance;  votre  exercice  est  bon,  ce  n'est  pas  qu'il 
soil  le  meilleur  your  exercise  is  good,  but  it  is  not  the  best. 

quel  que  soil  votre  merite,  vous  ne  reussirez  guere  whatever  your 
merit  may  be,  you  will  hardly  succeed ;  qui  que  vous  soyez  whoever 
you  may  be;  d  quelque  prix  que  ce  soil  at  any  cost;  sans  que  I' on 
sache  pourquoi  without  knowing  why;  sans  que  rien  n'y  manque 


SUBJUNCTIVE    REVIEWED  165 

everything  being  provided;  pour  pen  qu'il  hesite  if  he  hesitates 
ever  so  little;  'pour  que  les  lettres  puissent  circuler  a  prix  reduits 
so  that  letters  may  circulate  at  reduced  rates;  bien  qu'il  ne  disc 
rien  although  he  says  nothing;  loin  que  les  meurtres  diminuent, 
Us  augmentent  far  from  decreasing,  murders  increase;  sans  que 
cela  change  le  sens  without  changing  its  meaning ;  changer  de  linge 
to  change  linen;  des  habits  de  rechange  spare  clothes;  il  en  tient 
en  reserve  pour  que  d'autres  articles  semblables  les  remplacent  au 
besoin  he  keeps  in  store  other  similar  articles  to  replace  them 
when  needed;  vous  criez  avant  qu'on  vous  fasse  mal  you  shout 
before  you  are  hurt;  tirer  vengeance  de  (se  venger  de)  to  avenge 
one's  self  (to  wreak  vengeance);  crier  vengeance  to  cry  out  ven- 
geance; ne  respirer  que  to  breathe  out  but  (to  thirst  after); 
par  vengeance  out  of  vengeance;  il  tient  a  ce  qu'ils  se  defendant 
he  insists  that  they  should  defend  themselves;  vigoureusement 
vigorously;  furieusement  with  fury;  avec  acharnement  desperately 
(unmercifully) . 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

ce  n'est  pas  qu'elle  le  ha'isse  not  that  she  hates  him;  si  lourde  que 
soit  la  tdche,  elle  ne  va  pas  jusqu'a  les  paralyser  however  arduous 
the  task  may  be,  it  does  not  make  them  powerless;  attaquer  dz 
paralysie  to  have  a  paralytic  stroke;  frappe  de  paralysie  stricken 
with  paralysis;  son  esprit  est  inerte  his  mind  is  inactive;  il  manque 
de  force  it  lacks  strength;  sans  ressort  without  activity;  pas  de 
force  de  caractere  no  backbone;  pour  reussir  il  faut  qu'il  fasse 
jouer  tous  les  ressorts  de  son  esprit  to  succeed  he  has  to  employ 
every  means  at  his  disposal;  his  mental  powers;  jusqu'a  ce  que 
cela  soit  fini  until  that  is  over;  il  n'a  qu'a  parler  pour  qu'on  lui 
obeisse  to  be  obeyed  he  has  but  to  say  the  word;  s'il  est  vrai  (si 
tant  est  que)  qu'il  Vail  offense  even  suppose  he  did  offend  him 
(if  it  is  true,  etc.) ;  on  n' ignore  pas  que  vous  avez  menti  it  is  well 
known  that  you  lied ;  si  vous  niez  que  cela  soit  vrai  if  you  deny  that 
that  is  true;  je  ne  nie  pas  que  cela  ne  le  soit  I  do  not  deny  that 
it  is  (so);  elle  ne  connait  qui  que  ce  soit  she  knows  nobody  at  all; 
qui  que  vous  soyez  whoever  you  may  be;  quel  que  soit  votre  merite 
whatever  your  merit ;  quoi  qu'on  fasse,  il  trouve  a  redire  whatever 
we  do,  he  finds  fault;  soit  qu'il  jut  present,  soit  qu'il  fut  absent 
whether  he  was  present  or  absent;  quel  dommage  que  le  voleur 
se  soit  enfui  what  a  pity  that  the  thief  should  have  escaped! 
or:  that  he  has  escaped!  il  ne  par  ait  pas  qu'il  ait  raison  it  does  not 
appear  that  he  is  right;  tout  le  monde  se  plaint  de  ce  qu'il  se  trouve 


166  SUBJUNCTIVE    REVIEWED 

id  everybody  laments  his  presence  here;  I'ennemi  cut  bien  mieux 
aime  que  les  Franqais  eussent  rendu  les  armes  the  enemy  would 
have  much  preferred  to  have  the  French  surrender;  s'avouer 
vaincu  to  confess  one's  defeat;  il  s'avoue  vaincu  he  admits  he  is 
vanquished;  il  est  vrai  que  son  ami  flotte  sans  cesse  d'une  opinion 
a  une  autre  it  is  true  that  his  friend  wavers  constantly  from  one 
opinion  to  another;  qu'un  personnage  aussi  distingue  qu'est  M.  X. 
soil  meconnu,  cela  est  incomprehensible  that  a  person  so  distin- 
guished as  Mr.  B.  should  be  unrecognized,  is  unexplainable;  un. 
esprit  flottant  he  is  inconstant;  on  ne  croirait  pas  qu'il  cut  ag' 
ainsi  one  would  not  believe  that  he  would  act  in  such  a  manner; 
soil  qu'on  se  reports  a  tel  ou  tel  document  whether  we  refer  to  this 
or  that,  etc.;  le  'vieillard  se  reporte  aux  jours  de  son  enfance  the 
old  gentleman  looks  back  upon  his  days  of  childhood ;  reporter  une 
somme  d  to  bring  (carry)  a  sum  forward. 

§    122 

General  Review: 

si  pen  que  ce  soit  however  little  it  may  be;  sans  que  Von  s'en  doute 
without  (any  one)  suspecting  it;  on  se  doutait  qu'il  viendrait 
we  (they)  suspected  he  would  come;  pour  que  les  bateaux  n'en 
soient  pas  charges  so  that  the  boats  may  not  be  laden  with  them; 
suppose  que  cela  soit  granted  it  be  so;  si  tant  est  qu'il  le  puisse 
supposing  he  can;  if  he  can;  tant  il  y  a  que  (tant  y  a  que)  colloq. : 
for:  quoiqu'il  en  soit  at  all  events;  malgre  tout  cela  (quoiqu'il  en  soit 
de  tout  cela)  in  spite  of  all  that  (it's  all  very  well,  but);  quoique 
en  dehors  de  la  regie  commune  although  not  within  the  ordinary  rule. 
NOTE. — quoique  is  apostrophized  only  before:  un  (e),  on;  il;  elle; 
quoique  pas  tres  gate  cette  perspective  I  enchante  although  not  very 
inviting  this  perspective  charms  him ;  quoique  or  quelle  que  soit 
la  chose  que  whatever  the  thing  may  be  that;  quelque  chose  que 
je  lui  aie  dite  whatever  I  may  have  said  to  him  (her) ;  elle  attend 
que  sonfils  revienne  (elle  attend  le  retour  de  sonfils)  she  expects  her 
son's  return;  se  rendre  a  to  go  to;  to  repair  to;  quoi  que  vous 
fassiez  (vous  avez  beau  faire)  whatever  you  (may)  do  or  in  vain 
you  do;  si  riche  que  1 'on  soit,  il  est  ban  de  however  rich  one  may 
be,  it  is  well  to;  quoi  que  ce  soit  or:  quelque  chose  que  vous  ayez 
promise  whatever  you  may  have  promised;  sans  qu'il  soit  neces- 
saire  de  se  donner  beaucoup  de  peine  without  (giving  one's  self) 
much  trouble;  admettez  {prenez)  qu'elle  n'ait  rien  dit  admit  that  she 
did  not  say  anything;  sans  qu'il  s'en  doute  without  his  suspecting  it. 


INDICATIVE    REVIEWED  167 

LESSON  XIII 

123.     ORAL  DRILL  based  on  the  Indicative  after: 

au  moment  oii  tout  fait  presager  qu'on  doit  reussir  at  the  moment 
when  everything  presages  success;  des  que  (from  the  very  moment) 
vous  vous  presenterez  as  soon  as  you  (will)  make  an  appearance; 
des  que  vous  voulez  since  you  wish ;  aussitot  que  (en  meme  temps 
que)  vous  presentez  votre  note,  vous  touchez  toujours  votre  argent 
whenever  you  present  your  bill,  you  receive  your  money;  sitot 
que  (aussi  promptement)  as  soon  as;  au  moment  meme  qu'il  arriva 
at  the  very  moment  he  came;  aussitot  apres  son  arrivee  immedi- 
ately after  his  arrival;  des  qu'elles  sont  sinceres  since  they  are 
sincere;  aussi  bien  que  as  well  as;  Jean  aussi  bien  que  Paul  John 
as  well  as  Paul;  */  est  aussi  instruit  que  vous  he  is  as  well  informed 
as  you;  il  est  aussi  imbecile  (faible  a" esprit)  que  son  ami  he  is  as 
much  an  imbecile  (weak-minded)  as  his  friend;  on  le  dit;  et  moi 
aussi  so  it  is  said;  and  I  too;  lui  aussi  le  dit  he  also  says  it. 
ainsi  que  (de  la  maniere  que)  or:  comme;  si  c'est  ainsi  que  la  chose 
s'est  passee  if  it  happened  thus;  je  vous  la  raconterai  ainsi  (telle) 
que  je  I'ai  entendue  (raconter)  I  shall  relate  it  as  I  heard  it ;  s'il 
en  est  ainsi  if  such  is  the  case;  cela  s'est  passe  ainsi  (tel)  que  je 
vous  I'ai  raconte  that  occurred  precisely  (in  the  way)  I  told  you; 
ainsi  va  le  monde  such  is  the  world ;  il  en  est  ainsi  de  tout  le  monde 
thus  it  is  with  everybody ;  offrez  les  billets  a  mesure  que  les  amis 
passer  ont  present  the  tickets  as  friends  pass  along;  de  filer  to 
defile;  to  go  by;  to  go  past;  a  proportion  proportionately;  a 
mesure  qu'il  recoil  tant,  il  depense  tant  in  proportion  to  the  amount 
received  he  spends;  au  fur  et  a  mesure  (a  fur  et  a  mesure)  qu'il 
depense  in  proportion  as  he  spends  or  according  to  the  amount 
spent;  successivement  (I'un  apres  I'autre)  in  succession;  one  after  the 
other;  attendu  que  (vu  que);  de  la  meme  manure;  considering;  in  as 
much  as;  in  so  far  as;  whereas;  on  vous  traitera  de  la  meme  maniere 
que  vous  aurez  traite  les  autres  they  will  deal  with  you  in  the  way 
you  deal  with  others;  aussi  loin  que  la  vue  s'etend  as  far  as  the  eye 
reaches;  tant  que  as  far  as;  as  long  as;  aussi  longtemps  qu'il  vivra  as 
long  as  he  lives;  il  gagne  autant  que  moi  he  earns  as  much  as  I  do; 
autant  de  cafe  que  de  the  as  much  coffee  as  tea;  d' autant  mieux 
so  much  (all)  the  more  (the  better)  [for  it] ;  une  fois  autant  as  much 
again;  d' autant  plus  qu'il  est  avare  the  more  so  because  he  is  a 
miser;  cela  diminuera  ses  dettes  d' autant  that  will  make  his  debts  so 
much  the  less. 


1 68  INDICATIVE    REVIEWED 

* 
Exercice  de  Conversation  sur  1  indicatif : 

a  la  condition  qu'il  soil  sage  provided  he  is  good;  durant  que 
while;  tant  que  durera  le  conflit  while  the  conflict  lasts  or:  as  long 
as;  de  ce  que  vous  dites  from  what  you  say;  depuis  que  les  pr ogres 
de  la  science  ont  demontre  sa  valeur  since  the  progress  in  science 
has  demonstrated  its  merit;  on  inscrit  les  noms  a  mesure  qu'on 
les  regoit  names  are  inscribed  as  they  are  received;  de  meme  que 
in  the  same  manner  as;  so  as,  as;  vu  que  (du  moment  que;  puis- 
que;  etant  considere  que);  considering,  since,  seeing  that;  puisque 
(since,  in  as  much  as) ;  puisque  vous  vous  refusez  a  avouer  ce  que 
vous  faisiez  since  you  refuse  to  confess  what  you  were  doing; 
pendant  qu'elle  roule  ses  cheveux  pour  les  friser  while  she  rolls  up 
her  hair  to  curl  it;  tandis  qu'elles  tiennent  a  la  branche  while  they 
hang  to  (on)  the  branch;  d'autres  se  tiennent  sous  I'arbre  others 
stand  under  the  tree. 

peut-etre  qu'il  y  a  une  equivoque  de  sens  perhaps  there  is  ambiguity; 
un  double  sens  double  interpretation;  parce  que  I' on  execute  une 
danse,  au  son  de  la  musique  because  they  perform  a  dance  to  an 
accompaniment;  par  ce  q ue  judging  from;  from  what;  sans  doute 
qu'il  possede  un  autographe  (de)  no  doubt  he  has  an  autograph  in 
his  possession;  peut-etre  vous  attend-il  perhaps  he  is  waiting  for 
you ;  lorsque  when ;  quand  la  mart  le  surprit  when  death  overtook 
him;  outre  cela  besides  that;  outre  que  ce  sont  des  preuves  ecrites 
not  only  they  are  written  proofs  or:  besides  being  written  proofs; 
tandis  que  while  (whilst);  au  lieu  que  while  on  the  contrary 
(whereas).  Observe:  tandis  que  implies  contrast; 

NOTE. — quand  (when)  is  used  preferably  in  a  general  sense  to 
lorsque,  and  refers  to  a  future,  an  hypothetical  idea;  also  in  ques- 
tions. 

§  124 

selon  que,  suivant  que  according. 

Observe:  de  maniere  que  so  that;  de  sorte  que;  de  fa$ on  que; 
en  sorte  que,  so  that;  si  ce  n'est  que  except;  tellement  que  so  that 
(to  such  an  extent) ;  sinon  que  unless,  all  are  used  in  the  Indicative 
(in  the  subordinate  clause)  when  certainty  is  implied  or  with  the 
Subjunctive  when  there  is  doubt. 

Oral  Drill: 

faites  en  sorte  (de  telle  sorte)  que  tout  le  monde  soil  content  manage 
in  such  a  way  that  everybody  be  pleased;  il  fit  de  telle  sorte  que 


INDICATIVE    REVIEWED  169 

tout  le  monde  etait  content  he  managed  so  that  every  one  was 
pleased;  de  quelque  maniere  que  ce  soit  in  any  way  whatever; 
tdchez  d'arriver  a  ce  que  vous  joigniez  les  deux  bouts  contrive  to 
have  both  ends  meet;  une  combinaison  a  contrivance;  quand  il 
vient  a  pleuvoir,  le  vent  s'apaise  when  the  rain  comes,  the  wind 
abates;  pendant  qu'il  met  (a)  la  main  a  la  pate  while  he  is  at  it; 
while  he  does  the  work  himself;  du  jour  qu'il  est  parti  since  the 
day  he  left;  a  la  condition  qu'il  ne  demandera  rien  provid  I  he 
asks  for  nothing ;  a  la  condition  de  servir  a  table  with  the  condition 
that  you  wait,  etc.;  selon  qu'il  sera  ban  ou  mechant  as  he  is  good 
or  bad;  according  to  his  merit  or  demerit;  selon  qu'il  vous  a  bien 
ou  mal  servi  according  as  he  served  you  rightly  or  not ;  de  maniere 
a  etre  de  niveau  avec  la  surface  de  I'eau  so  as  to  be  on  the  level  with 
the  surface  of  the  water;  suivant  qu'elle  se  gonfie  ou  qu'elle  se  vide 
in  the  way  it  is  inflated  or  not;  vider  une  bouteille  to  empty  the 
contents  of  a  bottle;  on  vide  une  volatile  they  clean  a  fowl;  vider 
un  differend  to  settle  a  dispute ;  il  vida  la  bouteille  de  vin  he  drank 
the  bottle  of  wine;  rien  de  grave  ne  se  faisait  qu'on  ne  les  eut  aupa- 
ravant  consultes  nothing  important  would  be  transacted  before 
consulting  them;  sauf  qu'il  agite  legerement  la  main  except  move 
his  hand  slightly;  son  estomac  est  vide  (ne  contient  pas  d' aliments) 
his  stomach  is  empty  (contains  no  food) ;  sa  mart  fait  un  grand 
vide  his  death  makes  a  great  void;  degarni  empty:  (left)  bare; 
le  parloir  est  vide  the  drawing-room  has  been  emptied;  sans  rien 
contenir  empty  or  a  vide  empty;  d'ou  I' on  a  tout  enleve  where 
everything  has  been  removed;  puisque  ce  mot  est  vide  de  sens 
since  that  word  is  devoid  of  meaning;  il  perdit  tellement  (a  tel 
point)  qu'il  revint  les  mains  vides  he  lost  to  such  an  extent  that 
he  came  back  with  empty  hands. 

§  125.  SUBJUNCTIVE  IN  THE  PRINCIPAL  CLAUSE  (absolute 
subjunctive)  used  in  independent  clauses  with  an 
idea  of  the  Imperative  Mood;  also  in  certain 
forms  of  concessions;  in  imprecations  with  or 
without  que: — 

qu'il  le  veuille  ou  non  whether  he  wishes  it  or  not;  vaille  que  vaille 
for  better  or  worse;  haphazard;  ainsi  soit-il  amen;  thus  be  it; 
pas  queje  sache  not  that  I  know;  je  ne  sache  rien  I  know  nothing, 
etc.;  puisse-je  reussir  may  I  succeed!  Dieu  le  veuille  please  God. 
NOTE. — Principally  used  in  the  substantive  clauses  with: 
avoir;  etre;  venir;  advenir;  garder;  plaire;  perir;  savoir;  vivre;  vouloir. 


170  INDICATIVE    REVIEWED 

vive  la  Republique  long  live  the  Republic!  Dieu  m'en  garde  (a 
Dieu  ne  plaise)  God  forbid!  honni  soil  qui  mat  y  pense  evil  to 
him  who  evil  thinks;  vienne  le  deluge!  after  that  the  deluge: 
advienne  que  pourra  come  what  may;  qui  vive  who  goes  (is) 
there?  or:  sentinel's  cry;  sur  le  qui-vive  on  the  alert;  dusse-je 
perir!  were  I  to  perish!  soil!  or:  qu'il  en  soil  ainsi  let  it  be  so; 
sauve  qui  petit  (le  sauve-qui-peut)  save  himself  who  can;  fasse  le 
del  God  grant. 

Various  Examples  (exemples  divers): 

passe  encore  pour  cela  let  it  pass;  soil  dit  entre  nous  be  it  said 
among  ourselves  (between  ourselves);  cela  soil  dit  en  passant 
but  that  by  the  way;  Dieu  vous  assiste  (que  Dieu  vous  assiste) 
may  God  assist  you;  as  a  threat:  qu'on  ne  vous  y  reprenne  plus 
don't  do  it  again;  Dieu  vous  le  rende  may  God  reward  you; 
grand  bien  vous  fasse  much  good  may  it  do  you;  qu'il  n'en  soil 
plus  question  let  us  say  no  more  about  it;  que  cela  ne  vous  tour- 
mente  point  don't  let  that  worry  you;  que  cela  n' arrive  plus 
never  do  that  again;  qu'd  cela  ne  tienne  little  matters. 

NOTE. — You  may  often  explain  the  above  Subjunctives  in 
parsing  either  by  inverting  or  by  expressing  the  verbs  of  wishing, 
etc.,  which  are  understood. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

que  le  hasard  seul  decide  rely  solely  upon  chance ;  un  jeu  de  hasard 
game  of  chance;  qu'il  compte  sur  (or  s'abandonne  au)  le  hasard 
that  he  should  count  upon  (trust  to)  fortune;  c'est  beaucoup  dire 
that  is  saying  much;  on  s' expose  a  des  pertes  (a  des  revers)  we  make 
ourselves  liable  to  losses  (reverses);  s'exposer  au  danger  to  be 
exposed  to  danger;  qu'il  expose  ses  peintures  let  him  exhibit  his 
paintings;  exposer  son  systeme  to  explain  (to  propound;  to  ex- 
pound) one's  system;  il  expose  sa  vie  tous  les  jours  he  endangers 
his  life  every  day;  leur  appartement  est  un  peu  trop  expose  au  nord 
their  apartment  is  rather  too  much  exposed  to  the  north;  enfant 
abandonne  foundling;  s'exposer  <J  la  critique  to  lay  one's  self 
open  to  criticism;  argent  (m.)  comptant  cash;  qu'il  fasse  un  ex- 
pose des  fails  let  him  draw  up  a  statement  based  on  facts;  les 
produits  de  presque  tous  les  pays  furent  admis  &  I'Exposition  de 
San  Francisco  the  products  of  most  countries  were  admitted  at 
the  San  Francisco  Exposition;  quelle  belle  exposition  de  marchan- 
dises!  what  a  beautiful  exhibit  of  merchandise!  quel  opulent  etalage 
what  an  opulent  display! 


INDICATIVE    REVIEWED  1 71 

qu'on  I'ait  abandonne  sur  la  place,  c'est  un  fait  constate  that  he  was 
abandoned  in  the  square  is  a  known  fact;  le  vitrier  the  glazier; 
les  foires  se  tiennent  annuellement  a  X.  the  country-fairs  are  held 
annually  at  X.;  quel  bel  emplacement  pour  les  bestiaux  what  a 
fine  location  for  cattle;  les  Halles  de  Paris  Central  Market  in 
Paris;  une  place  publique  a  public  place;  le  marche  au  poisson 
the  fish-market;  les  mettre  en  vue  to  place  them  in  view;  qu'il 
exhibe  son  passeport  let  him  show  (produce)  his  passport;  le 
vitrage  glazing;  belle  exhibition  de  tableaux  a  beautiful  show  of 
pictures;  un  etalage  d'objets  qui  interess'nt  le  public  a  display  of 
articles  which  interest  the  public;  une  vitrine  a  show-window; 
certains  marchands  etalent  leurs  marchandises  sur  La  vote  publique 
certain  merchants  display  their  goods  on  the  street;  le  carreau  de 
vitre  pane  of  glass;  on  ne  passe  pas  no  thoroughfare;  le  vitrail 
the  stained  glass  window;  une  porte  vitree  a  glass  door;  vitrer 
to  provide  with  glass. 


§  126.  Certain  Relative  Pronouns  or  CONJUNCTIVE 
ADVERBS:  implying  doubt,  inclination;  also  when 
the  principal  clause  refers  to  a  general  negation 
or  the  negation  implies  a  negative  answer,  all  re- 
quire the  Subjunctive: 

indiquez-lui  un  livre  qu'il  puisse  comprendre  recommend  him  a 
book  which  he  may  understand;  je  lui  ai  recommande  un  livre 
qu'il  peut  comprendre  I  did  recommend  him  a  book  that  he  can 
understand ;  same  rule  after :  qui;  le  seul;  la  seule;  les  seuls  qui; 
les  seules  qui;  le  premier  qui;  la  premiere  qui;  les  premiers  qui; 
les  premieres  qui. 

also:  after  Superlatives,  except  when  the  idea  is  absolutely  true;  the 
superlative,  the  numeral  word,  the  negative,  interrogative  or 
conditional  clause,  adjectival  clause  being  based  on  certainty: 

envoyez-moi  quelqu'un  qui  sache  commander  send  me  some  one  that 
knows  how  to  order;  y  a-t-il  un  endroit  qui  soil  plus  pittoresque 
que  celui-ci  is  there  a  spot  more  picturesque  than  this?  un  site 
agreable  a  pleasant  site  (scenery) ;  un  paysage  magnifique  a  magni- 
ficent landscape;  il  n'est  rien  qui  vaille  nothing  worth  considering; 
en  est-il  un  parmi  nous  qui  ne  soil  coupable?  is  there  one  among  us 
who  is  not  guilty? 


172  SUBJUNCTIVE    REVIEWED 

§  127.     ne:     used    when    the    principal    clause    implies 
negation; 

y  a-t-il  un  homme  qui  n'ait  quelque  merite?  is  there  a  man  who  has 
not  some  merit?  il  y  a  pen  de  personnes  qui  le  sachent  not  every- 
body knows  it;  few  people  know  it;  pen  de  gens  I'ignorent  few 
people  are  ignorant  of  it;  n'est-ce  point  elle  qui  m'a  salue?  is  it 
not  she  who  greeted  me?  c'est  le  meilleur  cigare  qu'il  y  ait  dans 
cette  boite  it  is  the  best  cigar  (there  is)  in  the  box;  de  ces  trois 
cigares,  c'est  le  meilleur  que  vous  avez  out  of  those  three  cigars 
you  have  the  best;  c'est  le  seul  serviteur  que  j'ai  he  is  the  only 
servant  I  have;  il  est  seul  coupable  de  ce  crime  he  is  the  only  one 
guilty  of  that  crime;  ne:  note  again  that  ne  comes  after  verbs  of 
fear  (and  after  comparisons  of  inequality  or  as  above)  unless 
used  interrogatively,  negatively,  or  followed  by  de: 

prenez  garde  que  vous  ne  tombiez  take  care  not  to  fall;  prenez 
garde  de  tomber  take  care,  etc. ;  gardez-vous  bien  de  mentir  beware 
of  lying;  d  moins  qu'il  ne  garde  une  poire  pour  la  soif  unless  he 
lays  up  something  for  a  rainy  day;  empechez  qu'il  ne  le  fasse 
prevent  him  from  doing  that;  de  crainte  qu'il  ne  soit  malade 
for  fear  that  he  may  be  ill  (for  fear  of  his  being  ill);  il  craint  qu'il 
ne  soit  absent  he  fears  he  may  be  absent. 

§  128.     GENERAL  RULE  AND  FINAL  REVIEW: — SUBJUNC- 
TIVE or  INDICATIVE: 

Should  you  be  certain,  positive,  use  Indicative; 
should  you  be  doubtful  or  uncertain,  use  Sub- 
junctive.    In  other  words:  independently  of  the 
form  and  in  accordance  with  the  general  rules, 
ask  yourself  if  there  is  an  underlying  idea  which 
affects  the  principal  and  the  subordinate  clauses. 
Then:  should  what  is  expressed  in  a  subordinate  clause 
be  certain,  positive,  use  the  verb  of  that  clause  in  the 
indicative;  should  what  is  expressed  in  a  subordinate 
clause  be  uncertain  or:  purely  probable,  use  the  verb 
in  that  clause  in  the  Subjunctive. 
=  main  clause  with  subordinate 
=  present  or  future  with  subjunctive  present  or  past 


INFINITIVE     REVIEWED  173 

=  past  tenses  with  subjunctive  imperfect  or  pluperfect, 

=  imperfect  (Subjunctive)  often  replaced; 

=  Conditional   present  with  Subjunctive   present   or 

imperfect ; 

je  ne  pense  pas  qu'il  sorte  I  do  not  think  he  will  go  out ;  ne  pensez 
pas  qu'il  sorte  do  not  think  he  will  go  out;  je  ne  pensais  pas  qu'il 
vint  I  did  not  think  he  would  come;  je  ne  pensai  pas  qu'il  vint  I 
did  not  think  he  would  come;  il  a  voulu  qu'on  vienne  (soil  venu) 
he  wished  us  to  come;  quoique  je  ne  pense  pas  qu'il  sorte 
though  I  do  not  think  he  will  go  out;  je  ne  penserai  pas  qu'il  sorte 
I  shall  not  think  he  will  go  out;  quoique  je  pensasse  qu'il  vint 
though  I  thought  he  would  come;  je  ne  penserais  pas  qu'il  vint 
I  should  not  think  he  would  come;  quoiqu'il  ait  voulu  though  he 
wished;  though  he  has  wished;  il  avail  voulu  (il  eut  voulu;  quoiqu'il 
cut  voulu;  il  aurait  voulu)  qu'elle  vint  (or:  fut  venue)  he  had  wished 
(he  had  wished;  though  he  had  wished;  he  should  have  wished) 
her  to  come. 

§  129 

NOTE. — Few  exceptional  cases  after  verbs  of  saying,  etc., 
where  a  Present  Indicative,  etc.,  may  be  followed  by  a  Past  Sub- 
junctive or  inversely: 

on  ne  croyait  pas  qu'il  y  ait  tant  de  monde  we  did  not  believe  that 
there  would  be  (are)  so  many  people;  (various  examples  p.  167, 
§  123)  on  n'affirme  point  qu'ils  eussent  tort  we  do  not  affirm  they 
were  wrong  (sequence  of  tense  depends  mainly  on  the  sense  of 
the  context):  je  doute  que  les  Grecs  fussent  tous  des  artistes  I 
doubt  that  all  the  Greeks  were  artists;  il  n'y  a  point  d' artiste  qui 
put  I'egaler  he  has  no  equal;  no  artist  (there  has  been  no  artist) 
equal  to  him;  je  voudrais  qu'il  vienne  I  should  like  him  to  come; 
Dieu  nous  a  donne  certains  talents  pour  que  nous  nous  en  Servians 
God  has  given  talents  that  we  may  make  use  of  them. 

LESSON  XIV 

§  130.     INFINITIVE  (I'mfinitif): 

In  general  it  stands  as  an  equivalent  to  the  English 
infinitive  preceded  by  to;  as  an  object  of,  or  dependent  on 
the  verb  the  Infinitive  may  be  preceded  by  de  or  d;  or 
without  any  preposition.  See  §  133  to  §  144. 


174  INFINITIVE    REVIEWED 

The  point  to  be  emphasized  is  to  determine  when  you 
have  to  use  either  proposition  (de  or  d)  before  the  Infini- 
tive; de  which  is  of  more  frequent  use  may  be  merely  a 
sign  of  the  Infinitive  or  may  most  commonly  replace  to;  of 
or  from;  on  account  of;  in  respect  to;  for,  in  English. 

Briefly  stated  it  may  be  used  as  a  verbal  substantive, — 
expressing  generally  an  action,  but  vaguely;  as  an  object, 
predicate,  prepositional  phrase,  etc.  As  a  noun  and  with 
the  article,  possessive  adjective;  compare  the  Greek, 
Latin  and  French  forms. 

I 'avoir,  son  avoir,  man  avoir  the  credit,  his  (her)  credit,  my  credit; 

les  vivres,  le  boire  et  le  manger  food,  drinking  and  eating;  le dejeuner, 

le  diner,  le  souper,  le  gouter  breakfast  (lunch),  dinner,  supper, 

luncheon;  le  devoir,  le  lever,  le  coucher    (du   soleil)   duty,  rising, 

the  setting  (of  the  sun). 

§  131 .  The  French  Infinitive  has  a  Present  and  a  Perfect 
Tense:  lire  to  read;  avoir  lu  to  have  read.  The 
Present  Infinitive  may  correspond  to  the  Indi- 
cative, Imperfect,  Future  and  the  Conditional, — 
as  a  subordinate  clause. 

il  croit  lire  or  il  croit  qu'il  lit  he  believes  he  is  reading;  (the  latter 
form  is  required  when  the  subject  refers  to  different  persons); 
il  croyait  lire  or  il  croyait  qu'il  lisait  he  thought  he  was  reading; 
il  compte  arriver  or  il  compte  qu'il  arrivera  he  expects  to  arrive;  U 
comptait  arriver  (il  comptait  qu'il  arriverait)  he  expected  to  arrive 
(.  .  .  he  would  arrive) ;  elle  comptait  venir  (.  .  .  qu'elle  viendrait) 
she  expected  to  come  (she  would  come);  je  pense  (j'entends) 
partir  I  expect  to  leave;  je  crois  commencer  a  vous  comprendre 
I  believe  I  begin  to  understand  you;  elle  a  cru  devoir  lui  parler 
or  elle  a  cru  qu'elle  ferait  bien  de  lui  parler  she  thought  she  had 
better  speak  to  him  (she  thought  she  would  speak);  elle  a  cru 
qu'il  lisait  she  thought  he  was  reading;  il  croit  de  son  devoir  de  le 
grander  (il  croit  qu'il  est  de  son  devoir  de  etc.)  he  deems  it  a  duty  to 
scold  him;  je  veux  le  croire  it  may  be  so! 

§  132.  PERFECT  OF  THE  INFINITIVE  corresponds  to  the 
Past  (Perfect),  Pluperfect,  Future  Anterior  and 
the  Conditional  Past: 


INFINITIVE   REVIEWED  175 

il  croit  avoir  lu  for: 

il  croit  qu'il  a  lu  he  thinks  he  has  read;  il  aime  la  lecture  (il  aime 

a  lire)  he  likes  to  read  (he  is  fond  of  reading). 

NOTE. — Modal  Auxiliary  verbs  with  complement  (or  object): 
devoir;  vouloir;  savoir;  pouvoir;  oser  and  also:  faire;  laisser  and 
several  verbs  with  no  preposition  between  them  serve  as  a  sort  of 
auxiliaries;  also  as  subject  or  in  apposition;  as  predicate  or 
logical  subject;  after  a  few  Impersonal  verbs;  after  certain  verbs 
of  desiring,  intending,  hoping  and  the  like;  and  of  declaring,  be- 
lieving, perceiving  and  in  some  relative  clauses.  Examples  will 
illustrate  rule  under  proper  heading. 

§133.     INFINITIVE  AS  SUBJECT: 

lire,  c'est  travailler  to  read  is  to  work;  reading  is  working;  ce 
stands  as  a  repetition:  ce  n'est  point  gentil  de  votre  part  de  parler 
ainsi  (for:  parler  ainsi  n'est  point  gentil)  to  speak  thus  does  not 
become  you. 

1.  in  the  latter  case  de  may  be  omitted;  and  in  a  comparison  de  is 
required ; 

vaut  mieux  se  taire  que  de  dire  des  sottises  a  ce  monsieur  better  be 
silent  than  to  say  harsh  things  to  that  gentleman;  il  vaudrait 
mieux  se  taire  better  be  silent. 

2.  as  a  logical  subject  the  infinitive  is  often  anticipated  and  gen- 
erally preceded  by  de  (as  an  expletive) : 

il  est  agreable  de  voyager  (voyager  est  agreable)  it  is  pleasant  to  travel 
(traveling  is  pleasant);  le  plus  sur  est  de  lui  parler  the  safest 
(way)  is  to  speak  to  him  (her) ;  il  est  inutile  de  repondre;  lui  repon- 
dre,  c'est  inutile;  it  is  useless  to  answer;  to  answer  him  is  useless; 
ne  repondez  pas  do  not  answer;  il  fait  bon  pecker  en  eau  trouble 
it  is  good  fishing  in  troubled  water;  c'est  a  lui  a  jouer  it  is  his  turn 
to  play;  c'est  a  vous  de  lui  dire  de  ne  pas  jouer  it  belongs  to  you 
to  tell  him  not  to  play.  See  §  120. 

historical  infinitive ;  de  after  nouns,  adjectives  and  verbs.     §  139. 
§  134.     INFINITIVE  AS  ATTRIBUTE: 

jouer  n'est  pas  travailler  playing  is  not  working. 


1/6  INFINITIVE   REVIEWED 

and  in  such  predicates  as : 

il  semble  se  plaindre  he  seems  to  lament;  il  est  cense  connaitre  la 
loi  he  is  supposed  to  know  the  law;  son  premier  devoir  est  d'etre 
aupres  de  sa  mere  his  (her)  first  duty  is  to  be  with  his  (her)  mother. 

de  in  predicate  uses  is  replaced  by  a  when  the  infinitive  has  the  force 
of  a  predicate  adjective  or  is  rendered  by  to  be  (plus  the  adjec- 
tive or  past  participle) : 

il  est  facile  de  faire  cela  to  do  that  is  easy;  c' est  facile  a  fair  e  that 
is  easy  to  do  (to  be  done) ;  Us  sont  a  plaindre  they  are  to  be  pitied. 

§  135.     INFINITIVE  AS  DIRECT  OBJECT: 

il  veut  entrer  he  wishes  to  enter ; 

faire  (and  its  various  uses  and  meanings) :  when  followed  by  faire 

or  any  other  verb, — is  translated  by:  to  cause  or  have  and  the 

object: 

je  ferai  entrer  le  monsieur  I  shall  have  the  gentleman  enter  (I 

shall  cause  him  to  come  in) ;  ette  fera  faire  une  robe  she  will  have 

a  gown  made. 

Faire  with  a  reflexive  verb  (and  the  latter  losing:  se  or  nous,  etc.) : 
je  lui  ferai  rappeler  (not  se  rappeler)  I  shall  have  him  (her)  re- 
member. 

NOTE. — lui;  leur  (with  faire)  only  used  when  the  following  verb 
has  a  direct  object;  otherwise:  le;  la;  les. 

je  le  ferai  venir  chez  vous  I  shall  have  him  come  to  your  house; 
je  lui  ferai  parvenir  cette  lettre  I  shall  have  that  letter  sent  to  him; 
j'ai  fait  boire  un  verre  de  lait  a  cet  enfant  (je  lui  ai  fait  boire,  etc.) 
I  gave  (I  caused  that  child  to  drink,  etc.)  that  child  a  glass  of  milk; 
je  le  lui  ferai  boire  I  shall  make  him  drink  it;  with  a  few  more  uses 
and  under  its  proper  heading  (Irregular  Verbs). 

§  136.     ILLUSTRATIVE  SENTENCES  with  de: 

il  est  charme  de  vous  voir  he  is  glad  to  see  you;  il  s'abstint  de  boire 
he  abstained  from  drinking;  il  se  rejouit  de  les  voir  he  rejoices  at 
seeing  them;  elle  a  envie  de  pleurer  she  feels  like  crying;  (and 
many  other  such  expressions  made  from  verb  with  noun):  il  a 
honte  de  he  is  ashamed  of;  il  a  besoin  de  (il  est  dans  la  necessite 
de)  se  servir  de  lui  he  needs  to  make  use  of  him ;  il  importe  peu 
d'y  oiler:  il  est  de  peu  d 'importance  de  (il  est  peu  d'importance  de, 
etc.,  or:  cela  est  de  peu  de  consequence),  it  imports  little  to  go  there 


INFINITIVE    REVIEWED  177 

(it  is  of  little  importance;  of  little  consequence  to,  etc.);  il  nest 
pas  digne  d'etre  recompense  (il  estindigne  de,  etc.)  he  is  not  worthy 
of  being  rewarded  (he  is  unworthy  of,  etc.) ;  il  s'agit  de  se  comporter 
en  homme  d'honneur  (il  est  question  de)  it  is  a  question  of  behaving 
like  a  man  of  honor;  il  se  repent  d' avoir  mal  agi  he  repents  having 
acted  badly;  il  se  tnele  des  affaires  (il  s'ingere  dans  les)  he  mixes 
in  the  affairs  of;  on  a  resolu  de;  venir  de;  on  vous  dispense  de 
I' accompagner  you  are  excused  from  accompanying  him ;  (on  trouve 
ban  que  and  Subj.) :  on  trouve  Don  que  vous  ne  I ' accompagniez  pas  it 
is  found  advisable  that  you  should  not  accompany  him;  il 
s'exempte  de  ce  travail  (il  se  soustrait  a  I' obligation  de)  he  avoids 
this  work  (he  exempts  himself  from  the  obligation  of). 

§  137.     INFINITIVE  AS  INDIRECT  OBJECT: 

tu  cherches  a  plaire  you  are  trying  to  please;  il  tache  de  se  faire 
aimer  or  il  cherche  a  se  faire  aimer  he  strives  to  make  himself 
liked;  cf.:  tdchons  de  lui  plaire  let  us  endeavor  to  please  him; 
efforqons-nous  de  (faisons  tous  nos  efforts  pour)  let  us  make  every 
effort  to;  vous  etes  alle  (allee)  chercher  le  medecin  you  went  for 
the  doctor;  une  chambre  a  louer  a  room  to  rent  (to  be  rented); 
utile  a  savoir  useful  to  know. 

here  the  infinitive  is  used  attributively  or  predicatively  after  etre ; 
also  as  a  sort  of  compound  noun  (like  an  ordinary  noun  of  char- 
acteristic). 

une  salle  a  manger  a  (one)  dining-room;  un  verre  d  vin  a  wine- 
glass; une  salle  de  spectacle  play-house;  un  verre  de  vin  a  glass 
of  wine;  c'est  une  chose  facile  a  faire. 

REMARK. — If  used  with    a  preposition   and   in  a   subordinate 
clause  the  infinitive  must  refer  to  some  word, — either  as  subject 
(expressed  or  understood)  or  direct  and  indirect  object: 
on  travaille  pour  vivre  we  (people)  work  to  live  (i.  e.,  the  desire 
for  living  makes  us  work). 

ambiguity  in  the  following: 

on  le  chassa  sans  savoir  pourquoi  they  expelled  him  without  know- 
ing why.  Better  say :  il  fut  chasse  sans  savoir  pourquoi;  cela  va 
sans  dire  (sans  qu'on  le  dise)  of  course. 

§  138.     INFINITIVE  CLAUSE  mostly  with: 

laisser  to  allow  entendre  to  hear 

voir  to  see  ecouter  to  listen 

sentir  to  feel  penser  to  think 
12 


178  INFINITIVE    REVIEWED 

and  in  common  combination: 

alter  chercher  to  go  for  (to  go  and  fetch) ;  envoyer  chercher  to  send 
for;  venir  chercher  to  come  for;  and  other  constructions:  voir 
faire;  faire  voir;  je  vais  le  voir  I  will  see  him;  il  a  pense  mourir 
he  was  on  the  point  of  dying;  ecoutez-le  chanter  listen  to  him  sing- 
ing; je  le  vois  venir  (je  le  vois  qui  vient)  I  see  him  coming;  */  a 
failli  tomber  he  came  within  an  ace  of  falling;  il  a  beau  parler 
in  vain  he  speaks;  nous  sommes  alles  le  trouver  we  went  to  find 
him;  il  a  ele,  le  trouver  he  has  been  to  find  him. 

§  139.     ABSOLUTE    INFINITIVK  in   independent  proposi- 
tions (clauses) : 

que  faire  what  am  I  (are  we,  etc.)  to  do?  que  dire?  what  am  I 
going  to  say? 

and  in  narrative  infinitive: 

et  les  hommes  d'applaudir!  and  the  men  applauded ! 

and  in  imperative  clauses: 

voir  page  cinq  see  page  five;  for:  vous  &tes  prie  (e)  de  voir  d  la  page 
cinq  you  are  referred  to  page  five. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

il  aime  a  taquiner  he  is  a  great  tease;  j'aime  mieux  le  vin  que  la 
biere  I  like  wine  better  than  beer;  je  prefere  le  vin  a  la  biere  I 
prefer  wine  to  beer;  n' aimeriez-vous  pas  d'y  aller?  wouldn't  you 
like  to  go  there?  on  dit  I' avoir  vu  he  is  said  to  have  been  seen; 
il  souhaite  pouvoir  reussir  he  (strongly)  wishes  to  be  able  to  succeed ; 
on  espere  I'attraper  they  hope  to  catch  him ;  je  vous  assure  (affirme; 
avoue;  declare;  etc.)  ne  les  avoir  jamais  vus  I  declare  (assert; 
confess;  state)  that  I  never  saw  them;  il  nie  etre  complice  he 
denies  that  he  is  an  accomplice;  elle  nie  qu'il  soil  coupable  she 
denies  that  he  is  guilty;  je  ne  nie  pas  que  la  chose  ne  soil  pas 
possible  or:  soil  possible  I  do  not  deny  that  it  may  be  possible; 
autant  ne  pas  le  faire  mignt  as  well  not  do  it;  il  doit  (il  est  tenu  de) 
payer  he  owes  (he  has  to  pay) ;  il  est  tenu  a  cela  (est  oblige  a  cela) 
he  is  held  responsible  or:  he  is  bound  to  that;  il  a  laisse  tomber  son 
chapeau  he  let  his  hat  fall  (he  dropped  his  hat) ;  on  entend  sonner 
la  cloche  we  hear  the  bell  ringing;  au  moment  ou  minuit  a  sonne 
on  the  stroke  of  twelve  (P.M.)  ;  un  appartement  au  midi  apartment 
with  southern  exposure;  ne  trouvez-vous  pas  que  ce  chien  est  vilain? 
don't  you  think  this  dog  is  ugly?  enfinl  les  voila  qui  viennent 


INFINITIVE    REVIEWED  179 

at  last!  here  they  are  coming;  traverser  to  cross;  on  a  vu  le  voleur 
traverser  (qui  traversait)  la  rue  the  thief  was  seen  crossing  the 
street;  s'il  venait  a  faillir  if  he  happened  to  fail;  pretendre  to 
claim;  to  assume;  si  je  pretends  avoir  raison  if  I  claim  to  be  right 
(if  I  do  claim,  etc.);  quej'ai  echoue,  c'est  clair  that  I  should  have 
failed  is  clear;  c'est  I'evidence  meme  it  is  self-evident. 

§  140.  INFINITIVE  in  subordinate  clause  used  (as  pre- 
viously explained)  for:  que  and  the  verb, — when 
the  subject  is  the  same: 

il  pense  reussir  for:  il  pense  qu'il  reussira  he  thinks  he  will  succeed. 

and  when  the  subject  is  different: 

il  croit  le  moment  favor  able  arrive  r  or:  il  croit  que  le  moment  favorable 
approche  he  believes  the  favorable  moment  is  approaching. 

NOTE. — Sometimes  the  different  subject  is  inverted  when  the 
infinitive  is  a  neuter  verb  or  used  as  such: 

il  a  ecoute  chanter  cet  enfant  he  listened  to  that  child  singing; 
elle  a  fait  venir  le  medecin  she  sent  for  the  doctor  (physician) :  (she 
caused  the  physician  to  come). 

§  141 .  COMPARE  THE  INFINITIVE  used  alone  (with  a  pre- 
positional infinitive)  or  the  Infinitive  in  a  sub- 
ordinate clause  and  as  subject,  object  (direct  or 
indirect).  As  an  abstract  noun: 

il  aime  a  lire  (il  aime  la  lecture)  he  likes  to  read  (he  is  fond  of 
reading) ;  vouloir,  c'est  pouvoir  willing  is  power  or:  where  there  is  a 
will,  there  is  a  way. 

and  there  is  an  idea  of  action  implied  in  the  infinitive  but  not 
in  a  noun;  que  as  subject  or  object  in  dependent  infinitives. 

Oral  Drill: 

les  paroles  qu'il  osait  nier  the  words  he  dared  to  deny;  I' argent 
que  I'oncle  affirmait  posseder,  le  possedait  the  money  the  uncle 
maintained  having,  possessed  him;  il  a  fait  sortir  I'homme  he 
made  the  man  go  out  (he  caused  —  to  go  out) ;  on  fera  disparaitre 
les  difficultes  we  will  cause  the  difficulties  to  be  removed;  on  fera 
aplanir  les  difficultes  difficulties  will  be  smoothed;  il  jure  d'y 
etre  he  swears  to  be  there;  il  jure  etre  innocent  he  swears  he  is 
innocent;  il  prof  ere  des  jurements  he  is  profane;  he  blasphemes; 


ISO  INFINITIVE    REVIEWED 

il  fail  un  serment  he  takes  an  oath;  s'il  a  prete  serment  de  fidelite 
if  he  took  an  oath  of  fidelity;  c'est  une  promesse  solennelle  sur  la- 
quelle  il  faut  compter  a  solemn  promise  upon  which  one  must  rely; 
pourquoi  hesiter?  why  hesitate?  vous  semblez  hesiter  you  seem  to 
hesitate;  vous  devriez  trouver  facilement  ce  que  vous  voulez  dire 
ou  faire  you  ought  to  be  able  to  express  yourself  easily  or  decide; 
deposer  un  fardeau  to  lay  down  a  burden ;  il  declare  avoir  depose 
ses  fonds  chez  ce  banquier  he  declares  he  did  deposit  his  money  at 
that  banker's;  ce  vin  depose  beaucoup  that  wine  leaves  a  great 
deal  of  deposit;  se  plaindre  to  complain;  deposer  une  plainte 
to  lodge  a  complaint;  le  temoin  a  fait-  une  deposition  the  witness 
has  made  a  statement;  mettre  en  depot  des  marchandises,  etc., 
d  I' entrepot  to  have  goods  in  the  warehouse;  il  est  depositaire  de 
son  argent  he  is  the  trustee  of  her  (his)  money;  un  depot  de  mendi- 
cite  poorhouse;  ce  qu'un  temoin  depose  en  justice  what  a  witness 
gives  as  evidence  in  Court;  un  faux  temoignage  (un  temoignage 
mensonger)  a  false  testimony ;  veridique  veracious ;  il  est  appele 
en  temoignage  he  has  been  called  to  testify ;  ce  vin  forme  un  depot 
this  wine  leaves  a  sediment;  la  lie  sediment;  dans  les  liqueurs 
fermentees  in  fermented  liquids;  la  lie  du  peuple  the  scum  of  the 
people;  la  plus  vile  populace  (rabble)  the  lowest  people;  on  rend 
temoignage  a  sa  probite  they  bear  witness  to  his  honesty;  un  te- 
moignage d'amitie  or  un  gage  d'amitie  a  mark  or  token  of  friend- 
ship; en  temoignage  de  quoi  in  testimony  whereof;  un  faux  serment 
a  false  oath  (swearing) ;  le  printemps  approche  (c'est  le  printemps 
qui  approche  or  dement  proche)  spring  is  drawing  near  (is  com- 
ing); le  vent  est  des  plus  favorables  the  wind  is  most  favorable; 
les  quatre  saisons  de  I'annee  sont  the  four  seasons  of  the  year  are: 
I'ete  I'automne  I'hiver  le  printemps 

Summer  Autumn  Winter  Spring 

les  mois  de  I'annee  sont:  the  months  of  the  year  are: 
Janvier  fevrier  mars  avril  mai 

January         February  March  April  May 

juin  juillet  aout  septembre         octobre 

June  July  August        September      October 

novembre  November  decembre  December 

elles  (Us)  se  succedent  sans  interruption  they  succeed  one  another 
continuously;  I' une  (I'un)  succede  a  I'autre  one  follows  the  other; 
I'un  vient  apres  I'autre  one  succeeds  the  other;  tout  lui  reussit  or  U 
reussit  en  tout  he  is  successful  in  everything ;  sans  cesse;  sans  inter- 
ruption unceasingly;  continually ;  constamment  (toujours)  constantly. 


INFINITIVE    REVIEWED  l8l 

§  142.  INFINITIVE  etre  frequently  omitted  or  the  sub- 
ject (agent)  preceded  by:  a;  de;  par — : 

on  dit  I'incendie  a  un  kilometre  d'ici  they  say  the  fire  is  one  kilo- 
meter from  here. 

Various  Examples  for  Oral  Drill  and  Conversation: 

avez-vous  entendu  chanter  cette  chanson?  have  you  heard  any  one 
sing  that  song?  il  a  entendu  dire  a  son  pere  qu'elle  mourra  he  heard 
his  father  say  that  she  will  die  (soon) ;  il  a  vu  son  frere  assassine 
par  un  voleur  he  saw  his  brother  killed  by  a  thief;  il  a  vu  son  frere 
assassiner  par  un  voleur  he  saw  his  brother  being  killed  by  a  thief; 
ilm'afait  taire  he  made  me  keep  silent  (here  the  reflexive  pronoun 
is  omitted):  cf.:  une  voix  de  fauvette,  cette  de  Dorothy,  faisait  se 
retourner  lady  B.  (Bazin)  a  voice  like  a  warbler,  Dorothy's, 
caused  Lady  B.  to  turn  around;  (here  se  is  used  by  a  well-known 
writer);  elles  eurent  vite  fait  d'elever  la  voix  they  soon  raised  their 
voices;  je  le  (la)  fais  chanter  I  make  him  (her)  sing;  je  lui  fais 
chanter  ce  morceau  I  have  him  (her)  sing  that  selection ;  je  ferai 
chanter  cet  hymne  a  M.  X.  I  shall  have  Mr.  B.  sing  that  hymn; 
il  vous  fera  bien  parler  he  will  make  you  find  a  tongue ;  ses  crean- 
ciers  Von  jail  arreter  his  creditors  had  him  arrested. 

§  143.  FEW  VERBS: — two  in  succession  are  linked  with- 
out a  preposition: 

il  va  chanter  he  is  going  to  sing ;  or:  he  will  sing ;  il  a  beau  crier  in 
vain  he  cries;  elle  desire  vous  voir  she  wishes  to  see  you;  laissez-le 
jouer  allow  him  to  play;  voulez-vous  venir  do  you  wish  to  (will 
you)  come?  je  dois  travailler  I  must  work;  savez-vous  parler 
fran$ais  can  you  speak  French?  pouvez-vous  marcher  are  you 
able  to  (can  you)  walk?  il  ose  le  repeter  he  dares  to  repeat  it; 
quand  comptez-vous  partir?  when  do  you  expect  to  leave?  je  le 
vois  revenir  I  see  him  coming  back  (or  returning).  Other  examples 
at  §  80. 

§  144.  IMPORTANT  REMARK. — All  prepositions:  a;  de; 
sans;  pour;  apres,  etc.,  are  followed  by  the  infini- 
tive; en  alone  requires  the  Present  Participle: 

apres  avoir  lu  after  reading  (after  having  read);  apres  sa  lecture 
after  his  (her)  reading;  apres  s'etre  egare  after  having  wandered; 
on  attend  avant  d'etre  introduit  pres  de  quelqu'un  we  are  expected 


182  INFINITIVE    REVIEWED 

to  wait  before  being  shown  in  (one  is  .  .  .) ;  sans  avoir  pris  ses 
precautions  without  being  prepared  (unprepared) ;  en  allant;  tout 
en  allant;  in  going;  while  going. 

General  Practice  and  Final  Review : 

il  est  de  retour  he  is  back  (he  has  returned) ;  etes-vous  sur  votre 
retour?  are  you  about  to  return?  Us  sont  tous  prets  a  partir  pour 
retourner  they  are  all  ready  to  leave  for  their  return;  a-t-il  rendu 
vos  limes?  has  he  given  back  your  books?  has  he  returned  your 
books?  ce  coupable  fait  un  retour  sur  lui-me'me  (de  serieuses  reflex- 
ions sur)  this  guilty  person  is  reviewing  his  past  or:  is  reflecting 
(upon)  deeply;  elle  est  sur  le  retour  (commence  a  vieillir)  she  is 
past  middle  age;  le  retour  d'dge  change  of  life  (declining  years); 
son  amour  n' est  point  paye  de  retour  unrequited  love;  le  retour  du 
printemps  the  return  of  the  spring;  le  renouvellement  de  I'annee 
the  return  of  the  New  Year;  en  retour  de  (recompense  de)  in  re- 
compense (return)  for;  as  a  reward  for;  il  vaudrait  mieux  retourner 
le  join  it  would  be  better  to  turn  the  hay;  il  semble  retourner  un 
projet  (I 'examiner  en  tous  sens)  he  seems  to  examine  the  project 
in  every  aspect;  il  se  retourne  he  looks  around  (back);  le  bien 
retourne  au  premier  proprietaire  the  property  reverts  to  the  first 
owner;  il  retourne  a  sa  besogne  (:  se  remet  d)  he  goes  back  to  his 
work  (resumes  his,  etc.);  il  ne  faut  pas  se  retourner  (regarder 
derriere  soi)  one  must  not  look  back  (behind) ;  elle  desire  retourner 
dans  son  pays  she  wishes  to  go  back  to  her  country ;  il  n  'a  fait 
que  retourner  la  mechancete  a  son  auteur  he  made  the  mischief 
react  upon  the  mischief-maker;  on  a  tourne  et  retourne  I' accuse 
(le  prevenu)  the  accused  (the  prisoner)  has  been  put  through  the 
third  degree;  on  I'a  sonde  they  examined  him  thoroughly;  he  was 
thoroughly  examined. 

il  importe  de  retourner  le  sol  (remuer  la  terre)  it  is  necessary  to 
prepare  the  ground  (to  till  it) ;  le  chien  remue  la  queue  a  dog  wags 
his  tail;  une  girouette  a  weathercock;  on  lui  a  fait  change  d'avis 
(on  I'a  retourne)  they  made  him  change  his  opinion;  they  con- 
verted him  to  their  side;  il  a  tourne  casaque  he  changed  sides; 
c'est  dommage  que  I'editeur  lui  ait  retourne  son  manuscrit  it  is  a 
pity  that  the  publisher  should  have  (has)  returned  his  (her) 
manuscript;  qu'il  retoufne  ses  cartes  let  him  turn  up  his  cards; 
elle  retourne  son  paletot  she  is  turning  her  coat  inside  out;  il  vient 
de  retourner  la  salade  he  just  mixed  the  salad;  a  son  retour  elle 
fit  blanchir  le  linge  on  her  return  she  had  the  clothes  washed; 


PARTICIPLE  183 

il  nefaut  pas  revenir  sur  ce  qu'on  a  dit  (.  .  .  pas  changer  d' opinion) 
one  must  abide  by  what  has  been  said  (decided);  il  fallut  rebrous- 
ser  chemin  (retourner  en  arriere)  we  (they;  one)  had  to  turn  back; 
les  retours  de  la  fortune  the  vicissitudes  of  fortune;  les  vicissitudes 
des  affaires  the  fluctuations  of  business;  sans  retour  irrevocably; 
forever;  irreparably;  il  ne  fait  que  de  sortir  he  only  just  went  out; 
il  ne  fait  que  sortir  he  does  nothing  but  go  out;  il  vient  de  sortir 
he  just  went  out. 

and  verbs  implying  belief,  sentiment  or  emotion: 

il  pretendait  etre  tombe  du  ciel  he  pretended  to  have  fallen  from 
heaven;  elle  croit  bien  faire  she  believes  in  acting  rightly;  on 
aime  mieux  se  reposer  we  (they)  prefer  to  rest;  j'irai  la  voir  I 
shall  go  and  see  her;  void  venir  son  frere  here  is  his  (her)  brother 
coming;  void  venir  I'hiver  (void  I'hiver  qui  approche)  winter  is 
coming  (at  hand);  wild,  qu'on  m'appelle  now  I  am  called. 

LESSON  XV 

§  145.  PARTICIPLE  IN  GENERAL  (verbum  infinitum  in  its 
form) :  by  its  stem  it  partakes  of  a  verb ;  by  its 
inflection  of  an  adjective;  or  it  becomes  a  simple 
noun. 

Present  Participle  called:  participe  actif; 
Past  Participle  called:  participe  passif; 

§  146.  PARTICIPIAL  CLAUSE:  thus  called  when  its  par- 
ticipial use  is  in  an  apparently  isolated,  inde- 
pendent statement : 

le  printemps  venu,  il  partit  Spring  having  come,  he  left 
Dieu  aidant,  vous  reussirez  God  helping,  you  will  succeed. 

Observe:  When   the   Past   Participle  is   used   as  an   adjective 
(qualifying  the  subject)  there  is  no  participial  clause: 
I'enfant  pousse  par  ses  camarades  tomba  dans  le  vice 
the  child  influenced  by  his  comrades  became  addicted  to  vice. 

Oral  Drill: 

en  passant  du  linge  au  bleu  putting  clothes  (washing)  through 
bluing  water;  en  se  rinqant  la  bouche  while  rinsing  his  mouth; 
sans  entamer  sa  suprematie  artistique  et  litteraire  without  attacking 


1 84  PARTICIPLE 

his  artistic  and  literary  supremacy;  en  prenant  de  I'huile  d' olives 
taking  olive  oil;  en  achetant  une  botte  d'asperges  on  buying  a 
bunch  (bundle)  of  asparagus;  une  chaussure  de  cuir  a  leather  shoe; 
en  devidant  du  fil  while  reeling  off  thread;  or  en  mettant  en  eche- 
veau  winding  into  skeins;  en  laissant  retomber  le  fusil  in  letting  the 
gun  fall  (drop) ;  en  voyant  revenir  le  capitaine  on  seeing  the  captain 
return;  en  se  pendant  a  une  branche  d'arbre  while  hanging  himself 
to  the  branch  of  a  tree;  on  suspend  un  tableau  (au  mur)  we  hang 
a  picture  on  the  wall;  etre  roue  de  coups  to  be  soundly  thrashed; 
en  bourrant  le  fusil  in  ramming  home  the  charge;  en  enroulanl  le 
fil  sur  des  bobines  in  winding  thread  on  bobbins;  en  se  per  chant 
sur  I'arbre  while  perching  on  the  tree. 

en  bourrant  sa  pipe  in  filling  his  pipe;  U  ext  honteux  de  I'avoir 
maltraite  he  is  ashamed  of  having  ill-treated  him;  on  I' a  bourre 
de  coups  they  gave  him  a  sound  thrashing;  on  le  bourre  de  grec 
they  cram  him  with  Greek;  d,  quoi  ban  bourrer  ce  fauteuil  (rem- 
bourrer)?  what's  the  use  of  stuffing  that  arm-chair  (upholster); 
en  le  garnissant  de  crin,  de  bourre,  etc.,  in  filling  it  with  hair  (woolen 
or  cotton  refuse). 

§  147.     PARTICIPLE  REFERRING  to  the  subject  and  the 

object  of  a  verb, — direct  or  indirect  object: — 
toutes  les  miles  soumises  sont  la  proie  du  vainqueur  all  the  surren- 
dered cities  are  at  the  mercy  of  the  conqueror;  faut-il  vous  rap- 
peler  cet  ingrat  (qui  est)  mart?  is  it  necessary  to  recall  to  you  that 
ingrate  now  dead?  tout  en  vous  saluant,je  vous  presente  mes  amities 
while  greeting  you,  I  offer  you  my  best  regards. 

NOTE. — A  pleonasm:  les  eleves  une  fois  entres  (-ees)  il  les  rappela 
a  leur  devoir  the  pupils  having  entered,  he  reminded  them  of 
their  duty. 

§  148.     THE  GERUND  (resembling  the  Present  Participle) 

is  used  with :  en;  tout  en — 

en  faisant  (en  train  de  faire)  in  doing  (busy  doing) ;  tout  en  faisant 
while  doing  (making) ;  c'est  en  forgeant  qu'on  devient  forgeron 
practice  makes  perfect ;  la  forge  blacksmith 's  shop ;  chemin  faisant, 
je  ramassai  la  bourse  on  my  way  I  picked  up  the  purse;  au  milieu 
du  chemin  in  the  middle  of  the  road;  en  me  promenant  while 
walking;  en  fumant  sa  pipe  smoking  his  pipe;  en  voyageant 
(pendant  man  voyage)  while  traveling;  during  my  travel;  je  le  vis 
I  saw  him  (it);  en  voyage  traveling  (journeying  abroad). 


PARTICIPLE  185 

NOTE. — The  ending  -ing  (in  English)  is  frequently  used  in 
the  Present  Indicative  and  Imperfect;  as  a  verb  the  present  parti- 
ciple implying  action  is  invariable  and  may  have  an  object  (direct) 
or  be  used  with  ne  (negation)  and  en  (preposition) : 

U  a  vu  des  homines  errant  (qui  erraient)  dans  les  campagnes  he 
saw  men  wandering  (who  were  wandering)  in  the  country;  j'ai 
vu  une  mere  consolant  son  fils  I  saw  a  mother  consoling  her  son; 
ne  voulant  point  vous  deranger,  je  suis  parti  not  wishing  to  disturb 
you,  I  left  (set  out). 

with  adverbs: 

causant  ensemble  (women)  chattering  together;  en  se  promenant 
tranquittement  while  walking  free  from  care;  se  balader  to  saun- 
ter (wander  about  idly);  sans  but  without  aim  or  purpose;  fldner 
to  loiter;  en  promenant  I' enfant  in  taking  out  the  child  for  an 
airing;  a  drive;  en  promenant  ses  regards  stir  I'auditoire  glancing 
at  the  audience;  en  I' envisageant  while  looking  at  him  (in  the  face) ; 
en  le  devisageant  while  looking  (staring)  at  him;  staring  him  out 
of  countenance;  en  ne  s'etonnant  de  rien  not  being  surprised  at 
anything;  de  I'abime  of  the  abyss;  etant  (se  trouvant)  sur  le  bord 
du  precipice  being  on  the  (edge)  brink  of  a  precipice;  ne  subsistant 
que  de  pain  living  only  on  bread;  aucune  mine  ne  subsistant 
complete  destruction  (nothing  left);  no  ruin  left;  un  moteur 
fonctionnant  a  I' aide  du  vent  a  motor  operated  by  the  wind; 
pendant  qu'il  etait  en  chemin  while  on  his  way;  en  proferant  des 
plaintes  ameres  in  making  bitter  complaints;  en  amenant  une 
erreur  (sur  son  compte)  while  bringing  about  a  mistake  (also: 
about  him,  her) ;  revenant  sur  une  erreur  commise  dans  son  compte 
correcting  an  error  made  in  his  account. 

Oral  Drill: 

amener  un  incident  to  bring  about  (carry  out)  an  incident; 
porter  to  take;  to  carry;  la  guerre  amene  bien  des  maux  war  brings 
on  many  evils;  en  occasionnant  beaucoup  de  fatigue  causing  much 
fatigue;  des  maladies  (bring  on)  disease;  en  attendant  cette  oc- 
casion while  waiting  for  this  opportunity;  amenez-le  bring  him 
here;  emmenez-le  take  him  away  (lead  him  away);  en  apportant 
r enfant  in  bringing  the  child;  en  elevant  I' enfant  while  bringing 
up  the  child;  elevant  la  voix  raising  the  voice;  en  repassant  (le 
linge)  while  ironing ;  en  allant  d'un  lieu  a  I'autre  in  going  from  one 
place  to  another;  en  passant  par  cette  ruelle  in  passing  through 


1 86  PARTICIPLE 

this  lane;  (by-street);  tout  en  traversant  la  rue  while  crossing  the 
street;  en  passant  au  tableau  in  going  to  the  blackboard;  ne 
tenant  aucun  compte  de  leur  etourderie  overlooking  their  thought- 
lessness; en  passant  de  la  contrebande  while  passing  contraband; 
on  lui  passe  cettefaute;  on  lui  pardonne  we  overlooked  his  mistake; 
we  forgive  him  (we  do,  etc.). 

§  149.     SPECIFIC  DISTINCTION: 

un  enfant  obeissant  bien  a  child  that  obeys  well;  un  enfant  bien 
obeissant  a  very  obedient  child;  des  personnes  pensant  bien 
persons  who  think  (reason)  well;  des  personnes  bien  pensantes 
right-minded  people;  je  la  vois  qui  vient  (je  la  vois  venir)  I  see  her 
coming;  le  cas  echeant  if  such  should  be  the  case. 

NOTE. — In  English  the  Present  Participle  is  often  used  instead 
of  the  French  relative  clause. 

soi-disant  so-called ;  une  couleur  variant  du  jaune  pale  au  rouge 
hyacinthe  a  color  varying  from  pale  yellow  to  reddish  brown; 
ayant  having;  etant  being,  are  invariable. 

§  150.     As  ADJECTIVE  AND  IMPLYING  A  STATE  OF  BEING, 
the  Present  Participle  varies: 

ce  sont  des  chagrins  accablants  such  sorrows  as  those  are  over- 
whelming; des  poissons  vivants  live  fish;  la  voiture  d'un  marchand 
ambulant  the  cart  (wagon)  of  an  itinerant  dealer;  une  eau  dor- 
mante  stagnant  water;  une  haine  per  sever  ante  an  enduring  hatred; 
une  douleur  angoissante  a  distressing  pain;  une  matitre  color  ante 
bleue  a  blue  coloring  matter;  les  fusees  eclair  antes  nous  silhouettaient 
the  illuminating  rockets  silhouetted  us;  ce  sont  des  tribus  errantes 
they  are  nomads  (wandering  tribes) ;  les  cendres  encore  fumantes 
the  still  smouldering  ashes;  le  Mercredi  des  Cendres  Ash- Wed- 
nesday; aimez-vous  les  couleur s  voyantes  ou  tranchantes?  do  you 
like  gaudy  or  glaring  colors?  couleur  s  eclatantes  brilliant  colors; 
les  langues  vivantes  the  living  languages;  des  purgatifs  evacuants 
effective  purgatives. 

§151.     As  PREPOSITIONS: 

aurant  during  pendant  during  (while) 

suivant  according  touchant  concerning 

moyennant  in  consideration  of  nonobstant  notwithstanding 

suivant  le  journal  according  to  the  newspaper. 


PARTICIPLE  187 

§152.     As  SUBSTANTIVES: 

le  suivant;  la  suivante  the  next;  les  vivants  et  les  marts  the  living 
and  the  dead;  en  son  vivant  during  his  (her)  life;  ce  jut  un  ban 
vivant  he  was  of  a  cheerful  temperament;  high  liver;  un  dessert 
a  I'avenant  du  repas  a  dessert  in  keeping  with  the  repast;  un  pliant 
(qui  n'a  ni  bras  ni  dossier)  a  folding-seat  (which  has  no  arms  nor 
back);  les  ayants  cause  (droit)  the  claimants;  les  allants  et  les 
venants  (the)  goers  and  comers;  a  tout  venant  to  the  first  comer; 
ce  sont  des  calmants  they  are  soothing  remedies;  ce  sont  des  arri- 
vants  they  are  new  comers;  cf.:  seance  tenante  during  the  sitting. 

Practice  (and  with  other  prepositions) : 

il  est  malade  depuis  une  semaine  he  has  been  ill  a  week;  durant 
I'hiver  during  winter  (time);  sa  vie  durant  or:  durant  sa  vie  during 
his  lifetime ;  on  I' a  surveille  pendant  trois  heures  he  has  been  watched 
(for)  three  hours  (long) ;  il  s'absentera  (pour)  trois  jours  he  will 
be  absent  three  days;  vous  en  avez  pour  une  semaine  you  have 
enough  for  a  week;  dans  une  heure  in  (after;  within)  an  hour; 
on  a  fait  ce  travail  en  une  heure  that  work  has  been  done  in  one 
hour;  a  partir  de  demain  from  to-morrow  (on);  des  ce  matin; 
des  aujourd'hui  this  very  morning  (day) ;  on  commencera  des 
lundi  work  will  begin  not  later  than  Monday;  de  deux  a  trois 
two  to  three;  des  chambres  de  trois  (francs)  jusqu'a  vingt  francs 
rooms  from  three  to  (up  to)  twenty  francs;  jusqu'a  midi;  jusqu'a 
Boston;  until  noon;  as  far  as  Boston;  jusqu'ici  as  far  as  here; 
hitherto;  dans  la  ville  in  the  city;  a  I'ecole  at  (to;  in)  school; 
promenades  dans  Paris  (within  Paris)  trips  through  Paris;  il 
dine  en  ville  he  is  dining  out;  vers  I' est;  tiers  minuit;  towards  the 
East ;  about  midnight ;  a  peu  pres  or  environ  six  milles  about  (nearly) 
six  miles;  sur  on  (upon);  au-dessus  de,  etc.,  above;  envers  son 
prochain  towards  one's  neighbor;  surtout  dans  les  circonstances 
critiques  specially  in  critical  circumstances;  dans  de  telles  circon- 
stances under  such  circumstances;  sous  la  table  under  (underneath) 
the  table;  le  lundi  ou  le  mardi  on  Monday (s)  or  Tuesday (s); 
avant  vous;  devant  vous;  before  you;  before  (in  front  of). 


§   153 

NOTE. — Prepositional  locutions  emphasized  under  each  and 
every  verb  throughout  the  book;  also  idiomatic  forms  in  both 
languages. 


1 88  PARTICIPLE 

If  doubtful  you  may  inflect  the  present  participle  or  not: 
des  tribus  vivent  errant  or  err  antes  dans  les  bois  tribes  lead  wan- 
dering lives  or  live  as  nomads  in  the  forest;  une  cour  attenante 
a  sa  maison  court  (yard)  adjoining  his  house;  des  bonbons  fon- 
dants (dont  I'interieur  est  liquide)  liquid  filled  bonbons;  une  table 
pliante  a  folding  table;  une  poire  fondante  a  juicy  pear;  les  deux 
bords  se  touchant  the  edges  meet;  des  billets  correspondants  aux 
numeros  ticket?  corresponding  with  the  numbers;  bureau  auxili- 
aire  restant  (Sub-Post  Office)  where  letters  are  to  be  called  for; 
paste  restante  General  Delivery;  spectacle  payant  no  free  tickets; 
rue  passante  a  much  frequented  street;  un  billet  d' invitation  an 
invitation  card. 

NOTE. — The  ending  -ant,  strictly  speaking,  denoted  originally 
a  gerundive  with  en  and  was  invariable;  and  the  present  participle 
or  verbal  adjective  was  inflected. 


154.  ORTHOGRAPHY  varying  between-  few  PRESENT 
PARTICIPLES  and  corresponding  VERBAL  AD- 
JECTIVES or  NOUNS  : 

adherant:  adherent;  adhering:  adherent  (adhesive  to) 

presidant:  president;  presiding:  president 

fabriquant:  fabricant;  manufacturing:  manufacturer 

fatiguant:  fatigant;  fatiguing:  tiresome  (fatiguing) 

extravaguant:  extravagant;  talking  wildly:  extravagant  (wild  person) 

affluant:  affluent;  flowing  (into):  affluent 

convainquant:  convaincant;  convincing:  conclusive 

excellant:  excellent;  surpassing:  excellent 

differant:  different;  differing:  different 

influant:  influent;  influencing:  influent 

negligeant:  negligent;  neglecting:  negligent 

suffoquant:  suffocant;  suffocating:  choking 

vaquant:  vacant;  being  vacant  (attending) :  vacant 

intriguant:  intrigant;  intriguing:  intriguer 

divergeant:  divergent;  diverging:  divergent 

equivalant:  equivalent;  being  equal  to :  equivalent 

excedani:  excedent;  exceeding:  overplus  (or  weight) 

expedlant:  expedient;  despatching:  expedient  (shift) 

precedant:  precedent;  preceding:  precedent 

residant:  resident;  residing;  resident 

violant:  violent;  violating:  violent 


PARTICIPLE  189 

§155.     en  is  generally  repeated  before  each  Participle: 

Us  sont  venus  en  courant  et  en  chantant  they  came  running  and 
singing;  for  emphasis 

en  (with :  alter  to  go)  may  or  may  not  be  used : 
une  pente  qui  va  en  s'elevant  graduellement  a  slope  rising  gradually; 
le  danger  va  croissant  (or :  en  croissant)  danger  increases ;  generale- 
ment  parlant  generally  speaking;  donnant,  donnant  nothing  for 
nothing;  il  I'exerce  a  descendre  la  cottine  en  galopant  he  trains 
him  to  galop  down  hill. 

Oral  Drill :     on  Prepositions: 

jusqu'au  moment  ou  il  entra  up  to  the  moment  when  he  entered; 
depuis  New-York  jusqu'a  Boston  from  New  York  to  Boston;  il 
n'est  pas  jusqu'a  lui  qui  ne  les  deteste  he  is  not  the  only  one  who 
hates  them;  il  a  critique  jusqu'a  son  bienfaiteur  he  even  criticized 
his  benefactor;  jusqu'a  sa  mere  even  his  (her)  mother. 

in  rare  cases:  jusques  a  quand  (jusqu'a  quand)  till  when;  how  long? 
jusqu'oii;  jusqu'ici;  how  far?  down  to  here;  till  now;  en  temps  op- 
portun  in  due  time;  pas  avant  le  dix  mars  not  until  the  tenth  of 
March;  elle  coud  du  matin  au  soir  she  sews  from  morning  till 
night ;  de  travers  obliquely ;  un  habit  de  tous  les  jours  an  every  day 
coat;  a  travers;  au  travers  de;  through;  through  (obstacles);  au 
travers  de  I'ennemi  through  the  enemy's  lines;  a  travers  les  champs 
across  the  fields;  il  entend  de  travers  he  misconstrues  (misunder- 
stands); il  parle  a  tort  et  a  travers  he  talks  at  random;  les  travers 
de  la  societe  the  follies  (foibles)  of  society;  en  forme  de  croix 
crosswise ;  une  traverse  de  chemin  de  fer  railroad  crossing ;  dispose 
en  travers  placed  (drawn)  across;  une  ligne  transfer  sale  inter- 
secting line  (lying;  being  across);  il  a  V esprit  de  travers  cross- 
grained;  une  tr  aver  see  de  voie  railroad  intersecting  line;  un 
embranchement  junction  (of  a  railroad);  la  bifurcation  d'un  chemin 
the  division  of  a  road;  une  aiguille;  I'aiguilleur;  a  switch;  the 
switchman. 

Void  un  acrostiche  fait  sur^  Louis  XI V  par  quelque  solliciteur  au 
gousset  vide: 

I-*  ouis  est  un  heros  sans  peur  et  sans  reproche; 

O  n  desire  le  voir.     Aussitot  qu'on  I'approche 

Q]  n  sentiment  d' amour  enflamme  tous  les  ccsurs. 

••s  I  ne  trouve  chzz  nous  que  des  adorateurs. 

Co  on  image  est  par  tout,  excepte  dans  ma  poche. 


190  PAST    PARTICIPLE 


LESSON  XVI 

§  156.  PAST  PARTICIPLE:  one  from  the  Latin — urus 
which  is  active;  and  the  other — dus  (somewhat) 
resembling  the  adjective  or  the  noun.  The 
Present  Participle  is  active:  parlant.  The  Past 
Participle, —  passive  also  in  Latin  becomes  active 
with  French  neuter  (intransitive)  or  Reflexive 
verbs : 

il  est  sorti  he  has  gone  out  (he  is  out) ;  elle  s'est  blessee  she  (has) 
wounded  herself;  sorti  (etant  sorti)  having  gone  out;  or:  -s;  ie-s;  sortie 
(etant  sortie)  having  gone  out;  ayant  blesse  having  wounded; 
s'etant  blesse  (-e);  (-es;  -ees)  having  wounded  himself;  herself; 
themselves. 

§  157.  with  other  verbs  the  Past  Participle  implies  a 
state  of  being : 

il  est  blesse;  il  est  aime;  he  is  (has  been)  wounded;  he  is  loved; 
un  hotel  (qui  est)  bien  construit  a  well-built  hotel;  la  maison  est 
batie  par  MM.  B.  el  Cie.  the  house  is  (being)  built  by  Messrs. 
B.  and  Co. 

NOTE. — Here  is  a  present  participle  which  is   (being)  active. 
Other  compound  tenses  of  the  active  voice: 

il  a  mange  he  ate  (he  has  eaten);  ayant  chante  having  sung; 
after  he  had  sung;  after  singing;  after  having  sung;  etant  alle 
having  gone  (being  gone),  etc. 

§  158.  without  Auxiliary  the  Past  Participle  refers  to  a 
noun  or  pronoun;  being  used  as  an  adjective  it  is 
inflected : 

le  talent  recompense  talent  rewarded;  les  maisons  detruites  houses 
destroyed;  que  de  portes  ouvertes  how  many  doors  have  been 
opened  (are  open);  soiree  price  to  invited  persons  (guests); 
il  est  cite  a  I'ordre  dujour  he  has  been  publicly  honored  (mentioned) 
for  his  bravery;  pier  re  non  gravee  ungraved  stone  \fleurs  odorantes 
disposees  en  grappes  fragrant  flowers  arranged  in  clusters. 


PAST    PARTICIPLE  19! 

§  159.     with:  de  the  Participle  refers  to  its  complement: 

elle  est  estimee  de  tout  le  monde  everybody  esteems  her  (she  is 
esteemed  by  everybody);  c'est  une  danse  emportee  a  wild  dance; 
c'est  une  danse  tumultueuse  a  riotous  dance;  une  poignee  de  paille 
tortillee  a  handful  of  twisted  straw ;  fonds  alloues  pour  les  sommes 
reellement  depensees  sums  allotted  for  actual  expenses;  maison 
detruite  en  grande  partie  par  la  tempete  a  house  partly  destroyed 
by  storm. 


§  1 60.     with  a  pronoun: 

on  le  dit  parti  he  is  said  to  have  left ;  Us  la  virent  abattue  they  saw 
her  dejected;  elles  couraient  echevelees  they  were  running  with 
disheveled  hair;  il  parla  les  yeux  baisses  he  spoke  with  downcast 
eyes;  Us  sont  pourvus  d'un  benefice  they  are  provided  with  special 
privileges  (an  allowance;  pension,  etc.). 


§  161.     as  a  noun: 

le  blesse;  les  blesses  the  wounded;  le  mart;  la  morte  the  dead; 
les  sorties;  la  sortie;  exits;  Commencement  Day;  la  r entree 
the  re-entrance;  elles  sorties,  les  messieurs  sont  partis  they  (the 
ladies)  being  out,  the  gentlemen  left;  il  y  a  du  parle  et  du  chante 
some  of  the  lines  are  spoken,  others  are  sung. 

Oral  Drill: 

jusqu'd,  nouvel  ordre  until  further  notice;  par  bonte  through  kind- 
ness (out  of  kindness) ;  elle  regarde  par  la  fenetre  she  looks  out  of 
the  window;  boire  dans  un  verre  to  drink  out  of  a  glass;  un  sur 
cent  one  out  of  a  hundred ;  le  lustre  suspendu  au  plafond  chandelier 
hanging  from  the  ceiling;  il  merite  d'etre  pendu  he  deserves  to 
be  hanged ;  il  est  accroche  a  une  branche  he  is  caught  on  a  branch ; 
pendu  au  plafond  hanging  on  the  ceiling;  il  appuie  I'echelle  contre 
le  mur  he  is  resting  the  ladder  against  the  wall;  il  est  parti  pour 
affaires  he  left  on  business;  d'aujourd'hui  en  huit,  en  quinze  in 
a  week  from  to-day;  two  weeks  from  to-day;  to  or  in: 

en  France  en  Amerique  en  Russie 

in  France  in  America  in  Russia 

en  Angleterre  en  Irlande  en  Italie 

in  England  in  Ireland  in  Italy 


192  PAST    PARTICIPLE 

en  Espagne  en  Suisse  en  Suede 

in  Spain  in  Switzerland  in  Sweden 

en  Norvege  en  Hollande  en  Allemagne 

in  Norway  in  Holland  in  Germany 

en  Ecosse  en  Chine  en  Afrique 

in  Scotland  in  China  in  Africa 

en  Australie  en  Turquie  en  Oceanic 

in  Australia  in  Turkey  in  Oceania 

or:  la  France,  etc.;  I'Amerique  du  Nord,  du  Sud 

France,  etc.;  North  America;  South  America 

dans  I' Afrique  Centrale  in  Central  Africa 

but:     au  Danemark;      au  Japon;      au  Canada;     au  Mexique 
(to)      in  Denmark;         in  Japan;       in  Canada;       in  Mexico 

au  Portugal;  au  Bresil;  au  Panama 

(to)     in  Portugal;  in  Brazil;  in  Panama 

NOTE. — All  other  countries, — not  ending  in  -e,  are  masculine: 
le  Chili;  le  Perou,  etc. 

§  162.  As  PREPOSITIONS. — The  Past  Participle  (being 
used  as  such)  is  invariable  when — preceding  the 
noun  or  sentence: 

hormis  (hors  et  mis)  except;  attendu  les  evenements  considering 
the  events;  approuve  les  resolutions  approved  the  resolutions; 
ci- joint  copie  de  votre  resolution  or:  vous  trouverez  ci- joint,  etc.,  here- 
with a  copy  of  your  act;  vous  trouverez  ci-incluse  la  (une)  copie 
please  find  enclosed  copy,  etc. 

Observe:  ci-joinl  and  ci-inclus  are  invariable  in  the  body  of  a 
sentence, — when  no  article  or  determining  adjective  precedes 
them. 

certifie  les  signatures  witnessed  the  signatures;  excepte  mes  freres 
except  my  brothers;  mes  freres  exceptes  my  brothers  excepted; 
oui  les  temoins  heard  the  witnesses;  etant  donne  les  circonstances 
or:  eu  egard  aux  etc.  (en  consideration  des  etc.)  considering  the 
circumstances;  passe  huit  heures  on  n'entre  pas  after  eight,  no 
admittance;  sauf  erreur  (omission)  errors  excepted ;  sauf  a  changer 
(quitte  a  changer)  subject  to  correction;  deux  francs  y  compris  le 
vin  two  francs  with  wine;  two  francs  wine  included;  non  compris 
la  bier  e  beer  not  included ;  suppose  les  motif s  granted  the  motives; 
cf.:  a  I' exception  d'un  seul  with  the  exception  of  only  one;  with 
but  one  exception;  with  one  exception;  with  a  single  exception; 
exempt  defautes  free  from  mistakes. 


PAST   PARTICIPLE  193 

§163.  PAST  PARTICIPLE  with  tore. — It  is  inflected  in 
number  and  gender  with  the  subject  or  pronoun 
to  which  it  relates;  etre  is  often  understood: 

Marie- Antoinette,  nee  a  Vienne,  mourut  sur  I'echafaud  Marie- 
Antoinette,  born  in  Vienna,  died  on  the  scaffold;  I'Amerique 
fut  decouverte  par  Christophe  Colomb  America  was  discovered  by 
Christopher  Columbus;  graces  vous  soient  r endues  may  thanks 
be  given  to  you;  beaucoup  sont  appeles,  pen  sont  elus  many  are 
called,  few  are  chosen;  partis  le  soir,  Us  arriverent  le  lendemain 
having  left  in  the  evening  they  arrived  the  following  day;  c'est 
ainsi  que  sont  marts  ses  amis  thus  have  his  friends  died. 

§  164.  PASSIVE  VERBS. — They  are  always  conjugated 
with  etre,  expressed  or  understood  in  their  simple 
tenses;  and  with  two  auxiliaries  (avoir,  etre)  in 
their  compound  tenses: 

la  porte  est  ouverte  the  door  is  open;  porte  ouverte  ou  non,  j'entre 
whether  the  door  is  opened  or  not,  I  enter;  il  est  entre  dans  la 
chambre  he  entered  the  room. 

Oral  Drill: 

il  est  tombe  par  terre  he  fell  on  the  ground;  il  toucha  I'objet  du  doigt 
he  touched  the  object  with  his  finger;  a  cote  de  beside;  cela  ne  lui 
louche  en  rien  that  does  not  affect  him  (her)  in  the  least;  il  me 
louche  de  pres  he  is  a  near  relative  of  mine;  pres  de  la  table  near 
the  table;  pour  mieux  voir  cela,  il  faut  que  vous  soyez  aupres  to 
better  see  it  you  must  stand  close  (by);  I'un  a  cote  de  I'aulre 
(cote  a  cote)  side  by  side;  le  long  du  mur  along  the  wall;  de  tous 
cotes  on  all  sides;  parents  du  cote  paternel  relatives  on  his  father's 
side;  la  chambre  d'a  cote  the  adjoining  room;  la  porte  laterale 
the  side  door;  laisser  de  cote  to  throw  aside;  mettre  de  cote  (en 
reserve)  to  put  aside;  du  cote  de  la  Bretagne  near  (close  by) 
Brittany;  dans  le  voisinage  in  the  neighborhood  (vicinity);  du 
cote  gauche  in  the  left  side  (on  the  left  side);  un  point  de  cote 
a  stitch  in  his  side  (avoir);  on  se  met  de  votre  cote  they  side  with  you; 
voila  le  cote  de  cette  affaire  that's  one  aspect  of  that  case;  le  cote 
faible  the  weak  side;  de  cote;  a  force  de;  sideways;  by  dint  of; 
la  cote  the  rib;  the  shore  (sea-coast);  une  cotelette  a  chop  (cutlet); 
a  cause  de  son  inimitie  on  account  of  his  enmity;  sans  force  with- 
out power ;  deforce;  par  force;  by  force ;  forcibly ;  de  vive  force  by  force 
13 


IQ4  PAST    PARTICIPLE 

(avec  violence) ;  devivevoix  by  word  of  mouth ;  al'insude  unknown 
to;  au  lieu  de  in  lieu  of;  instead  of;  au-dela  de  ses  desirs  beyond 
his  (her)  wishes;  outre-mer  (au  dela  des  mers)  beyond  the  sea(s); 
outre  mesure  beyond  measure  or:dl'exces;  en  temps  et  lieu  in  due 
time;  chacun  en  son  lieu  each  one  at  his  place. 

§  165.  NEUTER  VERBS. — A  few  of  them  take  etre  in  their 
compound  tenses: 

je  suis  alle  (e)  I  went  (I  have  gone);  tu  es  sorti  (e)  you  went 
out;  il  est  venu,  revenu,  devenu,  parvenu  he  came,  came  back, 
became,  succeeded;  elle  est  rentree  she  came  home  (she  is  in); 
Us  sont  descendus  they  came  down;  Us  sont  descendus  a  I' hotel 
they  stopped  at  the  hotel;  they  put  up  at,  etc.;  nous  sommes 
entres  (-ees)  dans  I'eglise  we  entered  the  church;  we  have  entered, 
etc. 
vous  etes  parti  (-ie);  — (-is;  -ies)  you  left 

vous  Ues  arrive  (-ee);  (  es;  -ees)     you  arrived 

vous  etes  reste     (-ee);  — (-es;  -ees)    you  remained 

Us  sont  nes  they  were  born;  elles  sont  mortes  they  are  dead;  they 
died;  Us  sont  marts  they  died;  they  are  dead;  elles  sont  retournees 
they  (have)  returned. 

Observe:  Some  neuter  verbs  are  used  transitively  and  take 
avoir: 

Us  ont  sorti  Ies  enfants  they  took  the  children  out;  elle  a  descendu 
Ies  chaises  she  took  the  chairs  down ;  elle  a  bien  dormi  she  slept 
well;  au  bourg  ou  je  suis  passe  tantot  in  the  hamlet  I  just  went 
through. 

§  1 66.  PAST  PARTICIPLES  of  Passive  and  Neuter  Verbs 
and  those  of  the  latter  (conjugated  with  ttre) 
may  be  used  without  auxiliary : 

une  affaire  entendue  a  matter  (case)  settled;  also:  agreed  upon;  c'est 
une  pomme  tombee  it  is  a  fallen  apple;  unefemme  bien  entendue  a 
woman  well  up  in  business;  arrive  a  ban  port  having  come  into 
harbor  safely. 

§  167.     IMPERSONAL  VERBS  (not  inflected): 

il  est  venu  quelqu'un  some  one  came;  il  est  venu  deux  dames  two 
ladies  came;  il  est  arrive  des  chases  epouvantables  there  occurred 
frightful  things;  il  y  a  eu  une  grande  tempete  there  was  a  great 


PAST    PARTICIPLE  1 95 

storm;  un  accroc  a  hitch;  un  accroc  a  tear;  U  est  tombe  de  la 
neige  snow  has  fallen;  il  est  survenu  une  difficulte  a  difficulty  has 
arisen;  il  est  tombe  la  tete  la  premiere  he  fell  head  foremost. 

Oral  Drill  and  Conversation: 

ecorce  usitee  contre  la  fievre  bark  in  use  for  fevers;  la  femme  est 
chargee  de  tons  les  travaux  de  ce  menage  the  woman  has  charge 
of  all  the  household  duties;  mis  dans  la  balance  weighed  in 
the  balance;  on  le  trouve  trap  leger  he  has  been  found  wanting; 
trap  leger  light-headed;  too  light;  a  la  legere  lightly;  wantonly; 
thoughtlessly  or:  inconsideremeni;  il  est  vetu  a  la  legere  he  is 
lightly  dressed;  etant  blesse  legerement  (sans  gravite)  being  slightly 
wounded;  il  parle  legerement  (thoughtlessly);  une  course  effrcnee 
(sans  frein)  a  mad  race  (unrestrained);  le  papier  brouillard 
seche  Vecriture  blotting  paper  dries  ink;  un  poisson  recherche 
pour  la  delicatesse  de  sa  chair  a  fish  in  demand  for  (on  account 
of)  the  delicacy  of  its  meat;  la  brouette  sert  a  operer  de  petits 
transports  the  wheelbarrow  is  used  for  conveying  small  loads 
by  hand;  la  ligne  droite  the  straight  line;  un  tuyau  de  distribution 
the  feed-pipe;  un  tuyau  d' echappement  escape-pipe;  on  vend 
toute  espece  d'objets  classes  par  rayons  a  prix  fixe  they  sell  all  sorts 
of  articles  classified  by  shelves  and  at  one  price  (set  price) ;  figures 
grossierement  dessinees  figures  clumsily  drawn;  c'est  ce  qui  est 
arrive  that's  what  happened;  on  nous  pousse  brusquement  they 
are  pushing  us  roughly;  il  a  le  nez  plat  (ecrase)  he  has  a  flat  nose; 
il  est  d'une  aigreur  de  caractere  he  is  (so)  peevish  (and  disagreeable) ! 
il  vise  d'un  ceil  enfermant  I'autre  pour  s' assurer  si  he  squints  (aims 
with  one  eye  while  closing  the  other)  to  ascertain  whether;  Us 
sont  du  meme  calibre  they  are  of  the  same  caliber;  d'une  constitu- 
tion debile  having  a  frail  constitution ;  on  se  fait  trainer  par  they 
are  drawn  (along)  by;  dragged  on  the  ground;  il  ne  naissait  pas 
un  prince  sans  que  Von  fit  des  demonstrations  a  prince  was  not 
born  without  demonstrations  being  made;  le  calorifere  the  radi- 
ator; la  bouche  de  chaleur  the  register  (heating  apparatus);  est 
une  ouverture  au  moyen  de  laquette  la  chaleur  se  communique 
(is  an  opening)  through  which  the  heated  air  is  admitted  or 
excluded;  il  faut  avant  tout  s'acquitter  exactement  de  ce  que  Von 
doit  a  we  must  pay  (off)  exactly  what  we  owe  Mr.  B.  (first  of 
all) ;  le  rayon  des  chapeaux  or:  le  comptoir  des  chapeaux  hat  depart- 
ment; donner  son  compte  a  la  bonne  or:  la  payer  et  la  r envoy er 
to  send  the  maid  from  service  or:  to  pay  her  and  dismiss  her; 
en  partageant  les  benefices  in  sharing  (dividing)  the  profits. 


IQ6  PAST    PARTICIPLE 

LESSON    XVII 

§  168.  PAST  PARTICIPLE  with  avoir  (or:  etre  in  the  Re- 
flexive Verbs).  It  never  agrees  with  the  subject 
and  only  with  the  direct  object  preceding  the 
verb: 

*/  a  lu  la  lellre  que  vous  avez  lue  he  read  the  letter  which  you  have 
read;  ce  sont  les  livres  qu'elle  aeua  lire  those  are  the  books  (which) 
she  had  to  read ;  que  de  questions  il  a  posees!  how  many  questions 
he  asked !  combien  d'examens  avez-vous  passes  how  many  examina- 
tions did  you  pass?  quelle  plume  a-t-il  cassee?  which  pen  did  he 
break?  elle  a  subi  avec  succes  un  examen  de  she  passed  successfully 
an  examination  in;  Us  se  sont  leves  de  bonne  heure  they  got  up 
early;  and  note  that  se  is  the  direct  object  and  compare:  Us  se 
sont  ecrit  des  lettres  or:  Us  se  sont  ecrit  they  wrote  letters  to  each 
other;  they  corresponded  with  one  another;  dies  se  sont  ecrit 
they  wrote  to  each  other;  void  les  lettres  qu'elles  se  sont  ecrites 
here  are  the  letters  they  wrote  to  each  other. 

1.  after  combien  de  how  much  (many);  autant  de  as  much  (many); 
que  de  how  much  (many);  plus  de  more;  mains  de  less,  etc.,  the 
Past  Participle  agrees  with  the  noun  following  them ; 

2.  after  lafoule  de  the  multitude  of;  le  peu  de  the  little  of;  une  nuee 
de  a  cloud  of  (a  flock,  a  swarm),  etc.,  the  Past  Participle  may  or 
may  not  agree : 

la  foule  d'esclaves  que  j'ai  vue  or  vus  the  multitude  of  slaves  I 
have  seen.  Emphasis  on  either:  foule  or  esclaves. 

3.  hi  a  few  gallicisms  there  is  no  agreement: 

je  I'ai  echappe  belle!  I  had  a  narrow  escape!  je  I'ai  manque  belle 
(I'  or  la  stands  for:  occasion)  I  did  not  avail  myself  of  it. 

4.  redundant  past  seldom  used: 

je  leur  ai  envoye  la  lettre  des  que  je  I'ai  eu  terminee  I  sent  them  the 
letter  as  soon  as  I  had  it  finished;  cf. :  nous  les  avons  crus  marts 
we  believed  them  dead ;  il  ne  lui  restait  plus  qu'a  choisir  he  had  no 
choice  left;  there  remained  no  more  (for  him)  to  choose  from; 
il  en  a  (encore)  de  reste  he  has  some  left;  he  has  some  more;  elle 
en  est  sortie  resolue  a  les  imiter  she  came  out  (from  the  play)  fully 
determined  to  imitate  them;  U  en  a  laisse  quelques-uns  he  left 
some  (a  few  of  them). 


PAST    PARTICIPLE  1 97 

Oral  Practice: 

se  sentant  un  pen  fatiguee  et  voulant  recouvrer  ses  forces  (reprendre 
ses  forces)  elle  se  retira  de  bonne  heure  feeling  somewhat  tired  and 
wishing  to  recuperate  (to  regain  her  strength)  she  went  back 
home  early;  se  retirer  a  la  campagne  to  retire  to  the  country;  il 
est  retire  des  affaires  (:  s'est  retire)  or:  (il  ne  s'en  occupe  plus)  he  is 
retired  from  business  (or:  has  retired)  or  he  no  longer  attends  to  it ; 
les  troupes  se  retirent  the  withdrawal  of  (the)  troops;  battre  en 
retraite  to  beat  a  retreat;  il  mene  une  vie  retiree  he  leads  a  retired 
life;  on  I' a  retire  de  I'ecole  he  has  been  removed  from  school; 
je  retire  ma  confiance  a.  Jean  I  withdraw  my  confidence  in  John; 
et  il  s'eloigna  and  he  withdrew;  ses  jours  s'ecoulent  dans  la  retraite 
her  days  are  spent  in  seclusion ;  retirez  le  fusil  a  eel  enfant  take 
the  gun  way  from  that  child;  si  vous  retirez  ce  mot  injurieux,  je 
vous  pardonnerai  if  you  retract  this  insult  I  will  forgive  you; 
le  miserable  repudia  sa  femme  the  wretch  put  away  (divorced) 
his  wife;  il  retira  (desavoua)  ce  qu'il  avail  dit  (se  retracta)  he  re- 
tracted; (refused  to  acknowledge  or  own  or  he  denied)  what  he 
had  said;  elle  repudia  la  croyance  de  ses  peres  she  repudiated 
(renounced)  the  faith  of  her  fathers;  on  renonqa  a  ce  projet  that 
project  was  abandoned;  we  (they)  gave  up  the  project;  elle  ne 
s' attache  plus  au  monde  (elle  y  renonce)  she  renounced  the  world; 
she  renounced  it;  il  faudra  vous  desister  de  vos  importunites  you 
must  desist  from  your  importunities;  renoncez-y!  stop!  elle  ne 
se  depart  point  de  son  devoir  she  does  not  swerve  from  her  duty; 
tout  autour;  de  tous  cdtes  all  around;  on  all  sides;  en  faisant  le 
tour  de  la  ville  in  making  the  rounds  of  the  city;  autour  de  moi 
around  (about)  me;  autour  de  la  lune  around  the  moon;  avec 
des  legumes  autour  with  vegetables  around  it. 

§  169.  REMARKS  on  avoir  with  a  Participle.  Neuter 
Verbs  or  others  used  as  such  and  Impersonal 
Verbs  have  no  direct  object: 

elles  ont  vecu;  Us  ont  dormi;  they  (have)  lived;  they  have  slept; 
les  trots  heures  qu'il  a  dormi  (pendant  lesquelles  il  a  dormi)  the 
three  hours  that  he  slept  (in  which  he,  etc.) ;  les  grandes  chaleurs 
qu'il  a  fait!  the  hot  season  that  we  had!  les  cinq  ans  qu'il  a  vecu 
the  five  years  he  lived;  les  quelques  semaines  qu'ette  a  regne  the 
few  weeks  she  reigned;  les  pluies  qu'il  y  a  eu  the  rain  that  fell. 
vecu  regne  coute  souffert 

lived  reigned  cost  suffered 


198  PAST    PARTICIPLE 

value  gemi  pleure  langui 

valued  moaned  wept  languished 

all  are  invariable  unless  used  in  a  figurative  sense: 
les  deux  francs  qu'il  m'a  coute  the  two  francs  it  has  cost  me;  les 
quelques  minutes  que  le  cheval  a  couru  the  few  minutes  the  horse 
ran;  cinq  francs!  cette  canne  ne  les  a  jamais  valu  five  francs!  that 
cane  was  never  worth  it;  que  de  milles  vous  avez  marche  how  many 
miles  (and  miles)  you  walked!  les  trois  mots  qu'il  a  vecu  the  three 
months  that  he  lived;  les  quatre  kilogrammes  que  ce  gigot  a  pese 
the  four  kilograms  this  leg  of  mutton  weighed. 

and  compare: 

que  de  dangers  nous  avons  courus  how  many  dangers  (perils)  we 
incurred!  sa  vie,  Va-l-il  vecue  his  (her)  life,  has  it  been  a  reality? 
has  he  (she)  really  led  that  life?  que  de  peines  il  m'a  coulees  what 
sorrow  it  has  been  to  (brought)  me!  (NOTE. — Not  approved 
by  the  French  Academy);  voila  les  eloges  que  son  travail  lui  a 
valus  such  is  the  praise  due  to  his  work;  la  viande  qu'on  a  pesee 
the  meat  which  has  been  weighed. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

la  plupart  ont  ete  patronnes  et  proteges  most  (of  them)  have  been 
patronized  and  protected;  abandonnes,  Irakis  peut-etre  par  les 
leurs  abandoned,  betrayed  perhaps  by  their  own;  il  pouvait 
soulever  un  de  ses  bras  he  could  raise  one  of  his  arms ;  avec  la  plus 
grande  facilite  with  the  greatest  ease  (facility);  la  raillerie  de 
I'auteur  s'y  donne  pleinement  carriere  the  raillery  (slight  satire) 
of  the  author  is  unrestrained;  il  vous  donne  pleine  liberte  de  le 
faire  he  gives  you  full  liberty  to  act;  embrasser  la  carriere  des 
armes  to  go  into  the  army;  elle  embrasse  son  fils  she  embraces 
her  son;  elle  le  baise  au  front  she  kisses  his  forehead ;  elle  lui  donne 
un  baiser  she  gives  him  a  kiss;  elle  sauta  au  cou  de  son  pere  she 
fell  on  her  father's  neck;  se  jeter  dans  les  bras  de  to  run  into  the 
arms  of ;  elle  cherche  en  lui  un  (appui)  protecteur  she  is  seeking  in 
him  a  protector ;  she  seeks  in  him  a  protective  support ;  on  tenta 
vainement  de  restaurer  la  monarchie  it  was  vainly  attempted  to 
restore  monarchy;  il  se  couvrit  de  gloire  a  he  covered  himself 
with  glory  at;  ce  qui  demeure  d'un  tout  what  is  left  out  of  a  total 
number;  en  retranchant  une  partie  in  deducting  a  part;  enfin, 
les  voila  arrives  (or:  rendus)  at  last  they  have  arrived  (come); 
•  lajoie  se  repand  sur  tous  les  visages  joy  is  spread  over  every  face; 
en  repandant  de  I'eau  sur  la  nappe  (while)  spilling  water  over  (on) 


PAST   PARTICIPLE  1 99 

the  table-cloth;  repandre  des  larmes  to  shed  tears;  il  versa  (re- 
pandit)  son  sang  he  shed  his  blood;  le  soleil  repand  sa  lumiere 
sur  tout  le  globe  the  sun  diffuses  its  light  all  over  the  globe;  U 
se  dissipe  (se  repand)  dans  le  monde  he  dissipates  socially;  il  va 
souvent  dans  la  societe;  il  est  fort  repandu  dans  le  monde  he  often 
goes  into  society;  repandre  I'alarme  to  spread  the  alarm;  se 
repandre  en  invectives  to  break  into  (to  use)  invectives;  on  le 
denonqa  we  denounced  him;  on  le  signala  we  described  him; 
on  appela  I' attention  de  I'autorite  sur  lui  (we  accused  him;  we 
informed  against  him)  we  gave  information  to  the  authorities 
against  him;  we  lodged  information  to  the,  etc.;  / 'attire  votre 
attention  sur  I  call  your  attention  to;  une  faute  d' attention;  par 
manque  d'  —  a  fault  of  inattentiveness ;  through  lack  of  attention ; 
defaut  d' attention  (inattention)  want  of  attention;  inattention; 
il  n'y  ajamais  eu  en  Amerique  de  famille(s)  de  ce  nom  there  never 
was  in  America  a  family  by  that  name. 

§  170.  SPECIAL  RULES  ON  a  Past  Participle  followed  by 
an  Infinitive  preceded  or  not  by  a  preposition. 
The  past  participle  may  or  may  not  agree  with 
the  preceding  direct  object: 

ces  actrices,  je  les  ai  vu  or  vues  jouer  those  actresses,  I  saw  them 
play ;  les  avez-vous  entendus  or  entendu  chanter?  did  you  hear  them 
sing?  qui  les  a  laisse  (laisses)  partir?  who  allowed  them  to  go 
(leave)? 

§171.     SAME  RULE  when  followed  by  another  Pastor 

Present  Participle: 

sa  mere  qu'il  avail  cru  (crue)  perdue  his  (her)  mother  he  had  thought 
lost;  les  lettres  quej'ai  cues  (eu)  a  ecrire  the  letters  I  had  to  write. 

Exceptions :  fait  (with  Infinitive)  is  invariable;  also:  du;  pu;  permis 

and  voulu  when  an  infinitive  may  be  understood: 
il  les  a  fait  congedier  he  had  them  dismissed;  void  la  robe  quej'ai 
fait  fair e  here  is  the  gown  I  had  made;  nous  lui  avons  rendu  tous 
les  services  que  nous  avons  du  (pu  or  voulu  lui  rendre)  we  rendered 
him  every  service  that  we  should  have  (that  we  could  or  desired 
to  render  him). 

but: 

les  cent  francs  que.je  lui  ai  dus  sont  payes  the  hundred  francs  I 
owed  him  have  been  paid;  ce  sont  les  sommes  voulues  these  are 


2OO  PAST    PARTICIPLE 

the  requisite  sums;  la  chose  requise  the  necessary  thing  (required) ; 
c'est  tout  ce  qu'il  faut  that  is  all  that  is  required;  vous  n'aurez 
point  besoin  de  cette  somme  you  wouldn't  require  that  sum  of 
money  (that  amount) ;  dans  I'ordre  voulu  in  requisite  form. 

§  172.     BETWEEN    TWO  que  the    Past   Participle  is  in- 
variable when  the  object  follows: 

voila  les  fautes  que  j'avais  suppose  que  vous  feriez  those  are  the 
mistakes  I  "had  presumed  you  would  make. 

NOTE. — The  frequent  use  of  que  .  .  .  que  is  not  always  com- 
mendable nor  elegant. 

§  173.     THE  PAST  PARTICIPLE  preceded  by  le  (/')  for: 
cela  (as  direct  object)  is  not  inflected: 

I'affaire  tourna  comme  on  I'avait  pred.it  the  affair  turned  out  as 
we  had  predicted  (it  would);  la  maladie  est  plus  grave  que  nous 
I'avions  pense  the  illness  is  more  serious  than  we  had  thought. 

Oral  Drill: 

il  perdit  consider ablemenl  de  son  poids  he  lost  considerable  of  his 
weight;  il  s'exerce  (se  livre)  aux  combats  de  boxe  he  trains  (practises) 
for  boxing  bouts;  sa  digestion  est  lente  et  difficile  his  digestion  is 
slow  and  painful;  il  exerce  un  metier  penible  he  practises  an  ardu- 
ous trade  (carries  on,  etc.);  tirez  a  la  courte  paille  (straw)  choose 
by  lot;  draw  lots  (cuts);  ce  qui  s' applique  dans  plusieurs  operations 
that's  applied  in  many  operations;  employe  comme  combustible 
used  as  fuel;  un  corsage  en  tissu  leger  a  waist  of  light  tissue;  un 
bloc  de  bois  non  travaille  a  piece  of  rough  wood;  du  fer  battu 
wrought  iron;  c'est  une  matiere  qui  s'embrase  (s'enflamme)  facile- 
ment  a  substance  easily  combustible  (inflammable);  la  guerre 
a  embrase  toute  V Europe  war  has  set  all  Europe  ablaze;  le  feu 
consume  tout  fire  destroys  (consumes)  everything;  un  carre  a 
square;  la  racine  carree  the  square  root;  un  tableau  partage  en 
soixante  cases  numerotees  a  board  divided  into  sixty  numbered 
squares;  engage  dans  une  affaire  perilleuse  involved  in  a  perilous 
affair;  pour  V  eclair  age  au  gaz  for  gas-lighting;  ainsi  appele  de 
la  couverture  dont  on  le  revet  thus  called  on  account  of  the  top 
(envelope)  that  covers  it;  en  les  grondant  entre  ses  dents  in  snarl- 
ing at  them  between  his  teeth;  coupant  a  tr avers  champs  cutting 
across  lots;  en  enfilant  les  harengs  stringing  herrings;  enfiler  une. 
aiguille  to  thread  a  needle ;  appartement  prive  fort  a  la  mode  very 


PAST   PARTICIPLE  2OI 

stylish  private  apartment;  on  lui  a  coupe  les  oreilles  his  ears  have 
been  cut;  they  cut  his  ears;  prendre  un  caractere  plus  democratique 
to  assume  a  more  democratic  character;  ce  qui  honor e  le  plus  son 
erudition  and  that  honors  the  more  his  erudition;  une  leqon 
particuliere  a  private  lesson ;  il  est  prive  de  son  appui  he  is  deprived 
of  his  support. 

§  174.  EN  and  THE  PAST  PARTICIPLE. — The  pronoun  en 
(being  neuter)  is  always  an  indirect  object  and 
the  past  participle  does  not  change — unless  de- 
termined by  nouns  or  adverbs  of  quantity: 

it  a  achete  des  pommes  et  en  a  mange  he  has  bought  apples  and  has 
eaten  some  (of  them);  quant  au  desastfe,  void  les  nouvelles  que 
j'en  ai  reques  as  to  the  disaster,  here  is  the  news  that  I  received; 
autant  de  lions  il  a  tires,  autant  (de  lions)  il  en  a  lues  as  many  lions 
as  he  shot  at,  he  killed ;  plus  il  a  eu  de  dollars,  plus  il  en  a  depenses 
the  more  money  he  had,  the  more  he  spent. 

§  175.  IF  ADVERB  follows  en,  the  Past  Participle  is  not 
inflected: 

quant  aux  pays,  il  en  a  tant  visile  in  regard  to  countries  he  visited 
many  of  them;  elle  a  plus  de  maisons  queje  n'en  ai  vu  she  has  more 
houses  than  I  have  seen;  helas!  qu'il  en  a  vu  mourir  de  jeunes 
gens  alas!  how  many  children  he  has  seen  die;  des  livres,  com- 
bien  en  avez-vous  lu?  in  reference  to  books,  how  many  have  you 
read?  il  a  achete  beaucoup  de  meubles;  j'en  ai  achete  plus  que  lui 
he  bought  many  pieces  of  furniture;  but  I  have  bought  more 
(than  he). 

§  176.  AFTER  le  pen  de  (sufficient  quantity),  the  Past 
Participle  agrees  with  its  complement, — unless 
the  idea  refers  principally  to :  le  pen: 

le  peu  de  pommes  que  nous  avons  achetees  nous  a  suffi  the  little 
quantity  of  apples  we  bought  sufficed  us;  le  peu  de  nourriture 
qu'il  a  pris  a  hate  sa  mart  the  little  food  he  took  (has)  hastened 
his  death. 

Collectives: 

la  joule  de;  la  multitude  des,  etc.,  follow  same  rule  according  to 
sense  and  emphasis. 


202  PAST   PARTICIPLE 

§  177.  PAST  PARTICIPLE  OF  A  REFLEXIVE  VERB  takes 
etre  (and  is  of  active  force)  and  agrees  in  gender 
and  number  with  the  direct  object  when  the 
latter  precedes: 

elle  s'est  blessee  she  wounded  herself;  she  has  wounded  herself; 
dies  se  sont  blessees  a  la  main  they  are  wounded  in  their  hands; 
elle  s'est  blesse  la  main  she  wounded  her  hand;  voila  les  nouvelles 
qu'elles  se  sont  ecrites  that  is  the  news  they  have  written  to  one 
another;  elles  se  sont  ecrit  des  lettres;  elles  se  sont  ecrit;  they  cor- 
responded; they  wrote  letters  to  each  other. 
NOTE. — se  may  be  direct  or  indirect  object. 

§  178.  STRICTLY  SPEAKING  the  Reflexive  Verbs  express 
an  action  reflecting  upon  the  subject : 

in  reference  to  meaning;  il  s'est  coupe  he  cut  himself ;  in  reference  to 
their  form  some  are  by  their  nature  essentially  reflexive  and 
their  past  participle  agrees  with  the  subject  and  are  for  that 
reason  (often)  called:  essentially  pronominal  verbs: 

elle  s'est  evanouie  she  fainted;  les  prerogatives  qu'ils  se  sont  arro- 

gees  the  prerogatives  that  they  have  assumed. 

NOTE. — The  latter  verb  (essentially  reflexive)  is  an  exception 
to  above  rule  and  is  inflected  on  account  of  its  direct  object  pre- 
ceding it. 

See  full  list  §  1 80. 

Us  se  sont  arroge  des  pouvoirs  excessifs  they  have  assumed  excessive 
powers;  Us  se  sont  attribue  des  droits  (sans  y  avoir  droit)  they 
have  claimed  rights  to  which  they  were  not  entitled;  on  reclame 
ce  qui  nous  appartient  we  claim  our  own  (what  belongs  to  us); 
revendiquez  toujours  vos  droits  always  demand  your  rights;  U 
assume  toute  responsabilite:  la  revendiquer;  he  assumes  all  respon- 
sibility; to  take  it  upon  one's  self;  (to  undertake  to  perform  an 
act). 

General  Practice : 

cela  fait  (cela  etant  fait),  il  se  retira  that  done  (be^ng  done)  he 
withdrew;  vu  les  obstacles  d  surmonter  in  view  of  the  obstacles  to 
overcome;  des  difficultes  insurmontables  insurmountable  difficul- 
ties (drawbacks) ;  tout  tourna  a  son  desavantage  everything  turned 
out  to  his  detriment;  a  son  detriment  to  his  prejudice;  toute 


PAST   PARTICIPLE  2O3 

reserve  faite  de  mes  droits  my  rights  being  reserved ;  sans  prejudice 
des  votres  without  prejudice  to  yours;  sans  exception  (reserve) 
without  reserve  (unreservedly) ;  sous  toute  reserve  with  due  restric- 
tion; il  parle  avec  reserve  he  speaks  with  discretion;  il  est  discret 
he  is  discreet. 

179.  RECIPROCAL  AND  REFLEXIVE  AND  PRONOMINAL 
VERBS.     The  reciprocal  verbs   (a  mutual  act) 
express  an  idea  with  two  subjects  performing  the 
same  act  (referring  to  the  same  verb) : 

Us  se  sont  aimes  (I'un  a  aime  I'autre)  they  liked  (loved)  each  other 
(one  has  liked  the  other) ;  les  chiens  se  sont  battus  the  dogs  fought 
(they  fought  each  other);  ettes  se  sont  aimees  les  unes  les  autres 
they  loved  one  another;  Us  s'instruisent  mutuellement  (mutually) 
they  impart  their  knowledge  to  one,  etc. 

Note  reciprocal  force  specially  in  the  plural:  Us  se  flattent  reci- 
proquement  they  flatter  one  another;  cf. :  Us  se  flattent  de  tout 
savoir  they  boast  of  knowing  all;  and  to  avoid  ambiguity:  Us 
se  sont  flattes  les  uns  les  autres  they  flattered  one  another;  Us  se 
sont  battus  they  fought  among  themselves;  se  f rapper  mutuelle- 
ment to  strike  one  another;  se  repentir  to  repent;  une  amitie 
reciproque  a  reciprocal  love;  une  aversion  mutuelle  a  mutual 
aversion. 

1 80.  VERBS  ESSENTIALLY  REFLEXIVE: 

s'abstenir  de  to  abstain  from 

s'accouder  to  lean  on  one's  elbow 

s'accroupir  to  crouch 

s'adonner  d  to  give  one's  mind  to 

s'agenouiller  to  kneel  down 

s'agriffer  a  to  cling  to  (with  claws) 

s'aheurter  d  to  maintain  a  thing  obstinately ;  to  be  wedded  to 

an  opinion;  to  bump 
s'arroger  to  claim 

se  blottir  to  squat;  to  lie  close  to  the  ground 
se  cabrer  to  prance;  to  rear 
se  dedire  to  recant 
se  defier  (de)  to  defy 
se  demener  to  stir 
se  desister  to  renounce 
s'ebahir  to  be  aghast 


204  PAST   PARTICIPLE 

s' 'eerier  to  exclaim 

s'ecrouler  to  collapse 

s'emparer  de  to  take  possession  of 

s'empresser  de  to  hasten  to- 

s'en  oiler  to  go  away 

s'enqueter  (obsolete)  to  inquire 

s'enquerir  to  enquire 

s1  evader  to  escape 

s'evanouir  to  faint 

s'evertuer  to  exert  one's  self 

s'extasier  to  go  into  raptures 

se  gargariser  to  gargle  one's  throat 

se  gendarmer  to   fly  into   a    passion    inopportunely   (to   make    a 

strong  protest  against) 

s'ingenier  to  strive;  to  make  mental  efforts  to  succeed 
s'ingerer  dans  to  meddle  with 
se  mefier  de  to  distrust 
se  meprendre  to  mistake 
se  moquer  de  to  laugh  at 

s'opinidtrer  to  be  opinionated ;  to  be  very  obstinate 
se  parjurer  to  forswear  one's  self;   to  perjure,  etc.;  to  swear  falsely 
se  ratatiner  to  shrink  (wrinkle) 
se  raviser  to  change  (alter)  one's  mind 
se  rebeller  to  revolt ;  centre  against 
se  recrier  to  protest 

se  refugier  au  Mexique  to  take  refuge  in  Mexico 
se  rengorger  to  give  one's  self  airs 
se  repentir  to  repent  (see  full  conjugation) 
se  souvenir  de  to  remember 

The  above  list  refers  to  verbs  whose  past  participle  agrees  in 
gender  and  number  with  the  subject;  s'arroger  being  excepted; 
and  all  the  other  reflexives  follow  the  rule  of  avoir  (though  used 
with  tire). 

Oral  Drill: 

U  tache  de  trouver  un  moyen  pour  reussir  he  strives  (through  mental 
efforts)  to  succeed;  protester  vivement  centre  une  proposition  to 
make  a  strong  protest  against  a  suggestion,  etc.;  tout  ratatine 
all  shriveled  (up) ;  il  se  refugia  dans  des  mots  equivoques  he  had 
recourse  to  ambiguous  words;  echouer;  se  briser  contre;  to  fail; 
to  dash  to  pieces;  il  s'est  enrhume  (il  a  un  rhume)  he  caught  a 
cold  (he  has  a  cold);  elle  s'est  enrhumee  she  caught  a  cold;  ils 


PAST    PARTICIPLE  2O5 

se  sont  defendus  they  defended  themselves;  elle  s'est  levee  she 
got  up;  Us  se  sont  f aches  they  became  angry. 

Note  that  the  reflexive  construction  is  more  common  in  French 
and  generally  expressed  in  English  by  a  neuter  verb;  or  by  such 
reflexives  as : 

s'approcher  de  to  approach;  se  souvenir  de  to  recollect  (remember), 
etc.,  and  as  transitives  in  English. 

je  ne  me  suis  pas  fie  a  ce  monsieur  I  did  not  trust  that  gentleman; 
elle  s'est  couchee  a  dix  heures  she  retired  at  ten  o'clock;  elle  s'est 
adressee  au  chef  she  applied  to  the  chief;  il  s'est  dit  a  lui-meme  he 
said  to  himself ;  se  sont-elles  encore  achete  des  chapeaux  pour  Paques? 
did  they  buy  hats  again  for  Easter?  or  did  they  buy  them- 
selves hats,  etc.;  Us  se  sont  mutuettement  contraries  they  have 
antagonized  one  another;  elle  s'est  heurtee  a  la  tete  she  hurt  her 
head;  heurter  son  amour-propre  to  wound  (hurt)  his  (her)  self- 
esteem;  heurter  to  knock;  heurter  les  enfants  to  run  against  the 
children. 

§  181.     ACTIVE  OR  NEUTER  VERBS  may  take  the  reflexive 

form: 

laver  to  wash;  se  lover  to  wash  one's  self ;  Use  lave  he  washes  him- 
self; he  is  washing,  etc.;  il  s'est  adosse  au  mur  he  leaned  against 
the  wall;  elle  lave  le  bebe  she  bathes  the  baby;  se  plaire  a;  plaire 
d;to  take  delight  in;  to  please;  il  s'est  plu  or  elle  s'est  plu  a  he 
or  she  took  pleasure  in;  Us  se  sont  parle  they  spoke  to  one  another; 
—  to  each  other;  nuire  a;  se  nuire;  to  injure;  —  one  another; 
Us  se  sont  nui  they  injured  one  another;  Us  se  sont  approches 
d'elles  they  approached  them;  on  adossa  le  bdtiment  contre  le  mur 
they  put  up  the  building  against  the  wall;  approchez  le  fauteuil 
bring  the  armchair  nearer;  I'hiver  approche  winter  approaches. 

Note  that  se  may  be  in  the  dative;  also  it  may  be  omitted  after 
faire: 

on  lefait  taire  we  make  him  keep  silent;  faites-le  asseoir  make  him 
sit  down;  les  annees  se  sont  ecoulees  rapidement  the  years  have 
elapsed  quickly;  le  temps  ecoule  the  time  spent  (past). 

Oral  Drill: 

on  ecoule  des  marchandises  (on  les  vend  /acilemenf)  they  sell  goods 
quickly  or:  ces  marchandises  s'ecoulent  facilement  those  goods  sell 
quickly;  la  biere  s'est  ecoulee  the  beer  has  run  off;  I'eau  se  retira 
(s'ecould)  en  joule  the  water  poured  out;  un  debouche  an  outlet; 


206  PAST   PARTICIPLE 

en  grande  quantite  in  large  quantity;  elle  s'est  cognee  centre  un 
obstacle  she  bumped  against  an  obstacle;  against  something 
solid  (large);  ils  se  sont  cheques  en  se  rencontrant  they  clashed 
(collided);  deux  convois  de  marchandises  se  sont  tamponnes  two 
freight  trains  ran  into  each  other;  ils  se  sont  nui  les  uns  aux  autres 
they  harmed  each  other;  il  se  debarbouille  (se  lave  le  visage)  he  is 
washing  his  face;  ils  se  sont  debattus  they  disputed;  cependant 
il  se  ravisa  he  changed  his  mind,  however  (or:  he  thought  better 
of  it);  ette  s'est  hdtee  de  sortir  she  hastened  to  go  out;  ils  se  sont 
presses  de  I'achever  they  hastened  (made  haste)  to  finish  it;  il 
s'appuie  du  coude  he  leans  (rests)  upon  one  elbow;  il  s'est  dresse 
sur  les  pieds  de  derriere  he  rose  up  on  his  hind  legs ;  */  frappe  la 
terre  des  pieds  de  devant  he  prances;  he  scrapes  the  ground  with 
his  forefoot;  sautitter  to  jump  about;  caracoler  to  perform  a 
caracole. 
Review  reflexives  also  at  Lesson  XXIX. 


PART   III 

REGULAR  VERBS 


207 


LESSON    XVIII 
§  i .     REGULAR  VERBS  OF  THE  FIRST  GROUP  end  in  -er: 

parler  to  speak  parlant  speaking  parle  spoken 

PRESENT  INDICATIVE  (le  present  de  I ' indicatif] : 

je  parle  I  speak,  am  speaking,  have  been  speaking,  do  speak 

tu  paries         you  speak  (thou  speakest),  are  speaking,  have  been 

speaking,  do  speak 

il  parle  he  speaks,  is  speaking,  has  been  speaking,  does  speak 

elle  parle        she  speaks,  is  speaking,  has  been  speaking,  does  speak 
on  parle  (we,  they,  people  in  general)  one  speaks,  are  speaking, 

have  been  speaking,  do  speak 

nous  parlons  we  speak,  are  speaking,  have  been  speaking,  do  speak 
vous  parlez     you 
Us  parlent       they     "       "  " 

elles  parlent 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 
est-ce  que  je  parle  bien  do  I  speak  well? 
oui,  monsieur;  vous  parlez  bien  yes,  Sir;  you  speak  well 
est-ce  que  tu  paries  a  Jean?  do  you  speak  to  John? 
est-ce  qu'il  parle  de  Jacques?  does  he  speak  of  James? 
je  ne  parle  pas  I  do  not  speak  (I  am  not  speaking,  etc.) 

NOTE. — Tu  is  used  among  relatives  and  friends. 
aimer  to  like  (love)  trouver  to  find;  to  like 

detester  to  dislike  adorer  to  love  (adore) 

proposer  to  propose  disposer  to  dispose 

etudier  to  study  penser  a  to  think  of 

considerer  to  look  upon  penser  de  to  think  (as  opinion) 

j'aime;  tu  aimes;  il  aime;  elle  aime;  on  aime;  etc.;  je  I'aime;  je 
ne  I'aime  pas;  I  like  it  (him);  I  do  not;  je  ne  I'aime  pas  I  do  not 
like  it  (him) ;  comment  trouvez-vous  le  vin  aujourd'hui?  how  do  you 
like  the  wine  to-day?  Assez  ban  fairly  good;  je  le  trouve  meilleur 
qu'hier  I  find  it  better  than  yesterday;  je  deteste  ce  verbe  I  dislike 
that  verb;  elle  adore  son  enfant  she  loves  her  child;  on  I' adore  every- 
i4  209 


210  REGULAR    VERBS    IN   -ER 

one  loves  him  (her);  ici  on  parle  franqais  French  is  spoken  here; 
aimer  son  prochain  comme  soi-meme  to  love  one's  neighbor  as  one's 
self;  I'homme  propose  el  Dieu  dispose  man  proposes  and  God  dis- 
poses; n' etudie-t-il  pas  or  est-ce  qu'il  n'etudie  pas?  does  he  not 
study?  est-ce  qu'elle  n'etudie  pas?  does  she  not  study?  je  pense  a 
vous  I  think  of  you;  que  pensez-vous  de  lui  what  do  you  think  of 
him?  on  le  considere  beaucoup  he  is  highly  thought  of. 

Other  examples:  exister  to  exist  consulter  to  consult 

si  ce  mot  existe,  je  consulterai  le  dictionnaire  if  that  word  exists, 
I  shall  look  it  up  in  the  dictionary;  pour  le  trouver  to  (so  as  to) 
find  it;  est-ce  que  vous  parlez  le  franqais  ou  I'allemand?  do  you 
speak  French  or  German?  je  ne  parle  ni  I'un  ni  I'autre  I  speak 
neither  (the)  one  nor  the  other;  il  le  parle  un  pen  he  speaks  it  a 
little;  elle  le  parle  assez  bien  she  speaks  it  fairly  well;  il  ne  le 
parle  pas  (point)  du  tout  he  does  not  speak  it  at  all;  le  parle-t-il? 
est-ce  qu'il  le  parle?  does  he  speak  it?  ne  le  parle-t-il  pas?  does  he 
not  speak  it?  elle  le  parle,  n'est-ce  pas?  she  speaks  it,  does  she  not? 

parle-je?  (in  poetry  only)  for:  est-ce  que  je  parle?  vous  le  parlez, 
n'est-ce  pas?  you  speak  it,  do  you  not?  n'est-ce  pas  que  vous  le  parlez? 
you  speak  it,  I  am  sure  (is  it  not  true  that  you,  etc.);  est-ce  que 
vous  ne  le  parlez  pas?  (and  with  surprise)  do  you  not  speak  it? 
or  again:  is  it  possible  that  you  do  not  speak  it?  a  qui  parlez-vous? 
to  whom  are  you  speaking?  a  man  pere  to  my  father;  a  ma  mere 
to  my  mother;  amasoeur  to  my  sister;  amonfrere  to  my  brother; 
a  mon  pere  el  a  ma  mere  to  my  father  and  mother. 

avec  qui  parlez-vous?  with  whom  do  you  speak?  avec  mon  cousin 
et  avec  ma  cousine  with  my  two  cousins ;  tout  le  monde  everybody ; 
de  qui  parle-t-il?  of  whom  is  he  speaking?  de  quoi  parle-t-on? 
of  what  do  you  speak?  or:  of  what  do  they  speak?  or  again: 
what  is  the  subject  (topic)  of  the'  conversation?  le  monsieur 
auquel  on  parle  est  un  Stranger  the  gentleman  to  whom  we  speak 
is  a  foreigner;  il  parle  franqais  he  speaks  French;  c'est  un  Pari- 
sien  he  is  a  Parisian;  une  Parisienne  Parisian  lady;  tout  ce  que 
vous  avez  anything  you  have;  all  you  have; 
fermer  to  close  (shut)  la  porte  the  door 

la  fenetre  the  window  le  livre  the  book        , 

on  ferme  a  cinq  heures  doors  are  closed  at  five  o'clock;  je  ferme 
la  porte;  il  la  ferme;  I  close  the  door;  he  closes  it;  je  ne  la  ferme 
pas  I  do  not  close  it;  on  la  ferme  tous  les  jours  (soirs)  it  is  closed 
every  day  (evening) ;  fermez-la  shut  it;  s'il  vous  plait  if  you  please. 


REGULAR    VERBS    IN    -ER  211 


tout  (m.)     toute  (f.)  tous  (m.  pi.)     toutes  (f.  pi.) 

all,  every,  whole,  any  all,  every,  whole,  any 

NOTE. — tout    (adjectif:    adjective)  may  mean:  any;  tous  (as  a 
pronoun)  is  heard :  touss. 

tout  hommequi;  toute  femme  qui;  any  man  who;  any  woman  that; 
parlez  tous  speak  all; 

tout  before  the  name  of  a  city  (feminine)  and  meaning: 
tout  le  peuple  is  not  inflected; 
tout  Rome  en  a  ete  temoin  all  Rome  witnessed  it 
as  adverb  tout  is  invariable: 

Us  sont  sortis  tout  contents  they  went  out  (left)  quite  pleased; 
une  dame  tout  en  pleurs  (larmes)  a  lady  in  tears; 
eploree  in  tears. 

and  except  in: 

une  maison  toute  en  feu  a  house  all  on  fire;  and  also  before  a 
feminine  adjective  beginning  with  a  consonant  or  h  (aspirate) 
tout  varies: 

toute  honteuse  quite  ashamed;  toute  la  famille  the  whole  family; 
c'est  une  toute  autre  chose  quite  another  matter  (thing) ;  a  toute 
autre  question  to  any  other  question;  ceci  est  tout  autre  chose 
this  is  quite  different;  il  parle  de  tout  he  speaks  of  everything; 
tout  le  monde  en  parle  everybody  speaks  of  it,  etc. 
apporter  to  bring  chercher  to  seek  (look  for) 

visiter  to  visit  regarder  to  look  (at) 

precher  to  preach  tirer  to  pull 

pousser  to  push  manifester  to  manifest 

ipporter  une  fleur  to  bring  a  flower;  il  cherche  son  chapeau  he  is 
looking  for  his  hat;  elle  le  cherche  she  is  looking  for  it;  on  visile 
un  malade  (une  malade)  we  visit  a  patient;  je  te  (vous)  cherche 
I  am  looking  for  you;  me  cherche-t-il?  or:  est-ce  qu'il  me,  etc.,  is  he 
looking  for  me? 

Oral  Drill: 

il  a  beau  dire  in  vain  he  says;  il  dit  la  verite  he  speaks  the  truth; 
vous  avez  beau  parler  in  vain  you  speak;  voila  une  heure  qu'il 
parle  he  has  been  speaking  for  an  hour;  il  parle  pour  parler  (sans 
avoir  rien  a  dire)  he  speaks  merely  to  talk  (without  having  any- 
thing to  say) ;  on  parle  (s'entretient)  de  chases  et  d'autres  we  speak 
of  various  things;  il  parle  (agit)  en  I'air  he  talks  to  no  purpose; 


212  REGULAR    VERBS    IN    -ER 

sur  divers  sujets  on  (upon)  various  topics;  on  parle  &  un  sourd 
(a  un  mur)  we  speak  to  a  deaf  person  (to  a  wall);  il  a  beau  jeu 
he  has  a  good  hand ;  sa  presence  me  gdne  his  presence  prevents  me 
from  talking;  les  dents  lui  daquent  de  peur  his  teeth  chatter  from 
fear;  il  n'est  bruit  que  de  cela  there  is  no  talk  but  of  that;  c'est  un 
diseur  de  riens  he  is  an  idle  talker;  brebis  (sheep)  qui  bele  perd  sa 
goulee  (mouthful;  coll.);  the  ass  that  brays  most  eats  least  (;  too 
much  talk,  no  dinner);  jamais  beau  parler  n'ecorche  la  langue 
civility  costs  nothing  (it  is  always  well  to  speak  frankly);  il  a 
son  franc-parler  he  is  outspoken ;  il  preche  d'exemple  he  practises 
what  he  preaches;  je  le  regarde  I  am  looking  at  it  (him) ;  faire  con- 
naitre  to  make  known;  manifestez  vos  volontes  manifest  your  wishes. 

§  3.     IMPERFECT  (V imparfait  de  I'indicatif) : 

je  parlais  I  was  speaking  (I  spoke,  did  speak,  used  to  speak,  had 

been  speaking,  would  speak:  as  a  Past  of  habit) 
tu  parlais  (thou  wast  speaking)  you  were  speaking  (spoke;  etc.) 
il  parlait  he  was  speaking  (kept  speaking,  did  speak,  etc.) 
nous  parlions  we  were  speaking  (spoke,  did  speak,  etc.) 
vous  parliez  you  were  speaking  (spoke,  did  speak,  etc.) 
Us  parlaient  they  were  speaking  (spoke,  did  speak,  etc.) 
cocker  to  hide  oter  to  remove  (take  off) 

enlever  to  remove  travailler  to  work 

porter  to  wear  (take;  bear)  assister  (a)  to  attend 

Ezercice  de  Conversation: 

il  cachait  souvent  mon  chapeau  he  would  often  hide  my  hat;  en 
presence  des  dames  in  the  presence  of  ladies;  en  entrant  dans  la 
salle  de  classe  on  entering  the  class-room;  la  servante  enlevait  le 
couvert  the  servant  removed  the  dishes  (cleared  the  table); 
il  me  parlait  toujours  en  allemand,  en  anglais,  en  italien  he  would 
always  speak  to  me  in  German,  English  or  Italian;  elle  ne  lui 
parlait  jamais  en  espagnol  she  never  spoke  to  him  (her)  in  Span- 
ish; ne  leur  parliez-vous  pas  en  portugais?  would  you  not  speak 
to  them  in  Portuguese?  a  qui  parliez-vous,  lorsque  je  suis  entre 
(dans  la  salle)  to  whom  were  you  speaking  when  I  entered  (the 
class-room)?  est-ce  que  vous  lui  parliez  de  moi  (de  lui,  d'elle,  d'eux)? 
were  you  speaking  to  him  (her)  about  me  [of  me;  about  him 
(her)  or  about  them:  of  themj? 
demeurer  pres  d'ici  to  live  (reside)  near  here 
porter  un  chapeau  (des  gants)  to  wear  a  hat  (gloves) 
porter  des  fruits  to  yield  fruit;  I'arbre  the  tree  (m.). 


REGULAR    VERBS    IN    -ER  213 

§  4.     PAST  DEFINITE  (PRETERIT)  (le  passe  defini} : 

je  parlai  I  spoke  tu  parlas  (thou  spokest)  you  spoke 

il  parla  he  spoke  nous  parlames  we  spoke 

vous  parlates  you  spoke       Us  parlerent  they  spoke 

(for  review) : 

je  ne  parlai  pas  I  did  not  speak;  tu  ne  parlas  pas  you  did  not 

(speak) ;  il  parla  a  Boston  en  mil  neuf  cent  huit  he  spoke  in  Boston 

in  nineteen  hundred  and  eight;  on  assista  a  la  reunion  we  (they) 

attended  the  meeting;  elle  traversa  la  Manche  en  she  crossed  the 

English    Channel    in;  au    secoursl   help!   elle    cria:  au    voleur;  a 

I' assassin;  au  feu!  she  shouted:  "  thief!  "  "murderer!  "  "fire!  " 

on  accepta  son  off  re  his  (her)  offer  was  accepted;  onjoua  aux  cartes 

we  (they)  played  cards 

bldmer  to  blame  grander  to  scold 

louer  to  rent;  to  praise;  preparer  la  leqon  to  prepare 

(to  get  ready :  in  advance)  the  lesson ;  durer  une  heure  to  last  an  hour. 

§  5.     FUTURE  (le  futur) : 
je  parlerai  I  will  (shall)  speak 

tu  parleras  (thou  shalt  or  wilt  speak)  you  shall  or  will  speak 
il  parlera  he  shall  (will)  speak 
nous  parlerons  we  will  (shall)  speak 
vous  parlerez  you  shall  (will)  speak 
Us  parleront  they  shall  (will)  speak 

Practice: 

je  ne  parlerai  pas  I  will  not  speak  or  I  refuse  to  speak;  je  parlerai 
maintenant  I  shall  speak  now  (:  I  intend  to  speak  now);  tu  ne 
voleras  pas  you  shall  not  steal:  (I  command  you  not  to  steal); 
il  ne  restera  pas  he  shall  not  stay  (remain) :  (I  oppose  his  staying) ; 
je  vais  tailler  man  crayon  I  will  sharpen  my  pencil  (now);  I  am 
going  to  sharpen,  etc.;  remarquer  dans  la  joule  to  notice  among 
the  crowd;  distinguer  to  make  a  distinction;  ecouter  to  listen  (to): 
on  les  ecoute  we  are  listening  to  them. 

pecker  to  fish  (angle)  pecker  to  sin 

plonger  to  dive  baptiser  to  baptize  (christen) 

la  ligne  the  line  le  peche  the  sin 

effacer  un  mot  to  erase  a  word 

biffez-le  strike  it  off  (run  a  pen  through  it) 

rayez-le  cross  it  off  raturez-le  scratch  it  out 


214  REGULAR    VERBS    IN    -ER 

Oral  Drill: 

d  la  ligne  to  the  line;  or  with  rod  and  line;  dans  I'eau  in  (into) 
the  water;  le  vrai  du  faux  the  right  from  the  wrong ;  the  true  from 
the  false;  un  tailleur  a  tailor  (cutter);  un  pecheur  a  fisherman; 
un  pecheur  a  sinner;  son  exercice  est  charge  de  ratures  his  exercise 
is  full  of  erasures;  paroles  (f.)  inutiles  vain  words;  la  paix;  la 
guerre;  peace;  war;  la  confusion  des  langues  the  confusion  of 
tongues;  conferer  un  litre  to  confer  a  title  (upon);  donner  un 
accent  anglais  to  pronounce  with  an  English  accent;  indiquer  la 
direction  to  indicate  the  direction;  un  instrument  qui  mesure  an 
instrument  that  measures;  elle  se  poudre  le  visage  she  powders 
her  face;  nommez-le:  Jean  name  it  (him),  John;  appelez-le  call 
him;  un  appareil  an  apparatus;  on  lui  donna,  ce  nom  that  name  was 
given  to  him  (her);  avec  arrogance;  avecfierte;  arrogantly;  proudly. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

il  comptera  de  un  a  dix  he  will  count  from  one  to  ten;  il  trouvera 
a  qui  parler  [chaussure  (f.)  d  son  pied]  (shoe  for  his  foot):  he  will 
meet  his  match  or:  (what  he  wants);  cet  echec  ne  diminuera  en 
rien  sa  gloire  this  failure  will  not  lessen  his  fame  in  the  least; 
tout  contribuera  au  progres  des  recherches  everything  will  contribute 
to  the  advance  of  research;  on  lui  procurera  un  abri  we  shall 
provide  a  shelter  for  him  (her);  il  professe  cette  doctrine  he  pro- 
fesses that  doctrine ;  il  observe  les  Dix  Commandements  he  observes 
the  Ten  Commandments;  on  inventera  un  terme  pour  designer 
cela  a  word  (an  expression)  shall  be  given  to  designate  it  (that); 
en  tirer  perte  ou  profit  to  gain  or  lose  by  it;  trailer  d'affaires  to 
speak  of  business  (to  discuss);  il  parle  de  tout  sans  rien  savoir 
he  discourses  on  everything  without  knowing  anything;  il  sera 
question  de  vous  they  will  talk  about  you ;  vous  Vaborderez  et  (vous) 
lui  adresserez  la  parole  first  approach  him  and  then  speak  to 
him;  I'orateur  portera  la  parole  the  orator  will  now  address  you 
(Mesdames  et  Messieurs  Ladies  and,  etc.);  il  prit  la  parole  he 
began  to  speak;  vous  vous  adresserez  au  concierge  apply  to  the 
porter;  il  parlera;  n'esl-ce  pas?  he  will  speak,  will  he  not?  U 
aura  a  parler  (il  lui  faudra  parler)  he  will  have  to  speak;  gran- 
der (morigener)  to  reprimand;  on  lui  donnera  le  nom  de  Jean 
they  will  give  him  the  name  of  John  ( —  name  him  John); 
lancer  les  eleves  dissipes  to  rebuke  (lecture)  inattentive  pupils; 
Her,  enchainer  une  idee  to  link,  to  associate  an  idea;  recompenser 
to  reward;  annoncer  to  announce;  confirmer  to  confirm;  les  der- 
nieres  nouvelles  the  latest  news. 


REGULAR    VERBS    IN    -ER  215 

§  6.     CONDITIONAL  (le  present  du  conditionnel) : 

je  parlerais  I  would  or  should  speak 

tu  parlerais  (thou  wouldst  or  shouldst  speak)  you  would  or  should, 

etc. 

il  parlerait  he  would  (should)  speak 
nous  parlerions  we  would  (should)  speak 
vous  parleriez  you  would  (should)  speak 
Us  parleraient  they  would  (should)  speak 

Oral  Drill: 

si  je  partais  fran$ais,  je  gagnerais  da-vantage  if  I  spoke  French, 
I  would  earn  more;  elle  leur  parlerait,  si  elle  avail  le  temps  she 
would  speak  to  them,  if  she  had  the  time;  il  en  parlerait  he  would 
speak  of  it  (of  her,  etc.);  elle  parlerait  ces  langues,  si  elle  les  avail 
etudiees  she  would  speak  those  languages,  if  she  had  studied  them; 
on  lui  parlerait,  si  on  avail  le  temps  we  would  speak  to  him  (her) 
if  we  had  the  time;  je  ne  sais  si  je  lui  parlerais  de  cela  I  do  not 
know  whether  I  should  speak  to  him  about  it;  et  je  ne  sais  s'il 
m'en  parlerait  and  I  do  not  know  whether  he  would  speak  of  it 
to  me;  ne  leur  parleriez-vous  pas,  si  vous  les  rencontriez?  would 
you  not  speak  to  them,  if  you  (ever)  should  meet  them?  vous  leur 
parleriez,  n'est-ce  pas?  you  would  speak  to  them,  would  you  not? 
cf . :  elle  n'a  pas  voulu  parler  (:  —  a  refuse  de  parler)  she  would  not 
speak !  (  —  refused  to  speak) ;  il  se  refuse  le  necessaire  he  denies 
himself  the  necessities;  elle  se  refuse  a  faire  cela  she  does  not 
consent  to  do  that ;  il  risquerait  le  tout  pour  le  tout  he  would  stake 
all;  un  mot  spirituel  a  witty  remark;  un  mot  a  double  entente 
an  ambiguous  word;  mot  a  mot;  sans  rien  changer;  word  for  word; 
without  changing  anything;  prompt  comme  la  poudre  as  quick 
as  a  flash ;  qui  refuse  muse:  he  who  will  not  when  he  may,  when  he 
will  he  shall  have  "nay";  y  regarder  a  deux  fois  avant  de  le  faire 
to  think  twice  before  doing  it  (that);  prendre  garde  a  ce  que  I' on 
va  faire  to  beware  of  what  is  to  be  done ;  remporter  la  victoire  to 
carry  the  day;  il  changea  brusquement  de  propos  he  suddenly 
changed  the  subject;  il  est  regie  comme  un  papier  de  musique 
he  is  regular  in  his  habits ;  regler  to  rule ;  reprimander  un  enfant 
to  reprimand  a  child;  toute  leur  histoire  se  resume  dans  les  luttes 
incessantes  de  ces  etats  their  whole  history  is  summed  up  in 
the  incessant  struggles  between  those  states;  region  desolee 
desolate  region  (section);  une  invasion  allemande  a  German 
invasion. 


216  PARLER    CONJUGATED 

§7.     IMPERATIVE  (Vimperatif}: 

parle  speak  parlous  let  us  speak  parlez  speak 

qu'il  parle  let  him  speak  qu'elle  parle  let  her  speak 

qu'ils  parlent  let  them  speak 

qu'ils  ne  parlent  pas  let  them  not  speak 

parle-le  speak  it  ne  le  parle  pas  do  not  speak  it 

ne  les  parle  pas  do  not  speak  them;  parle-lui;  parlez-lui;  speak 
to  him  (her);  parle-leur;  parlez-leur ;  speak  to  them;  ne  lui  parlez 
jamais  never  speak  to  him  (her);  ne  parlez  point  speak  not; 
do  not  speak;  parlons-en  let  us  speak  of  it  (of  him,  etc.);  n'en 
parlons  plus  let  us  speak  no  more  of  it;  about  it;  Jean,  ne  parle 
plus  say  no  more,  John;  tranchons  le  mot  let  us  say  the  word  or 
let  us  speak  out. 

passons  outre  (continuons;  n'en  tenons  pas  compte)  let  us  overlook 
it  (let  us  pass  it  over;  let  us  rot  insist);  passons  I'eponge  sur  cela 
(sponge)  let  us  forget  it ;  brisons  la  let  us  stop  talking  (arguing) ; 
ne  discutons  pas  davantage  let  us  discuss  no  more;  oublions  le 
passe  let  us  forget  the  past;  c'est  la  plus  riche  des  trois  contrees 
qui  composent  ce  royaume  it  is  the  richest  of  the  three  countries 
which  compose  that  kingdom;  diver ses  nationalites  various  na- 
tionalities; manger  de  la  chicoree  en  salade  to  eat  chicory  as  a 
salad  or  chicory  salad;  Inattentif;  inattentive;  inattentive;  actif; 
active  active;  recalcitrant  refractory  (unruly);  docile  docile; 
chercher  une  occasion  to  seek  an  opportunity ;  chercher  une  occupa- 
tion to  seek  a  position;  les  voiles  obscurs  the  dark  veils;  la  voile 
the  sail;  couchez  I' enfant  (mettez-le  au  lit)  put  the  child  to  bed. 


LESSON  XIX 

8.     SUBJUNCTIVE  PRESENT  or  FUTURE  (le  present  du 
subjonctif) : 

que  je  parle  that  I  may  (can)  speak;  also:  other  forms  in  English 
que  tu  paries  that  (thou  mayest)  you  speak  or  that  you  may  (can) 

speak;  also:  other  forms  in  English 

qu'il  parle  that  he  may  (can)  speak;  also:  other  forms  in  English 
que  nous  parlions  that  we  may  (can)  speak  " 
que  vous  parliez  that  you  may  (can,  speak     " 
qu'ils  parlent  that  they  may  (can)  speak 


PARLER   CONJUGATED  217 

many  examples  are  given  for  various  forms  'at  pages  above  (Lessons 
IX,  XXVI): 

il  faut  que  je  parle  fran$ais  I  must  speak  French ;  or:  it  is  impor- 
tant that  I  should  speak  French;  etc.;  il  ne  faut  pas  que  vous  lui 
partiez  en  anglais  you  should  not  speak  to  him  (her)  in  English; 
il  est  possible  qu'il  les  parle  bien  it  is  possible  that  he  speaks  them 
well;  he  may  speak,  etc.;  il  vaut  mieux  que  vous  leur  parliez  you 
had  better  speak  to  them ;  il  faudra  que  je  leur  parle  I  shall  have 
to  speak  to  them;  s'occuper  de  to  be  engaged  in;  la  chimie  chem- 
istry. 

Oral  Drill: 

le  lit  occupe  toute  la  place  the  bed  occupies  the  whole  space;  I' air 
remplit  tout  I'espace  the  air  fills  all  space;  elle  occupe  un  emploi 
she  has  a  position ;  on  s' en  occupe  (they  attend  to  it):  are  working 
at  it;  il  s' occupe  a  cela  (:  il  consacre  son  temps  a;  il  donne  son  temps 
a)  he  is  busy  with  that  (he  devotes  his  time  to;  he  gives  his  time 
to);  cette  lecture  occupe  ses  loisirs  that  reading  takes  up  his  (her) 
moments  of  leisure;  on  vous  occ'upera  (:  on  vous  donnera  a  travailler) 
we  will  (shall)  keep  you  busy;  we  will  give  you  work;  est-ce  que 
j' occupe  votre  place  (siege)?  am  I  in  your  seat?  on  est  a  vous  dans 
une  minute;  on  s'occupera  de  vous  a  I'instant  you  will  be  waited 
on  in  a  moment ;  we  shall  attend  to  you  soon ;  ne  vous  en  occupez 
pas  do  not  trouble  yourself  (yourselves)  about  it. 

§  9.     IMPERFECT    (SUBJUNCTIVE)     (Vimparfait    du    sub- 
jonctif) : 

que  je  parlasse  that  I  might  speak  (or:  other  forms  in  English) 
que  tu  parlasses  that  thou  mightest  speak;  that  you  might  speak, 
etc. 


See  Rules,  Lessons 
XIII  and  XXVI. 


qu'H  parlat  that  he  might  speak. 
que  nous  parlassions  that  we  might  speak. 
que  vous  parlassiez  that  you  might  speak. 
qu'ils  parlassent  that  they  might  speak. 
NOTE. — Tense  mostly  used  in  books. 

§  10.     SUBJUNCTIVE  PAST  AND  PLUPERFECT: 

Practice  for  more  examples:  at  Lesson  xxvi 

il  n'a  plus  a  redouter  la  force  de  son  adversaire  he  will  not  have  to 
fear  any  longer  the  strength  of  his  opponent ;  la  chaleur  the  heat ; 


218  PARLER    CONJUGATED 

le  froid  the  cold;  elle  redoute  le  froid  she  dreads  the  cold;  citez 
les  noms  mention  the  names;  il  cite  un  exemple  he  gives  an  ex- 
ample; citez  des  fails  give  facts  as  proof;  citer  la  Bible  to  quote 
the  Bible. 

The  Compound  Tenses  of  parler. 
§11.     THE  PAST  INDEFINITE  (Perfect) : 

j'ai  parle;  tu  as  parle;  il  a  parle;  nous  avons  parle;  vous  avez  parle; 
Us  ont  parle;  for:  I  have  spoken  (I  spoke);  (thou  hast  spoken: 
thou  spokest)  or:  you  have  spoken;  he  has  spoken  (he  spoke); 
we  have  spoken  (we  spoke) ;  you  have  spoken  (you  spoke) ;  they 
have  spoken  (they  spoke). 

NOTE. — This  past  is  of  constant  use  in  conversation. 

Oral  Drill: 

de  temps  a  autre  at  times;  lui  avez-vous  parle  or  est-ce  que  vous  lui 
avez,  etc.?  did  you  speak  to  him  (her)?  je  ne  lui  ai  pas  encore  parle 
I  have  not  yet  spoken  to  him;  to  her;  ne  lui  avez-vous  pas  parle 
quelquefois  (:  est-ce  que  vous  ne  lui  avez  pas  parle  quelquefois?) 
have  you  not  spoken  to  him  sometimes?  pourquoi  why?  parce 
que  because;  etre  en  retard  to  be  late;  en  quelque  temps  que  ce 
soil-  at  any  time. 

did:  observe  that  did  is  greatly  used  in  English ; 

Us  lui  ont  parle;  n'est-ce  pas?  they  spoke  to  him,  did  they  not? 
n'est-ce  pas  qu'il  leur  a  parle?  — Si,  il  leur  a  parle  une  fois;  is  it 
not  true  that  he  spoke  to  them?  Yes,  he  did  once;  plus  d 'une  fois 
more  than  once;  plusieurs  fois  several  times;  de  temps  en  temps 
(de  fois  d,  autre);  rarement  from  time  to  time  (now  and  then); 
rarely;  je  le  repete  une  fois  pour  toutes  I  repeat  once  for  all;  <i 
mesure  que  I' on  s'eleve  dans  r atmosphere  as  one  rises  in  the  air; 
mesurer  la  hauteur  a  laquelle  on  s'eleve  to  measure  the  height  that 
one  reaches;  avec  hesitation  el  difficulte  with  hesitation  and  diffi- 
culty; attaquer  a  coups  de  projectiles  to  attack  with  projectiles; 
fabriquer  le  frontage  to  make  cheese;  le  canard  fouille  avec  le  bee 
the  duck  digs  with* his  (its)  beak;  puiser  de  I'eaudans  un  baquet 
to  draw  water  with  a  bucket;  d  la  riviere  from  the  river;  puiser 
aux  sources  (consulter  les  auteurs)  to  draw  from  original  sources; 
puiser  un  passage  dans  Virgile  to  borrow  from  Vergil;  couler  de 
source  (to  flow  from  a  spring)  to  come  from  the  heart ;  on  implore 
les  anges  (on  invoque)  we  supplicate  (invoke)  the  angels. 


PARLER    CONJUGATED  2IQ 

§  12.     PLUPERFECT  (INDICATIVE)   (le  plus-que-parfait  de 
Vindicatif) : 

j'avais  parle  I  had  spoken  tu  avais  parle  thou  hadst  spoken: 

you  had,  etc. 

il  avail  parle  he  had  spoken        nous  avions  parle  we  had  spoken 
vous  aviez  parle  you  had  spoken  Us  avaient  parle  they  had  spoken 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

parfois  at  times;  si  on  avail  parle  if  we  had  spoken  (had  we 
spoken?)  s'il  avail  parle  if  he  had  spoken;  si  elle  avail  parle  if 
she  had  spoken;  s'ils  lui  avaient  parle  if  they  had  spoken  to  him 
(her) ;  si  elles  ne  leur  avaient  pas  parle  if  they  had  not  spoken  to 
them;  ne  lui  aviez-vous  jamais  parle  had  you  never  spoken  to 
him  (her)  ?  Jamais!  never;  n'est-ce  pas  que  vous  aviez  deja  parle  a  .  .? 
isn't  it  true  that  you  had  already  spoken  to  .  .  ?  avait-il  fait  I'eloge 
de  eel  auteur?.  had  he  spoken  in  praise  of  that  author?  on  en  avail 
parle  en  lermes  flatteurs  we  had  spoken  of  him  in  flattering  terms; 
Us  ont  parle  polilique  elrangere  (exlerieure)  they  talked  politics 
(foreign  politics) ;  Us  ont  parle  sur  tout  they  discoursed  upon  every- 
thing; parle r  franqais  comme  une  vache  espagnole  (Spanish  cow); 
(colloq.)  to  speak  broken  French;  il  ne  lui  a  pas  mdche  la  verile 
(mince  the  truth)  he  spoke  his  mind  freely  to  him;  il  pese  ses 
paroles  he  weighs  his  words;  elle  commanda  le  diner  she  ordered 
the  dinner;  commandez-lui  d'apporter  or  (:  qu'il  apporte)  order  him 
to  bring  (fetch);  il  commande  le  bataillon  he  commands  (orders) 
the  battalion;  orne  de;  enloure  de;  adorned  (ornamented)  with; 
surrounded  by;  exprimer  diver  ses  idees  el  leurs  rapports  to  express 
various  ideas  and  their  relation;  la  repetition  generate  general 
rehearsal;  la  repetition  consiste  a  recommencer  repetition  consists 
of  repeating  many  times;  son  revenu  consiste  en  rentes  (se  compose 
de)  his  income  consists  of  annuities;  il  est  compose  (il  se  compose) 
de  trois  parties  it  is  composed  of  three  parts;  le  bonheur  consiste 
dans  la  satisfaction  de  happiness  is  derived  from  the  pleasure  of 
(the  satisfaction  of). 

§13.     PAST  ANTERIOR  (le  passe  anterieur): 

feus  parle  I  had  spoken;  tu  eus  parle  you   had   spoken    (or: 

thou  hadst  spoken) 

il  cut  parle  he  had  spoken  nous  eumes  parle  we  had  spoken 

vous  eules  parle  you  had  spoken  Us  eurenl  parle  they  had  spoken. 

NOTE. — Tense   mostly   used   in   books  or:  with   quand   when; 
des  que  (aussilol  que;  silol  que)  as  soon  as. 


22O  PARLER    CONJUGATED 

Oral  Drill: 

aussitdt  qu'il  cut  parle  as  soon  as  he  had  spoken;  d  peine  fut-il 
entre  qu'il  s'excusa  scarcely  had  he  entered  when  he  excused  him- 
self; la  sonnerie  electrique  the  electric  bell;  indiquer  les  heures 
distinctement  to  indicate  the  hours  distinctly;  se  developper 
librement  (:  emancipe  de  toute  tutelle)  to  develop  without  restraint 
(free  from  all  tutelage);  la  langue;  le  langage  parle;  the  language 
(tongue);  the  spoken  language;  le  langage  des  Japonais  the  mode 
of  expression  among  the  Japanese;  I' argot  des  Holies  the  (pro- 
fessional) slang  at  the  Central  Market  in  Paris;  I'idiome  grec 
the  Greek  tongue;  or:  a  language  peculiar  to  the  Greeks;  le  dialecte 
proven^al  the  Provencal  dialect;  des  idiotismes  idiomatic  con- 
structions; expressions  idiomatiques  idiomatic  expressions;  le 
jargon  unintelligible  language;  also:  langue  etrangere  qu'on  n' en- 
tend  point  a  mixture  (of  languages)  that  we  cannot  understand; 
langue  speciale  aux  Apaches  the  jargon  of  the  Apaches;  le  patois 
(idiome  populaire)  language  (illiterate  or  provincial  speech)  to 
be  distinguished  from  the  standard  (literary)  dialect;  propre  a 
une  province  peculiar  to  a  province;  vernacular. 

§  14.     FUTURE  PAST  (le  futur  anterieur}: 
j'aurai  parle  I  will  or  shall  have  spoken 
tu  auras  parle  you  shall  (will)  have  spoken;  or:  thou  wilt   (shalt) 

have  spoken 

il  aura  parle  he  shall  (will)  have  spoken 
nous  aurons  parle  we  will  (shall)  have  spoken 
vous  aurez  parle  you  shall  (will)  have  spoken 
Us  auront  parle  they  shall  (will)  have  spoken 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

des  que  j'aurai  parle  as  soon  as  I  have  spoken  (or:  shall  have 
finished  speaking);  il  n'aura  pas  parle  (fini  de  parler)  avant  votre 
arrivee  he  will  not  be  through  speaking  before  you  arrive;  parle-t-il 
autrement  qu'il  ne  pense?  does  he  speak  differently  from  what  he 
thinks?  mal  d  propos  not  opportune  (unseasonable);  non  merite 
(also:  deplace)  uncalled  for;  il  choisit  ses  termes  (ses  mots,  ses 
expressions)  he  selects  his  words  (his  expressions);  de  vive  voix 
by  word  of  mouth;  combler  de  politesse  to  overwhelm  with  polite- 
ness; propos  fncoherents  incoherent  talk;  d'une  autre  fagon  some 
other  way;  scier  le  bois  to  saw  wood;  la  scierie  the  saw-mill; 
il  met  de  I' affectation  d  bien  parler  he  speaks  affectedly;  he  is 
affected  in  his  speech;  meubles  anciens antique  furniture;  les  anciens 


PARLER    CONJUGATED  221 

the  men  of  old ;  the  ancients;  les  auteurs  anciens  ancient  authors; 
I'ancien  maire  the  former  Mayor;  cela  existe  depuis  longtemps 
that  has  been  in  existence  for  many  years;  le  nouveau  maire  the 
new  mayor;  paroles  sottes  et  frivoles  light  and  foolish  words; 
retomber  entre  les  mains  des  to  fall  again  into  the  hands  of  the; 
to  become  once  more  the  possession  of  the;  auditoire  peu  nombreux 
small  attendance. 

§  15.     CONDITIONAL  PAST  (First  Form)  (le  passe  du  con- 

ditionnel) : 

j'aurais  parle  I  would  or  should  have  spoken 
tu    aurais    parle  you   should    or   would   have   spoken;    or:    (thou 

shouldst  or  wouldst  have  spoken) 
il  aurait  parle  he  should  or  would  have  spoken 
nous  aurions  parle  we  would  or  should  have  spoken 
vous  auriez  parle  you  should  or  would  have  spoken 
Us  auraienl  parle  they  would  or  should  have  spoken 

Oral  Drill: 

je  vous  aurais  parle,  si  j'avais  eu  le  temps  I  would  have  spoken  to 
you,  if  I  had  had  the  time;  il  aurait  parle,  s'tl  avail  pu  (voulu) 
he  would  have  spoken,  if  he  could  (wished);  ne  lui  auriez-vous 
pas  parle  would  you  not  have  spoken  to  him;  to  her?  quand 
meme  il  leur  aurait  parle  even  if  he  had  spoken  to  them ;  je  croyais 
qu'il  m 'aurait  parle  I  thought  he  would  have  spoken  to  me; 
imiter  les  Italiens,  >es  Americains,  les  Anglais  to  imitate  the  Ital- 
ians, the  Americans,  the  English;  dans  une  autre  langue  in  an- 
other language;  locution  propre  a  la  langue  fran^aise  et  transportee 
dans  an  expression  peculiar  to  the  French  language  and  intro- 
duced into;  jouez  d  la  paume  play  tennis;  unjeu  ou  Von  se  renvoie 
la  balle  avec  une  raquette  a  game  in  which  the  ball  is  sent  back 
with  a  racket. 

§  16.     CONDITIONAL  PAST  (Second  Form): 

j'eusse  parle  I  would  or  should  have  spoken 

tu  eusses  parle  you  should  or  would  have  spoken 

U  eut  parle  he  should  or  would  have  spoken 

nous  eussions  parle  we  would  have  or  should  have  spoken 

vous  eussiez  parle  you  should  have  or  would  have  spoken 

Us  eussent  parle  they  should  have  or  would  have  spoken 

eusse-je  parle  en  public  should  I  have  spoken  in  public?  ne  leur 

eut-il  pas  parle  would  he  not  have  spoken  to  them?  si  vous  eussiez 


222  PARLER    CONJUGATED 

parle,  je  vous  aurais  (or :  eusse)  entendu  should  you  have  spoken, 
I  would  have  heard  you. 

NOTE. — After  si  (if)  the  second  form  is  used  instead  of  the  plu- 
perfect  indicative : 

s'il  cut  pu  purler  if  he  (only)  could  have  spoken;  Us  n'eussent 
jamais  parle  fran$ais,  s'il  eut  etc  present  they  would  never  have 
spoken  French,  if  he  had  been  there. 

Oral  Drill: 

sa  forme  rappelle  celle  du  serpent  the  shape  resembles  the  snake ; 
tricheraujeu  to  cheat  at  a  game;  contrees  devastees  par  de  frequents 
tremblements  de  terre  et  des  eruptions  volcaniques  countries  de- 
vastated by  frequent  earthquakes  and  volcanic  eruptions;  arreter 
pour  toujours  I  'irruption  des  barbares  to  check  for  ever  the  sudden 
and  violent  inroad  of  the  barbarians;  le  debar  dement  de  la  Seine 
(I' irruption)  overflowing  of  the  Seine  river;  faire  irruption; 
incursion;  to  invade ;  to  make  a  raid ;  contenir,  outre  le  calendrier 
1918,  des  observations  astronomiques  et  meteor ologiques,  des  articles 
de  statistiques  to  contain,  besides  the  calendar  of  1918,  astronomi- 
cal and  meteorological  observations,  articles  on  statistics. 

§  17.     IMPERATIVE  PERFECT  (see  Lesson  X). 
§  1 8.     SUBJUNCTIVE  PAST: 

que  j'aie  parle  that  I  may  (can)  have  spoken  or  other  forms  in 

English 

que  tu  aies  parle  that  you  may  (can)  have  spoken 
qu'il  ait  parle  that  he  may  (can)  have  spoken 
que  nous  ayons  parle  that  we  may  (can)  have  spoken 
que  vous  ayez  parle  that  you  may  (can)  have  spoken 
qu'ils  aient  parle  that  they  may  (can)  have  spoken 

il  doute  que  vous  lui  ayez  parle  he  doubts  whether  you  have  spoken 
to  him  (her) ;  U  est  le  seul  qui  vous  ait  parle  he  is  the  only  one  that 
has,  etc.;  ce  sera  la  seule  qui  leur  ait  parle  she  will  be  (or:  is)  the 
only  one  who  spoke  to  them. 
Review  also  Lessons  XIII,  XXVI. 

§  19.     SUBJUNCTIVE  PLUPERFECT: 

que  j' eusse  parle  that  I  might  have  spoken  or  other  forms  in  English 
que  tu  eusses  parle  that  you  might  have  spoken 


AND   OTHER    VERBS  223 

qu'il  cut  parle  that  he  might  have  spoken 
que  nous  eussions  parle  that  we  might  have  spoken 
que  vous  eussiez  parle  that  you  might  have  spoken 
qu'ils  eussent  parle  that  they  might  have  spoken 

(Lessons  XIII,  XXVI  fully  illustrated) 

je  ne  savais  pas  que  vous  lui  eussiez  parle  I  did  not  know  you  had 
spoken  to  him  (her) ;  il  aurait  ete  le  seul  eleve  qui  eut  parle  he  would 
have  been  the  only  pupil  to  have  spoken  (to)  etc. ;  c'etait  la  seule 
dame  qui  eut  parle  she  was  the  only  lady  who  might  have  spoken; 
je  n'aurais  pas  voulu  qu'ils  eussent  parle  I  would  not  have  wished 
them  to  have  spoken;  je  ne  croirai  jamais  qu'il  eut  parle,  s'il 
avail  assiste  a  la  fete  I  shall  never  believe  that  he  would  have 
spoken,  if  he  had  attended  the  celebration ;  il  etait  possible  qu'on 
leur  eut  parle  possibly  they  have  been  spoken  to. 

Oral  Drill: 

causer  de  I'angoisse  to  cause  anguish;  eprouver  d'amers  deplaisirs 
(mecontentements)  to  feel  sad  disappointments;  se  distinguer  par 
son  poil  long  et  soyeux  to  be  remarkable  for  its  long  and  silky  hair; 
des  plaintes  ameres  bitter  complaints ;  enf oncer  le  fer  dans  le  bois 
to  drive  (sink)  the  iron  into  the  wood;  on  le  boutonne  par  devant 
(derriere)  it  is  buttoned  in  front  (in  the  back);  caserner,  baraquer 
un  regiment  (the  regiment  in  the  barracks)  to  lodge  soldiers  in 
garrison;  tortiller  un  mouchoir  to  wring  (twist)  a  handkerchief; 
traverser  la  rue  to  cross  the  street;  animer  son  style  to  enliven 
(to  give  life  to)  one's  style;  lui  donner  de  la  vigueur  (force)  to  give 
vivacity  (action);  egrener  les  cereales  to  husk  (to  strip  the  husk) 
from  the  corn  (wheat),  rice  (le  riz),  cereal. 

LESSON  XX 

§  20.     VARIOUS  EXPRESSIONS  ON  parler  AND  VERBS  OF 
THE  FIRST  GROUP: 

oiler  and  envoyer  being  irregular 

le  franqais  se  parle  en  Amerique  French  is  spoken  in  America; 
Men  par  lei  good!  well  expressed;  parlez  plus  haul;  parlez  plus 
has;  louder;  lower;  puisqu'il  faut  parler  net  since  plain  speaking 
is  desired;  la  bouche  parle  de  I'abondance  du  cceur  out  of  the  abun- 
dance of  the  heart,  the  mouth  speaketh;  parlez-moi  de  cela!  good! 
(as  approbation  or  irony) ;  je  vous  apprendrai  a  bien  parler  I  will 
teach  you  to  speak  (more  respectfully);  il  s'exprime  bien  he  ex- 


224  PARLER    REVIEWED 

presses  himself  well;  onlefelicite  he  is  congratulated ;  cela  provoque 
de  vifs  applaudissements  that  calls  forth  warm  applause;  chaleu- 
reux  accueil  cordial  welcome;  elevation  (abaissemenf)  de  la  voix 
the  raising  (lowering)  of  a  voice,  on  hesite  we  hesitate;  on  juge 
les  langnes  par  analogic  languages  are  interpreted  through  analogy ; 
or:  d'apres  les  rapports  qui  existent  entre  elles  from  their  illustra- 
tion by  comparison;  their  likeness  to  one  another;  cf. :  d'apres 
les  rapports  qui  existent  according  to  the  reports  made;  rapporter 
les  evenements  annee  par  annee  to  record  events  happening  yearly 
(yearly  events). 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

a  tort  et  a  tr avers  aimlessly;  il  parle  du  nez  he  speaks  through  his 
nose;  elle  parle  mal  she  speaks  ill;  il  y  a  un  temps  pour  parler  et 
un  temps  pour  se  taire  there  comes  a  time  when  one  must  speak  or 
keep  silent ;  il  faut  laisser  parler  let  them  gossip ;  a  propos  de  rien 
for  no  purpose  (for  nothing  at  all) ;  il  a  la  langue  grasse  (son  parler 
est  peu  intelligible)  he  speaks  thick  (:  not  easily  understood); 
la  langue  lui  a  fourche  his  (her)  tongue  tripped;  elle  medit  de  son 
prochain  she  speaks  ill  of  heY  neighbor;  elle  mange  ses  mots  she 
clips  her  words;  mal  prononcer  not  to  pronounce  well;  on  jeta 
les  hauls  cris  they  protested  loudly ;  il  a  le  parler  bref  he  is  a  man 
of  few  words;  il  a  le  verbe  haul  he  is  loud  spoken;  il  parle  d' aban- 
donee (sans  preparation)  he  speaks  without  previous  study  or 
preparation;  offhand;  avec  abondance;  paroles  sans  suite;  with 
fluency;  disconnected  words;  cela  parle  tout  seul  that  is  clear; 
ouvrez  la  bouche:  (parlez!)  open  the  mouth  (your,  etc.);  il  en  dit 
du  bien  (du  mal)  he  speaks  well  or  ill  of  him  (her),  etc. ;  elle  raisonne 
bien  she  reasons  well. 


Oral  Drill: 

le  chien  dresse  les  oreilles  the  dog  pricks  up  his  ears;  il  baissa 
Voreille  he  looked  confused;  il  ecoute  avec  interH  he  listens  with 
interest;  il  est  bien  tombe  chance  favored  him;  la  conversation 
tomba  sur  the  conversation  turned  to  (on) ;  ses  cheveux  lui  tombent 
sur  les  epaules  her  hair  falls  on  her  shoulders;  les  feuilles  tombent 
une  a  une  the  leaves  fall  one  by  one;  la  chute  des  feuilles  the  fall 
of  the  leaves;  tomber  a  plat  to  fall  flat;  a  plat  venire  flat  on  the 
ground;  un  echec  complet  complete  failure;  aux  pieds  de  quelqu'un 
at  his  feet;  tout  tombe  dans  I'oubli  everything  is  soon  forgotten; 
se  tromper  (tomber  dans  I'erreur)  tomber  en  disgrace  to  fall  into 


ITS    EQUIVALENTS  225 

error;  to  be  mistaken;  —  into  disgrace;  tomber  de  son  haul  to 
be  extremely  surprised  or:  —  des  nues  (from  the  clouds). 

lui  etre  echu  en  partage  (lui  etre  tombe)  to  have  fallen  to  his  lot ; 
ecraser  to  crush;  so,  fete  tombe  le  mardi  his  birthday  falls  on  a 
Tuesday;  en  lambeaux  into  rags  (tatters);  cet  auteur  tombe  this 
author  is  falling  into  disfavor;  tomber  d  rien;  a  pen  de  chose;  to 
fall  through;  to  amount  to  little;  ce  lime  lui  est  tombe  entre  les 
mains  that  book  fell  into  his  hands;  tomber  d' accord;  par  hasard; 
to  fall  into  accord;  by  chance;  etre  d'aplomb  to  be  perpendicular; 
tomber  d  pic  abrupt;  perpendiculairement  perpendicular;  tomber 
de  cheval  to  fall  from  one's  horse;  le  sort  est  tombe  sur  lui  (:  I'a 
designe)  it  fell  to  his  fate  ( :  it  has  selected  him)  or:  it  fell  to  his 
lot;  pas  une  parole  n'est  proferee  not  a  word  is  uttered;  articuler 
un  son  to  articulate  a  sound;  sons  articules  (paroles  articulees) 
utterance  of  articulate  sounds;  mesurer  ses  paroles  to  measure 
one's  words;  balbutier  to  lisp;  to  mumble;  to  stammer;  inspirer; 
une  inspiration;  to  inspire;  an  inspiration;  il  a  le  debit  facile  he 
has  a  free  delivery;  il  accentue  bien  he  pronounces  (accentuates) 
with  proper  accent;  Us  font  toujours  des  coq-a-l'dne  they  are  always 
talking  nonsense;  incoherent  talk ;  il  a  beau  dire,  il  n'en  sera  ni  plus 
ni  mains  he  may  talk  as  much  as  he  pleases,  it  will  be  so;  il  parle 
par  experience  he  speaks  from  experience;  il  est  lent  d  parler  he 
is  slow  of  speech ;  c'est  une  maniere  de  parler  it  is  a  way  (manner) 
of  speaking;  au  pied  de  la  lettre  literally;  strictly  speaking;  il 
demands  la  parole  he  begs  leave  to  speak;  autant  en  emporte  le 
vent  (the  wind  carries  away)  all  that  is  idle  talk;  it  is  moonshine; 
innocent  badinage  harmless  talk. 

il  est  bavard  he  is  loquacious  (talkative);  on  coquette  (tattle  des 
bavettes)  they  chat,  gossip  (:  cutting  bibs);  a  proprement  parler 
(:  a  la  rigueur)  properly  speaking  (in  a  strict  sense);  il  parle  clair 
et  net  (il  dit  sa  pensee;  il  parle  franchement)  he  speaks  his  mind 
(openly  and  frankly);  or:  il  ne  se  gene  pas  he  does  not  mince 
matters;  cessez  de  tenir  ce  langage  cease  to  speak  in  such  a  manner; 
cesser  de  parler  stop !  changez  de  propos  talk  of  something  else ;  sans 
ambages  (detours)  without  turning  from  the  point  in  question ;  cela 
leur  fait  honneur  that  speaks  well  for  them ;  pour  ainsi  dire  so  to 
speak;  il  en  dit  du  mal  (du  bien)  he  speaks  ill  of  him,  etc.;  he 
speaks  highly  of,  etc.;  il  traine  ses  paroles  he  drawls  out  his  words; 
lentement;  avec  lenteur;  slowly ;  with  slowness ;  soil  dit  a  leur  honneur 
to  their  honor  be  it  spoken;  j'ai  affaire  d  elle  I  want  to  speak  to 
her;  j'ai  affaire  avec  elle  I  deal  with  her;  etre  en  rapport  avec 
15 


226  PARLER   REVIEWED 

to  have  dealings  with;  c'est  sa  fa$on  de  parler  it  is  his  mode  of 
speaking;  la  conversation  roula  sur  divers  sujets  the  conversation 
turned  upon  various  subjects;  a  la  politique  to  politics;  les  gros 
poissons  mangent  les  petits  the  large  fishes  eat  the  small  ones; 
la  force  prime  le  droit  might  overcomes  right;  la  raison  du  plus 
fort  est  toujours  la  meilleure  the  reason  of  the  stronger  is  always 
the  better  (one)  or:  might  makes  right;  parlez-moi  de  cela  that 
is  something;  la  langue  leur  fretille  they  are  longing  (dying)  to 
speak;  Us  ont  une  grande  demangeaison  de  parler  they  strongly 
desire  to  speak ;  la  demangeaison  itching. 

il  annonce  (preche)  he  proclaims  (preaches)  the  Gospel;  trouver 
un  bon  mot  to  find  a  good  word;  un  mot  spirituel  witty  remark; 
entrer  en  conversation  to  enter  into  conversation;  entamer  la  con- 
versation to  start  (broach)  the,  etc.;  remonter  de  la  mer  dans  les 
fleuves  to  go  up  from  the  sea  into  the  rivers;  remonter  une  montre 
to  wind  a  watch;  remonter  la  riviere  to  ascend  the  river;  il  se 
h&ta  d' engager  la  conversation  he  hastened  to  begin,  etc.;  addi- 
tionner  to  add  up;  ajouter  to  add;  diviser  to  divide;  multiplier 
to  multiply;  retrancher  to  subtract  (to  take  away);  reparler  to 
speak  again;  caqueter  to,  cackle;  le  coquet  d'une  poule  the  cackle 
of  a  hen;  se  retirer  en  bon  ordre  to  withdraw  in  good  order;  secher 
to  dry;  sec  (seche)  dry;  la  secher esse  dryness,  drought;  elle  fait 
secher  le  linge  she  is  spreading  out  linen  to  dry;  se  faire  secher 
to  dry  one's  self;  gater  to  spoil;  gater  to  damage;  to  taint; 
la  viande  que  la  chaleur  a  gatee  the  meat  which  has  been  tainted 
by  the  heat;  endommager  (causer  du  dommage)  to  damage; 
to  occasion  damage  to;  deteriorer  to  impair;  to  deteriorate; 
degrader  to  degenerate;  to  become  worse;  gater  le  plaisir  to 
spoil  the  pleasure  (fun);  figer  to  congeal;  coaguler  to  coagulate; 
le  lait  milk;  cailleter  to  chatter  (gossip);  cailler  to  curdle;  fumer 
du  havane  to  smoke  Havana  cigars;  son  fils  en  qui  il  voyait  deja 
un  futur  her os  his  son  who  promised  to  be  a  future  hero;  des 
decorations  superbes  ornent  le  monument,  entre  autres  les  figures 
des  anges,  du  Devoir  Angels  and  Duty  were  among  the  rich  deco- 
rations enhancing  the  monument;  comme  chaque  fois  qu'elle 
parlait  de  son  fils  as  each  time  she  spoke  of  her  son;  elle  demande 
la  parole  she  requests  permission  to  speak;  elle  a  la  parole  she  is 
allowed  to  speak;  on  lui  adressa  la  parole  (on  lui  parld)  they 
spoke  to  him  (her) ;  il  menage  ses  paroles  (il  parle  pen)  he  is  chary 
of  words;  il  se  menage  he  takes  care  of  himself;  le  management 
regard;  circumspection  (caution). 


ITS    EQUIVALENTS  227 

die  jase  comme  une  pie  (magpie)  she  is  a  chatterer;  babiller  to 
talk  much  and  idly  (to  prate) ;  bavarder  to  chatter  (jabber) ; 
jaser  to  prattle;  (slander);  causer  to  hold  a  conversation;  sur 
soncompte  about  him  (her) ;  de  son  prochain  about  one's  neighbor; 
le  marmot  the  brat;  on  le  critique  he  is  criticized;  il  piaille  (:  il 
pousse  des  cris  aigus  el  repetes)  it  shrieks  ( :  it  utters  sharp  and 
lengthened  sounds);  la  pie  jacasse  the  magpie  is  chattering;  le 
perroquet  piaille  the  parrot,  etc. ;  les  Parisiens  grasseyent  Parisians 
roll  their  r;  on  se  tutoie  entre  amis,  freres  et  sceurs  thou  and  thee 
are  used  among  friends,  brothers  and  sisters;  on  prononce  selon 
les  regies  rules  are  observed  in  pronunciation  (pronouncing); 
cela  ne  vaut  pas  la  peine  d'en  parler  it  is  not  worth  mentioning; 
il  a  le  parler  facile  he  is  a  fluent  speaker;  les  murailles  parlent 
walls  have  ears;  les  murs  ont  des  yeux  (des  oreilles)  walls  have 
eyes  (ears);  cela  parle  tout  seul  it  needs  no  explanation;  ne  m'en 
parlez  pas  do  not  raise  the  question  (or  I  know  all  about  it); 
il  parle  I' argot  he  speaks  slang;  voila  parler  (c'est  parler)  that's 
the  idea!  tout  le  monde  en  parle  every  one  speaks  of  it;  il  parle 
en  maitre  he  speaks  with  authority;  sij'ose  parler  ainsi  if  I  may 
say  so;  cet  orateur  parle  avec  connaissance  de  cause  that  orator 
speaks  upon  good  grounds;  parlez  franchement  speak  plainly; 
parlez  vertement  sharply;  il  en  parle  tout  a  son  aise  it  is  easy  for 
him  to  speak;  fouler  le  sol  de  la  patrie  to  tread  one's  native  heath; 
to  trample  upon;  cajoler  to  deceive  with;  to  persuade  by  (fair 
words,  false  persuasives) ;  longuement  at  length. 

dans  un  interet  quelconque  for  some  motive  (of  his  own) ;  il  caresse 
I' enfant  he  is  caressing  the  child;  le  chien  lui  leche  la  main  the 
dog  licks  his  hand;  on  le  hue  he  is  praised;  louer  to  rent;  flatter 
to  flatter;  saler  to  salt  (overcharge,  fleece);  exciter  to  excite; 
zncourager  to  encourage  (stimulate);  decourager  to  discourage 
(deter);  favoriser  to  favor;  to  countenance  (further  or  promote); 
constituer  to  constitute;  or:  to  form;  to  establish;  organiser  to 
organize;  anonner  to  falter;  to  utter  hesitatingly;  brokenly; 
bredouitter  to  stammer  (stutter);  baragouiner  to  talk  gibberish; 
affecter  to  affect;  des  dehors  vertueux  feigning  virtue  (to  be  vir- 
tuous); destiner  (affecter)  to  be  reserved  for;  isoler  to  isolate  (insu- 
late); or:  cantonner  to  canton;  to  allot  quarters  to;  on  lui  reproche 
de  ne  pas  avoir  marche  immediatement  sur  Verdun  they  criticize 
his  hesitancy  in  not  advancing  towards;  toutes  les  fois  que  le  peril 
etait  imminent,  il  poussait  un  cri  each  time  his  life  was  at  stake,  he 
would  utter  a  cry;  ces  messieurs  s'adressent  a  celui  qui  ne  sait 


228  PECULIARITIES    IN   -ER 

point  tirer  parti  d'un  avantage  those  gentlemen  refer  to  any  one 
that  does  not  avail  himself  of  an  opportunity. 

Remarks  on  Verbs  of  the  First  Group 

§21.     verbs   ending   in  -ger  retain  the  e  before  a  or  o: 
mangeant  eating;  nous  mangeons  we  are  eating 

§  22.     verbs  ending  in  -cer  take  Q  (i.e.  :  c  with  cedilla) 
before  a;  o  :je  pla$ais  I  placed  (put)  : 
placing  (putting)  ;  nous  plaqons  we  place 


Oral  Drill: 

onl'interrogeait  he  was  questioned  ;  sur  les  participes  on  the  parti- 
ciples; en  voyageant  while  traveling;  il  changeait  souvent  d'  opi- 
nion; he  would  often  change  his  opinion;  il  pronongait  bien  he 
pronounced  well;  pour  abreger;  abregeons;  to  be  brief;  let  us  cut 
short;  on  lanqa  they  threw;  il  perga  le  mur  he  made  a  hole  through 
the  wall  or:  an  opening;  pratiquer  un  trou  to  let  in  a  hole;  une 
ouverture  an  opening  ;  un  foret  a  gimlet  (to  bore)  ;  lancer  des  cir- 
culaires  to  send  out  circulars;  sieger  to  hold  sessions;  corriger 
to  correct;  grincer  to  grit;  engager  to  engage. 

§23.  verbs  with  e  on  the  penultimate  syllable  (of  the 
infinitive)  change  that  e  into  e  before  an  un- 
stressed syllable  (  :  mute  syllable)  : 

esperer  to  hope;  j'espere;  tu  esperes;  il  espere;  Us  esperent,  etc.; 
but:  nous  esperons  we  hope;  vous  esperez  you  hope;  and  in  the 
Future  and  the  Conditional:  il  esperera;  il  esperer  ail;  he  will 
hope;  he  would  hope. 

in  poetry: 

espere-  je  for:  est-ce  que  j'espere?  do  I  hope?  do  I  hope? 

le  travail  abrege  les  heures  work  shortens  the  hours;  ceder  to  yield; 
il  cede  en  tout  he  yields  in  everything;  il  ceder  a  he  will  yield; 
accelerer  to  accelerate;  to  increase;  on  accelere  la  vitesse  (speed) 
they  accelerate  the  speed;  on  I'  accelerer  a  it  will  be  increased;  on 
accelerer  ait  le  pas  we  would  hasten  our  steps  ;  on  celebre  votre  fete 
your  birthday  anniversary  is  (being)  celebrated;  ce  heros;  cette 
heroine;  that  hero;  that  heroine. 
creer  does  not  change  the  e  (acute). 


PECULIARITIES    IN    -ER  22Q 

§24.  verbs  with  an  unaccented  e  (like:  mener  to  lead) 
on  the  last  but  one  syllable,  change  that  e  into  e 
before  a  mute  syllable: 

elle  mene  she  is  taking  (leading) ;  but :  nous  menons  we  take,  etc. ; 
the  last  syllable  being  stressed;  achever  to  end  (complete);  il 
acheve  he  is,  etc.;  nous  achevons  we  are  finishing;  il  achevera 
( :  the  grave  e  in  the  Future  and  Conditional) ;  also :  with  acheter 
to  buy;  becqueter  to  peck  (donner  des  coups  de  bee:  to  strike  with 
the  beak);  bourreler  to  torture;  crever  to  burst;  ecarteler  to 
quarter;  geler  to  freeze;  harceler  to  harass;  lever  to  lift;  marteler 
to  hammer;  modeler  to  model;  peler  to  peel  (peel  off  skin); 
peser  to  weigh  (measure) ;  ensemencer  to  scatter  seed  for  growth 
(on;  in;  over);  semer  to  sow;  le  marteau  the  hammer;  la  graine 
the  seed;  un  grain  de  ble  a  grain  of  wheat. 

NOTE. — All  compounds  follow  the  same  rule: 

degeler  to  thaw;  soulever  to  lift  (from  under);  relever  to  lift 
again;  soupeser  to  try  to  weigh;  le  poids  the  weight;  amener 
to  bring  (in,  up,  over,  about,  on  and  round);  emmener  to  lead 
away  (to  take  away);  surmener  to  override;  ramener  to  bring 
(lead)  back  again,  etc. 

§25 

appeler  to  call;  jeter  to  throw 

j'appelle,  tu  appelles,  il  appelle,  Us  appellent,  on  appellera  they 

will  call;  but:  appelons  let  us  call. 

Observe:  Verbs  ending  in  -ler  or  -ter  take  no  e  (grave)  on  the 
penultimate,  because  they  double  the  /  or  t  before  a  mute  syllable: 
also  in: 

on  jette  we  throw;  vous  jetez  you  throw;  jette-le;  jetez-le;  throw 
it  away;  and  in:  amonceler  to  heap  up;  banqueter  to  banquet; 
bosseler  to  emboss  (dent);  botteler  (du  join  hay)  to  put  up  in 
bundles;  briqueter  to  lay  with  bricks;  cacheter  to  seal;  canneler 
to  groove;  caqueter  to  cackle;  carreler  to  pave  (with  bricks); 
chanceler  to  stagger;  ciseler  to  chisel;  colleter  to  collar  or:  saisir 
au  collet  pour  renverser  to  grab  by  the  neck;  to  throw  down; 
cordeler  to  twist  like  a  cord;  (tordre  en  forme  de  corde);  to  twist 
(twine);  craqueter  to  crackle;  creneler  to  tooth  (embattle);  le 
creneau  battlement. 


23O  REGULAR    VERBS    IN   -IR 

dechiqueter  (la  peau:  the  skin)  to  slash  (cut)  or:  (couper  par  iaillades 
to  cut  in  slashes;  par  petites  parties  into  small  pieces);  denteler 
to  indent  (cog);  empaqueter  to  pack  up;  ensorceler  to  bewitch; 
etinceler  to  sparkle  (flash) ;  feuilleter  (la  feuille)  to  turn  over  the 
leaves;  ficeler  to  tie  (:  un  paquet  a  package);  or:  attacker  avec 
une  ficelle  to  tie  with  a  string  (with  twine);  j 'ureter  to  ferret  out; 
grommeler  to  grumble;  haleter  to  gasp  for  breath;  javeler  to 
lay  in  loose  sheaves;  marqueter  to  inlay;  morceler  to  cut  up; 
to  parcel;  museler  to  muzzle  (gag);  niveler  to  make  even  (:  Iz 
niveau  the  level);  r&teler  to  rake;  (le  rdteau  rake;  le  r atelier 
rack;  or  set  of  teeth);  renouveler  to  renew;  ressemeler  to  sole 
anew;  ruisseler  to  trickle  down;  souffleter  to  slap  (in  the  face); 
tacheter  to  speckle  (to  mark  with  speckles;  to  spot);  moucheter 
to  fleck;  voleter  to  flutter;  and  others  derived  from  them. 

NOTE. — cree  (creee)  agreee,  in  verbs  ending  in:  -eer  and  -ier  retain 
the  e  (acute)  or  the  t: 

il  creera,  il  cree  (and  the  2nd  e  is  not  heard);  elle  prie  she  prays; 
elle  priera  (e  not  heard),  etc. 

§  26.     verbs  ending  in  -oyer;  -uyer  change  y  into  i  before 

e  mute: 

essuyer  to  wipe  player  to  bend 

il  essuiera  he  will  wipe  il  ploie  it  bends 

§  27.     verbs   ending   in   -ayer;    -eyer   generally   preserve 

they: 
payer  to  pay  (for)  il  paie  (paye)  he  pays 

LESSON  XXI 
REGULAR  VERBS  OF  THE  SECOND  GROUP  end  in  -ir: 

finir  to  finish  finissant  finishing  fini  finished 

§  28.     PRESENT  INDICATIVE  (le  present  de  Vindicatif] : 

je  finis  I  finish  (am  finishing;  do  finish;  have  been  finishing) 
tu  finis  you  finish  (thou  art  finishing  or)  are  finishing,  etc. 
il  finit  he  finishes  (is  finishing;  does  finish,  has  been  finishing) 
nous  finissons   we   finish,   are    finishing;    do    finish;   have    been 
finishing 


REGULAR   VERBS    IN    -IR  23! 

vous  finis sez  you  finish,  are  finishing;  do  finish;  have  been  finishing 
Us  finis  sent  they  finish;  are  finishing;  do  finish;  have  been  finishing 

Oral  Practice  (for  reviewing) : 

il  commence  et  je  finis  he  begins  and  I  finish;  on  commence  par 
avoir  raison  et  onfinit  par  avoir  tort  they  begin  right  and  end  wrong; 
commenqons  par  une  leqon  de  musique  (de  chant,  de  flute,  de  harpe) 
et  finissons  par  une  leqon  de  franqais,  de  lecture  ou  de  danse  let  us 
begin  with  a  music  lesson  (singing  lesson,  a  lesson  on  the  flute, 
harp)  and  end  with  a  French  (or:  reading,  dancing)  lesson;  re 
verbe  finit  en  -ir  this  verb  ends  in  -ir;  elle  finit  sa  leqon  she  is 
finishing  her  lesson;  il  commence  a  travailler  he  is  beginning  to 
work;  la  pendule  sonne  les  heures  the  clock  strikes  the  hours; 
le  corroyeur  apprete  le  cuir  the  currier  dresses  leather;  le  tanneur 
prepare  les  cuirs  avec  du  tan  the  tanner  prepares  (converts  the 
skin  into)  leather  with  tanbark;  with  tan;  c'est  ce  qui  le  preoccupe 
le  mains  (plus)  what  preoccupies  him  the  least  (most) ;  il  eut  un 
grand  succes  he  gained  success  (achieved  great  success) ;  il  acquit 
une  grande  popularite  et  essaya  de  tirer  le  pays  de  sa  decadence 
he  acquired  a  great  popularity  and  tried  to  save  the  country  from 
its  decadence ;  un  large  plateau  forme  de  plaines  pierreuses  et  de- 
series  a  vast  stony  and  desolate  plateau  (elevated  plain);  il 
administra  sagement  Les  finances  he  conducted  the  finances  wisely ; 
c'est  une  region  marecageuse  situee  a  I 'embouchure  de  it  is  a  marshy 
region  (section)  situated  at  the  mouth  of. 

ou  regne  un  climat  tres  chaud  et  extremement  sec  where  a  very  warm 
and  extremely  dry  climate  prevails;  la  secheresse  du  climat  the 
dryness  of  the  climate;  mouvements  qui  se  succedent  d'une  jaqon 
reguliere  (irreguliere)  rhythmical  movements  (:  marked  by  some 
regular  or  irregular  recurrence);  d'une  fa^on  mesuree  measuredly; 
le  chien  jappe  the  dog  yelps;  le  chien  aboie  (barks);  sans  cesse 
unceasingly;  \e  vider  to  empty  it;  on  nettoie  les  verres  the  glasses 
are  cleaned;  nettoyer  un  appartement  to  clean  out  an  apartment; 
le  vider  to  take  everything  out;  on  le  balaie  it  is  (being)  swept; 
on  ancre  (jette  I'ancre)  they  cast  anchor ;  la  cire  a  cacheter  sealing- 
wax;  les  vents  amoncellent  le  sable  the  winds  pile  up  the  sand; 
entasser  to  accumulate  (heap  up,  pack  together);  comment  s'ap- 
pelle  ce  monsieur  (:  se  nommer)?  how  is  the  gentleman  called? 
le  nom  the  name;  le  prenom  the  first  name;  or  le  petit  nom;  le 
nom  de  bapt&me  the  Christian  name;  osciller  to  oscillate;  entre 
deux  partis  (to  waver)  between  two  parties;  un  travail  en  bosse 
sur  la  pierre  relief  work  on  stones  (ornament  with  bosses) ;  cabos- 


232  REGULAR    VERBS    IN    -TR 

ser  de  Vargenterie  to  dent  silverware;  seme  de  bosses  dented;  re- 
chercher  avec  ardeur  (tdcher  d'obtenir)  to  search  arduously;  to 
try  to  get ;  sa  conscience  le  tourmente  his  conscience  torments  him ; 
avidemment  eagerly;  avec  un  souffle  with  a  breath;  emettre  un 
son  to  emit  a  sound  (of  the  breath);  hors  d'haleine  out  of  breath; 
or  essouffle;  adresser  un  hommage  emu  a  la  memoire  de  tous  les 
enfants  de  la  France  marts  au  champ  d'honneur  to  render  profound 
homage  to  the  memory  of  all  the  Sons  of  France  who  died  on  the 
field  of  honor;  pencher  d'un  cote  (de  I'autre)  to  lean  on  one  side 
(on  the  other). 

Oral  Drill: 

on  baisse  (hausse)  le  toil  they  are  lowering  (raising)  the  roof; 
on  le  diminue  en  hauteur  they  lessen  the  height  of  it;  modeler  en 
cire  to  model  in  wax;  boucher  les  fentes  to  fill  the  cracks;  tirer 
le  sucre  to  extract  sugar  from;  savonner  (le  linge)  to  soap  (the 
linen) ;  to  lather  one's  face;  le  visage  the  face;  respiration  oppressee 
oppressed  breathing;  theme  latin  Latin  exercise;  I'exercice  est  un 
devoir  pour  se  familiariser  avec  les  regies  the  exercise  is  a  drill 
to  become  familiar  with  rules;  apprises  en  classe  studied  in 
class;  la  le$on  the  lesson;  le,  la,  les;  la  finit-elle  (:  est-ce  qu'elle 
la  finit?)  is  she  finishing  it?  ne  la  finit-elle  pas  or:  est-ce  qu'elle  ne 
lafinit  pas?  is  she  not  finishing  it?  je  la  finis  I  am  finishing  it; 
on  les  finit  toujours  a  la  m&me  heure  we  always  finish  them  at  the 
same  hour;  il  le  finit,  n'est-ce  pas?  he  is  finishing  it,  is  he  not? 
man  theme  est  fini  my  exercise  is  finished;  j'ai  fini  man  travail 
my  work  is  done;  un  travail  acheve  work  completed;  il  termine  la 
lettre  en  vous  presentant  ses  meilleures  amities  he  ends  the  letter 
(while)  offering  you  his  best  regards;  c1  est  fini  it  is  over;  la  leqon 
est  finie  the  lesson  is  over;  a  moitie  fait  qui  commence  bien  a 
good  beginning  is  half  the  battle;  cela  n'en  finit  pas  there  is  no 
end  to  it;  la  moitie  d'une  pomme  the  half  of  an  apple;  une  heure 
et  demie  an  hour  and  a  half;  half -past  one;  il  y  a  un  commencement 
a  tout  there  is  a  beginning  in  all  things;  n'a  pas  fini  qui  commence 
the  beginning  is  not  everything;  pour  en  finir  (en  resume)  to 
conclude  (to  sum  up,  on  the  whole);  c'est  la  rentree  des  classes 
it  is  the  beginning  of  the  Term;  c'est  le  coup  de  grace  it  is  the 
finishing  stroke;  charite  bien  ordonnee  commence  par  soi-meme 
charity  begins  at  home;  il  est  absent  au  moment  de  I'appel  he  is 
absent  at  roll-call;  choisir  to  choose;  I' heure  est  mal  choisie  the 
hour  is  (not  well  selected)  badly  chosen;  achever  ses  etudes  to 
complete  one's  studies. 


REGULAR    VERBS    IN   -IR  233 

§29.     IMPERFECT  (Indicative) : 
je  finis sais  I  was  finishing  (used  to  finish),  I  finished,  had  been 

finishing 
tu  finis  sais  you  were  finishing  (used  to  finish),  you  finished,  had 

been  finishing 
il  finis sail  he  was  finishing  (used  to  finish),  he  finished,  had  been 

finishing 
nous  finissions  we  were  finishing  (used  to  finish),  we  finished,  had 

been  finishing 
vous  finissiez  you  were  finishing  (used  to  finish),  you  finished,  had 

been  finishing 
Us  finis saient  they  were  finishing  (used  to  finish),  they  finished, 

had  been  finishing 
Observe  that  -iss-  is  inserted  between  the  stem  and  the  ending. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

si  nous  finissions!  suppose  we  finish  now  (:  better  finish);  il 
finissait  de  bonne  heure  he  used  to  finish  early;  je  croyais  qu'elle 
finissait  a  midi  I  thought  she  finished  at  twelve;  il  n' en  finissait 
pas  he  never  stopped;  s'arreter  to  stop  (cesser  de  parler); 
(cesser  de  marcher  to  stop  walking);  comme  il  finissait  et  quej'etais 
pret  as  he  was  finishing  and  I  was  ready.  Note  that  que  is  often 
omitted  in  English:  quand  on  finissait,  et  qu'on  etait  ensemble 
when  we  finished  our  work  and  were  together;  que  ne  lefinissiez- 
vous  why  did  you  not  finish  it  then?  on  commenqait  oil  vous 
finissiez  we  (they)  began  where  you  ended  or  (:  we  would  begin, 
etc.) ;  son  livre  est  commence  depuis  longtemps  his  (her)  book  was 
started  (begun)  long  ago;  si  vous  finissiez  votre  legon,  fen  serais 
content  (e)  if  you  should  finish  your  lesson,  I  would  be  satisfied ; 
je  ne  savais  si  elle  finissait  a  onze  heures  ou  a  midi  I  did  not 
know  whether  she  finished  at  eleven  or  at  noon;  j'ai  cru  qu'elle 
finissait  avant  vous  I  thought  (she  would  finish  before  you  or  she 
used  to  finish,  etc.)  she  did  finish  before  you. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

nous  finirons  de  lire  a  six  heures  we  shall  stop  reading  at  six; 
je  croyais  finir  avant  votre  arrivee  I  expected  to  finish  before  you 
came;  c' etait  a  n'en  pas  finir  there  was  no  end  to  it;  c'est  fini 
maintenant  it  is  over  now;  c'est  une  affaire  finie  let  us  forget  it 
( :  one  must  forget  it) ;  au  bout  de  I'aune  (ell)  ilfaut  le  drap  (cloth) 
everything  has  an  end;  */  a  mange  son  pain  blanc  le  premier  (he 
ate  his  white  bread  first)  the  happiest  of  his  days  are  over;  on 


234  REGULAR    VERBS    IN   -IR 

est  heureux  quand  on  en  est  quitte  it  will  be  well  when  finished; 
.  ses  beaux  jours  sont  passes  his  happiest  days  have  gone:  are  of 
the  past;  ce  sont  des  discours  a  perte  d' haleine  (until  one  is  out  of 
breath)  those  speeches  are  too  long;  un  ouvrage  de  longue  haleine 
(lequel  demande  un  long  temps')  a  work  requiring  much  of  one's 
time;  courte  haleine  short  breath;  perdre  I' haleine  to  get  out  of 
breath;  la  reprendre  to  recover  it;  achever  ses  etudes  to  complete 
one's  studies;  un  homme  d' expedition  (quick  in  his  business); 
*/  termine  rapidement  ses  affaires  he  finishes  up  his  work  quickly. 

§  30.     PAST  DEFINITE  (le  passe  defini} : 

je  finis  I  finished  tu  finis  you  finished 

il  finit  he  finished  nous  finimes  we  finished 

vous  finites  you  finished  Us  finirent  they  finished 

Note  that  it  is  mostly  used  in  books. 

il  finit  hier  he  finished  yesterday;  hier  matin  yesterday  morning; 
la  pluie  discontinua  the  rain  ceased;  elle  le  finit  en  1880  (mil 
huit  cent  quatre-vingt)  she  finished  it  in  1880  (one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  eighty);  Us  recommencerent  de  plus  belle  they  began 
again  worse  than  ever;  elle  s'arreta  au  (plus  fort)  plus  beau  de  son 
recit  she  stopped  at  the  most  interesting  part  of  her  narrative; 
la  montagne  enfanta  une  souris  the  mountain  brought  forth  a 
mouse  (the  whole  thing  ended  in  smoke). 

Oral  Drill: 

reussir  to  succeed;  I' absence  refroidit  (:  attiedit  makes  lukewarm) 
le  cceur  absence  cools  the  heart ;  il  est  complement  retabli  he  is 
completely  recovered;  s'il  est  pince,  il  est  punt  when  he  is  caught 
he  is  punished;  on  fait  des  notes  sur  un  texte  pour  I  'eclair xir  notes 
are  made  on  a  text  to  elucidate  it;  ce  toil  nous  garantit  (protege) 
de  la  pluie  this  roof  shelters  us  (protects)  from  rain;  affermir  le 
manche  to  fix  the  handle  firmly;  subir  des  metamorphoses  to 
undergo  changes  (metamorphoses);  chaque  saison  each  (every) 
season;  I'annee  precedente  the  preceding  year;  subir  la  peine  de 
la  transportation  to  undergo  the  punishment  (penalty)  of  deporta- 
tion; attendri  par  moved  by;  muni  de  provided  with;  suivant 
V office  qu'il  remplit  according  to  the  duties  he  fulfills;  etablir  une 
difference  entre  eux  et  nous  to  establish  a  difference  between  them 
and  us;  ce  genre  de  vie  I'abrutit  that  mode  of  life  besotted  him; 
une  occasion  favorable  a  favorable  opportunity;  le  dedain,  V in- 
difference disdain,  indifference;  bondir  de  joie  to  leap  for  joy; 


REGULAR    VERBS    IX   -IR  235 

garnir  d'un  coussin  to  garnish  (to  decorate,  to  adorn)  with  a 
cushion;  or:  a  cushion  footstool;  or:  un  pouf  an  ottoman  seat; 
faire  un  pouf  to  disappear  without  paying  one's  debts;  une 
pomme  pourrie  a  rotten  apple;  un  habit  tout  poudreux  (convert 
de  poussiere)  a  coat  covered  with  dust ;  epaissir  to  thicken  (make 
thick);  /' ' endurcissement  the  hardness  (of  heart). 
I'epaississement  the  thickening  (-ness) ;  on  courroie  (soude)  le  fer 
we  solder  iron;  on  le  forge  we  hammer  it;  calfeutrer  une  porte 
to  fill  the  cracks  of  a  door;  il  fonda  une  ecole  fameuse  he  founded 
a  celebrated  school;  la  deportation  deportation  (transportation); 
exile;  remarques  explicatives  explanatory  remarks;  expliquer  une 
leqon  to  explain  the  lesson;  assister  a  une  reunion  to  attend  a 
meeting;  methodiquement  methodically;  solidement  solidly;  firmly; 
saisir  la  nuance  to  discern  the  shade;  amincir  un  baton  aux  deux 
bouts  to  whittle  a  stick  (to  cut  down)  at  both  ends;  -indiquer  le 
chemin  to  point  out  the  way  (to  show) ;  limiter  to  limit  (bound) ; 
reslreindre  to  restrict  (confine);  determiner  la  limite  to  set  a 
limit;  to  fix  a  boundary;  prendre  pour  soi  au  detriment  des  autres 
to  appropriate  to  one's  self  to  the  exclusion  of  others;  la  borne 
the  boundary;  le  rapport  (la  ressemblance)  the  connection  (the 
similarity) ;  le  terme  the  end. 

§  31.     PAST  INDEFINITE  (Perfect)  (le  passe  indefini) : 
j'aifini  I  (have)  finished  tu  as  fini  you  (have)  finished 

il  a  fini  he  (has)  finished  nous  avons  fini  we  (have)  finished 

vous  avezfini  you  (have)  finished    Us  ont  fini  they  (have)  finished 
Note  that  this  tense  is  frequently  used  in  conversation. 

Practice  with:  le  (/');  la  (V);  les;  en  (some;  any);  and  if  object  pre- 
cedes (Rule,  Lesson  XVII)  the  Past  Participle  is  inflected  (varies). 
je  Vai  fini  I  finished  it;  je  I'ai  finie  I  finished  it;  fen  ai  fini  un 
or  une  I  finished  one  (of  them) ;  je  les  ai  finis  or  je  les  ai  finies 
I  (have)  finished  them;  les  a-t-il  finis  or  finies  or:  est-ce  qu'il  les  a 
finis  (or:  finies)?  did  he  finish  them? 

As  previously  stated  the  Past  Participle  agrees  in  number  and 
gender  with  the  preceding  pronouns  (en  being  excepted)  and  the 
object  must  precede  the  verb  (plus  the  Past  Participle);  the 
object  may  be  a  noun  or  pronoun. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

ce  sont  les  exercices  qu'il  a  finis  those  are  the  exercises  he  finished; 
c'esl  or  ce  sont  les  lettres  qu'elle  a  finies  those  are  the  letters  she 


236  REGULAR    VERBS    IN    -IR 

finished;  avez-vous  fini  votre  exercice?  Out,  monsieur,  je  I'ai  fini 
did  you  finish  your  exercise?  Yes,  Sir;  I  did;  avez-vous  fini  votre 
lettre?  Oui,  monsieur;  je  I'ai  finie  have  you  finished  your  letter? 
Yes,  Sir;  I  have;  I'avez-vous  fini  (e)  did  you  finish  it?  n'est-ce 
pas  que  vous  les  avez  finis  (-es)  haven't  you  finished  them?  est-ce 
qu'ils  n'ont  pas  fini  leurs  lemons?  haven't  they  finished  their  les- 
sons (for:  is  it  possible  that  they  haven't  finished,  etc.?);  les  ont- 
ellesfinies  have  they  finished  them;  did  they  finish  them?  ne  les 
ont-elles  pas  finies?  haven't  they  finished  them?  attendez,  j'aifini 
wait,  I  have  done ;  il  a  mal  fini  he  died  miserably ;  elle  a  fini  par 
avoir  tort  (she  ended  wrong)  she  finally  was  wrong ;  as-tu  fini,  Jean 
are  you  through,  John?  (also:  with  irony);  c'est  qu'ils  ont  fini 
they  must  have  finished ;  il  a  fini  par  avoir  raison  he  was  right 
at  last;  c'est  fini  (e'en  est  fini)  it  is  all  over;  e'en  est  fait  d'eux 
they  are  done  for;  elle  a  amene  cette  affaire  d  bien  she  ended  the 
matter  satisfactorily;  blemir  to  blench;  to  grow  pale;  to  turn 
pale;  pdlir  (devenir  pale)  to  become  pale;  to  grow  pale;  il  joue 
deV  accordion  a  contre-cceur  he  plays  the  accordeon  reluctantly; 
il  pince  de  la  guitare  (de  la  harpe)  he  plays  the  guitar  (the  harp) ; 
il  louche  du  piano  he  plays  (on)  the  piano ;  il  est  pdle;  il  est  bleme; 
he  is  pale;  he  is  very  pale;  bleme  de  colere  white  (pale)  with  anger; 
il  corrigea  le  defaut  he  corrected  the  defect;  cet  homme  a  mal 
tourne  that  man  has  gone  wrong. 

il  a  manque  son  travail  (mal  execute,  etc.)  he  made  a  failure  of  his 
work;  or:  he  did  his  work  badly;  la  pyr amide  aboutit  en  pointe 
the  pyramid  has  a  pointed  top  or:  comes  to  a  point;  il  a  cinq 
centimes  de  reste  or:  il  lui  reste  cinq  centimes  he  has  one  cent 
over;  I'heritier  presomptif  de  la  couronne  porte  le  nom  de  the 
heir  presumptive  of  the  Crown  bears  the  name  of;  le  reje'on 
d'une  dynastic  vaincue  et  detronee  the  scion  of  a  conquered  and 
dethroned  dynasty;  attacker  quelque  chose  a  to  fasten  (make  fast; 
to  tie;  to  fix;  to  suspend,  to  bind)  something  to;  blanchir  les 
cheveux;  du  linge;  to  whiten  the  hair;  (to  wash)  linen;  il  joue  son 
dernier  atout  he  is  playing  his  last  trump;  il  remplit  son  verre  de 
biere  he  is  filling  his  glass  with  beer;  agir  to  act;  a  ceux  dont  il 
s'agit  to  whom  it  is  referred;  il  guerit  les  nevralgies,  la  paralysie  he 
cures  neuralgia,  paralysis;  premiere  par  tie  de  la  tdche  first  part  of  the 
task;  un  travail  continu  continuous  work;  la  terminaison  du  verbe 
the  ending  of  the  verb;  un  mot  variable  word  which  is  variable;  le 
radical  the  root;  */  y  a  une  similitude  partielle  de  cette  image  a  I'autre 
there  is  a  partial  similitude  between  this  image  and  the  other  (one). 


FINIR  (continued)  237 

§  32 .     REDUNDANT  PAST  seldom  used: 

quand  elle  a  eu  fini  when  she  had  finished  (for: — she  had  or  got 
finished. 

Oral  Drill: 

I'ancien  monde  the  Old  World;  recueils  de  morceaux  choisis  dans 
les  ceuvres  des  poetes  selections  from  the  poets;  le  nouveau  monde 
the  New  World;  un  fer  rougi  au  feu  iron  heated  on  the  fire ; /er 
travaille  au  marteau  iron  beaten  with  a  hammer;  fer  battu  wrought 
iron;  fer  a  f riser  hair  curling-iron;  les  dispositions  prevues  dans 
la  presente  circulaire  sont  applicables  the  provisions  set  forth 
(made)  in  the  present  circular  are  applicable,  fit  to  (or  for);  il 
s'est  propose  de  rehabiliter  la  memoire  de  he  proposed  (had  in  view) 
to  vindicate  the  memory  of ;  il  est  charge  du  jugement  des  affaires 
criminelles  les  plus  graves  his  special  duty  (office)  is  to  decide  the 
most  serious  criminal  cases;  il  profile  d'une  invention  dont  il  n'est 
pas  I'auteur  he  makes  use  of  an  invention  which  is  not  his  own. 

§  33.     PAST  ANTERIOR  (le  passe  anterieur) : 

j'eus  fini  I  had  finished  tu  eus  fini  you  had  finished 

il  eut  fini  he  had  finished  nous  eumes  fini  we  had  finished 

vous  eutes  fini  you  had  finished      Us  eurent  fini  they  had   finished 

NOTE. — Action  accomplished  immediately  before  another  past 
action. 

quand  j'eus  fini,  je  sortis  after  I  had  finished,  I  went  out  (after 
having  finished;  my  work  done,  I  went  out). 

Tense  mostly  used  with  conjunctions  of  time: 
aussitot  qu'ils  eurent  fini,  Us  recommencerent  as  soon  as  they  had 
finished,  they  began  again ;  a  peine  eurent-ils  fini  qu'ils  recommen- 
ctrent  scarcely  had  they  finished  than  they  started  anew. 

LESSON    XXII 

§  34.     PLUPERFECT  (le  plus-que-parfait) : 

j'avaisfini  I  had  finished 

tu  avais  fini  you  had  finished  (thou  hadst,  etc.) 

il  avail  fini  he  had  finished 

nous  avions  fini  we  had  finished 

vous  aviez  fini  you  had  finished  NOTE. — Tense    often 

ils  avaientfini  they  had  finished  used  with  si  (if) : 


238  FINIR  (continued) 

and  lorsque,  quand  (when) ;  after;  je  croyais;  j'ai  cru  que  (I  thought) 
vous  aviez  fini  I  thought  you  had  finished;  elle  avail  fini  sa  leqon, 
quand  il  entra  (rentra)  her  lesson  was  over,  when  he  entered 
(came  home) ;  s'il  ne  V avail  pas  fini,  il  etail  le  deuxieme  if  he  had 
not  finished  it,  he  would  have  been  the  second  (for:  il  aurail  ele 
le  deuxieme);  je  ne  savais  si  elle  avail  fini  I  did  not  know  whether 
she  had  finished;  si  vous  aviez  fini  avanl  moi,  je  serais  sorli  if  you 
had  (or:  had  you)  finished  before  me,  I  would  have  left  (gone  out) ; 
elle  croyail  qu  Us  les  avaient  finis  (-es)  she  thought  they  had  finished 
them;  on  avail  loujours  fini  apres  vous  we  always  finished  after 
you;  elle  croyail  les  avoir  finis  (-ies):  elle  croyail  qu'elle  les  avail,  etc. 
she  thought  she  had  finished  them: 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

aux  deux  bouts  at  both  ends;  toucher  par  un  bout  to  touch  at  one 
end;  aux  deux  bouts  at  both  extremities;  appauvrir  un  pays  to 
impoverish  a  country;  on  atlendra  le  fail  accompli  pour  croire  a 
une  lelle  chose  we  shall  await  the  accomplished  fact  before  believing 
(in)  such  a  thing;  on  nous  a  ravi  ce  bien  that  property  has  been 
taken  from  us;  enlever  de  force  to  seize  forcibly;  elablir  Vegalite 
to  establish  equality;  agir  avec  un  grand  management  aupres  d'eux 
to  act  with  great  circumspection  with  them;  alourdir  les  velemenls 
to  render  the  clothes  heavier;  I'eau  les  appesanlil  water  makes 
them  heavier;  lourd  heavy;  sultry;  saisir  a  propos  to  seize  op- 
portunely; aplatir  des  melaux  to  flatten  metals;  on  les  rend 
plats  they  are  made  flat ;  reussir  a  bouleverser  les  reseaux  de  chemin 
de  fer  to  succeed  in  disconnecting  the  railroad  lines;  bouleverser 
I' esprit  to  upset  the  mind;  saisir  un  oiseau  au  passage  to  catch  a 
bird  on  the  wing;  loin  de  s'offenser  des  critiques,  il  les  provoquail 
pour  en  faire  son  profit  far  from  being  provoked  at  his  critics,  he 
encouraged  them  to  his  own  profit. 

§35.     FUTURE  (le  futur): 

je  finirai  I  will  or  shall  finish 

tu  finiras  you  shall  or  will  finish  (thou  shalt  or  wilt  finish) 

il  finira  he  shall  or  will  finish 

nous  finirons  we  will  or  shall  finish 

vous  finirez  you  shall  or  will  finish 

Us  finiront  they  shall  or  will  finish 

NOTE. — oiler  (to  go)  is  often  followed  by  a  verb  in  the  Infinitive 
(and  referring  to  a  near  future) : 


FINIR  (continued]  239 

je  vais  finir  I  will  finish :  I  am  going  to  finish ;  je  commencerai  oil 
vous  finirez  I  shall  begin  where  you  leave  off;  dites-moi  a  quelle 
heure  vous  finirez  tell  me  at  what  time  you  finish :  (when  you  finish) ; 
quand  tu  finiras,  je  finirai  when  you  finish,  so  shall  I ;  je  suis  sur 
qu'il  finira  avant  vous  I  am  sure  he  will  finish  before  you ;  il  croit 
(qu'il  finira)  finir  apres  elle  he  believes  he  will  finish  after  her; 
il  ne  sail  s'il  le  finira  he  does  not  know  whether  he  will  finish  it; 
il  ne  le  finira  de  sitot  he  will  not  finish  it  so  soon;  (he  may  not 
finish  it  for  a  long  while) ;  c'est  a  qui  le  finira  le  premier  (la  premiere) 
every  one  wishes  to  finish  first;  'fen  finirai  tout  de  suite  avec  lui 
I  shall  get  rid  of  him  at  once;  en  finirez-vous  avec  vos  sottises? 
(il  ne  finira  jamais)  will  you  stop  calling  names?  (he  will  never 
stop);  il  finira  par  les  persuader  he  at  length  will  persuade  them; 
quand  je  serai  a  Paris,  je  le  finirai  when  I  am  in  Paris  I  will  finish 
it;  s'il  a  le  temps,  il  les  finira  if  he  (will  have)  has  or  if  he  should 
have  the  time,  he  will  finish  them;  quiconque  ne  le  finira  pas 
whoever  does  not  finish  it;  quant  a  elle,  elle  ne  les  finira  point 
as  for  her,  she  will  not  finish  them;  plus  on  finira  de  bonne  heure, 
plus  tot  on  partira  the  sooner  we  finish,  the  sooner  we  leave;  j 'ai 
entendu  dire  a  votre  frere  que  vous  finirez  a  six  heures  I  heard  your 
brother  say  that  you  will  finish  by  six  o'clock;  ni  I'un  ni  I'autre 
ne  finiront  avant  moi  neither  one  will  finish  before  me;  cf. :  j'ai 
d  finir  I  have  to  finish ;  I  have  got  to  finish ;  voulez-vous  finir? 
will  you  finish?  je  vais  finir  I  am  about  to  finish;  je  dois  finir 
bientdt  I  am  to  finish  soon;  atlendez,  j'ai  bientot  fini  wait,  I  will 
soon  be  done;  voulez-vous  finir?  will  you  be  quiet?  il  est  sur  le 
point  de  mourir;  il  louche  a  sa  fin  he  is  at  the  point  of  death  or: 
he  is  at  death's  door. 

Oral  Drill: 

choisir  une  nouvelle  sphere  d'action  dans  to  choose  a  new  sphere  of 
action  in;  demolir  en  partie  des  retranchements  to  demolish  a  part 
of  the  retrenchments;  attaquer  dans  ses  dernier s  retranchements 
to  attack  (anyone)  in  his  last  stronghold;  se  retrancher  dans  les 
remparts  to  intrench  one's  self  within  the  ramparts;  les  pres  re- 
verdissent  au  printemps  the  meadows  become  green  again  in  the 
spring;  en  certains  pays  in  certain  countries;  allegir  un  volume 
to  lighten  a  volume  (bulk;  mass);  alleger  un  poids  (:  le  rendre 
plus  leger)  to  lighten  a  weight  (to  make  it  lighter);  remplir  a  la 
fois  to  fill  at  the  same  time;  applaudir  une  piece  to  applaud  a 
play  (selection);  applaudir  a  vos  succes  to  applaud  your  success; 
il  s'applaudit  d' avoir  reussi  he  glories  in  his  own  success;  la  mise 


240  FINIR  (continued] 

en  ordre  des  feuilles  imprimees  the  classification  of  printed  sheets ; 
avec  soin  carefully;  with  care;  ne  les  a-t-on  pas  encore  finis  (-ies) 
are  they  not  finished  yet  or  have  they  not  been  finished?  appro- 
fondir  une  question  to  fathom  a  question;  sur  la  mine  d'autrui 
upon  the  ruin  of  others;  saisir  le  cheval  par  la  bride  to  seize  the 
horse  by  the  bridle;  vert  (e)  green;  Us  sont  murs  they  are  ripe; 
murir  to  ripen;  to  become  ripe;  salir  to  soil;  to  become  soiled 
or  dirty;  bdtir  to  build;  couler  de  source  to  flow  from  its  spring; 
I'eau  jaillit  the  water  spouts  (out) ;  gushes  (out) ;  I'insomnie 
I'aneantit  insomnia  weakens  him  extremely ;  extenuer  de  fatigue 
to  overcome  with  fatigue ;  on  acheve  une  chose  commencee  we  finish 
what  is  begun;  saisir  le  poignet  to  seize  the  wrist;  il  travaille  a 
la  journee  he  works  by  the  day;  agir  doucement  to  act  gently. 

§  36.     FUTURE  PAST  (le  futur  anterieur] : 

j'auraifini  I  will  or  shall  have  finished 

tu  auras  fini  you  shall  or  will  have  finished  (thou  shalt,  etc.) 

il  aura  fini  he  shall  or  will  have  finished 

nous  aurons  fini  we  will  or  shall  have  finished 

vous  aurez  fini  you  shall  or  will  have  finished 

Us  auront  fini  they  shall  or  will  have  finished 

NOTE. — After  quand;  aussitot  que,  des  que,  etc.,  use  the  Future 
Past  when  an  idea  of  futurity  is  implied ;  after  all  temporal  clauses 
as  above. 

aussitot  que  vous  aurez  fini,  j'aurai  fini  as  soon  as  you  (have  fin- 
ished) are  free,  so  shall  I;  j'aurai  fini  (j'ai  fini)  dans  cinq  minutes 
I  will  have  finished  in  five  minutes  (:  within,  etc.);  il  aura  fini 
quand  vous  viendrez  he  will  have  finished  when  you  come;  il  partira 
aussitot  que  vous  aurez  fini  he  will  leave  as  soon  as  you  have  fin- 
ished; c'est  qu'il  aura  fini  he  must  have  finished  (by  this  time); 
c'est  que  vous  I 'aurez  perdu  you  may  have  lost  it;  perhaps  you  did 
lose  it;  il  croit  finir  demain  (il  croit  qu'il  finira  demain)  or:  il  croit 
qu'il  aura  fini  demain  he  thinks  he  will  have  finished  to-morrow 
or  he  thinks  he  will  finish,  etc. ;  quand  vous  croirez  avoir  fini,  dites-le 
moi  when  you  think  you  have  done,  (do)  tell  me. 

§  37.     REDUNDANT  PAST  (seldom  used) : 

des  qu'elle  aura  eu  fini  or  cesse  as  soon  as  she  has  (will  have) 
finished. 


FINIR  (continued]  241 

§38.     CONDITIONAL  PRESENT  or  FUTURE  (le  condition- 
nel  present  ou  futur) : 

jefinirais  I  would  or  should  finish 

tufinirais  you  should  or  would  finish  (thou  shouldst  or  wouldst, 

etc.) 

il  finirait  he  should  or  would  finish 
nous  finirions  we  would  or  should  finish 
vous  finiriez  you  should  or  would  finish 
Us  finiraient  they  should  or  would  finish 

NOTE. — This  tense  generally  answers  to  the  Imperfect  (Indica- 
tive) with:  si  (if)  or:  vice-versa. 

je  finirais,  si  j'avais  le  temps  or:  si  j'avais  le  temps,  je  finirais  I 
would  finish  if  I  had  the  time:  or:  should  I  have  time  I  would  finish 
(were  I  to  have  or:  if  I  should  have  or:  should  I  happen  or:  if  I  should 
happen  to  have,  etc.) ;  je  ne  savais  si  elle  finirait  I  did  not  know  if  she 
would  finish  (whether  she  would  finish  or  not) ;  si  j'etais  de  vous,  je 
le  finirais  if  I  were  in  your  place,  I  would  finish  it ;  quand  meme 
elle  la  finirait  even  if  she  should  finish  it ;  meme  quand  nous  croyons 
finir  even  when  we  think  we  are  through ;  je  ne  sais  si  on  le  finirait 
avant  vous  I  do  not  know  if  we  can  finish  it  ahead  of  you;  Us  ne 
finiraient  pas,  s'ils  voulaient  tout  dire  it  would  be  an  endless  narra- 
tive if  they  wished  to  tell  all;  qui  ne  le  finirait  who  wouldn't 
finish  it?  elles  le  finiraient  bien  they  would  gladly  finish  it;  il  le 
finirait,  qu'elle  n'en  serait  point  satisfaite  he  might  finish  it,  and 
yet  she  wouldn't  be  pleased;  si  on  avail  le  temps,  on  le  finirait 
if  we  had  the  time,  we  would  finish  it  or  should  we,  etc.;  cf. :  il 
ne  voulait  pas  le  finir  he  wouldn't  finish  it;  moil  ne  pas  le  finir 
(moil  je  ne  le  finirais  pas)  I  wouldn't  finish  it!  quelle  folie  que 
de  le  finir  how  foolish  to  finish  it !  oh!  si  je  le  finissais  avant  lui 
oh!  if  I  could  (only)  finish  it  before  he  does;  je  voudrais  bien  le 
finir  how  gladly  I  would  finish  it! 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

il  ne  saurait  le  finir  he  couldn't  finish  it;  je  desirerais  avoir  fini 
or:  je  voudrais  bien  avoir,  etc.  I  wish  I  had  finished;  le  mieux  est 
d' en  finir  better  be  done  (be  through  with  it);  j'aime  mieux  finir 
que  de  commencer  I  would  rather  finish  than  begin;  debuter  par 
la  comedie  to  start  with  comedy;  a  litre  d'essai  as  an  experiment; 
sommet  arrondi  rounded  summit  (rounding  summit);  noircir  to 
black;  to  blacken;  tout  en  noir  everything  looks  black  before 
16 


242  FINIR  (continued} 

him;  il  passe  du  blanc  au  noir  (d'une  extremite  a  I'autre)  he  goes 
to  extremes;  au  dela  de  toute  mesure  to  extremes;  tout  a  fait  au 
bout  (a I' extreme  frontiere)  at  the  furthermost  end  (of  the  frontier); 
les  bles  murissenl  the  wheat  is  getting  ripe;  les  fruits  sont  murs 
the  fruit  is  ripe;  bl&mer;  desapprouver;  to  blame;  to  disapprove 
(of);  jaunir  to  turn  yellow;  to  dye  yellow;  sa  peau  jaunit  his 
skin  is  becoming  yellow;  la  jaunisse  the  jaundice. 

§  39.     CONDITIONAL  PAST  (First  Form)  (le  passe  du  con- 
ditionnel) : 

j'auraisfini  I  would  or  should  have  finished 

tu  aurais  fini  you  would  or  should  have  finished  (thou  wouldst, 

etc.) 

il  aurait  fini  he  would  or  should  have  finished 
nous  aurions  fini  we  would  or  should  have  finished 
vous  auriez  fini  you  would  or  should  have  finished 
Us  auraient  fini  they  would  or  should  have  finished 

Oral  Drill: 

plutot  rather  (with  a  verb);  quoi!  il  aurait  fini  what!  he  has 
finished  (so  soon) ;  quand  meme  il  les  aurait  finis  even  if  he  had 
finished  them;  ne  les  auriez-vous  pas  finis  would  you  not  have 
finished  them?  il  disait  qu'il  aurait  fini  plus  tard;  plus  tot  he 
said  he  would  have  finished  later;  sooner;  il  fait  un  peu  froid 
rather  cold;  je  croyais  qu'il  aurait  fini  plus  tot  I  thought  he  would 
have  finished  sooner;  si  j'avais  eu  man  exercice,  je  I 'aurais  fini  if 
I  had  had  my  exercise,  I  would  have  finished  it;  elle  I' aurait  fini, 
si  elle  avail  pu  she  would  have  finished  it,  if  she  could ;  elle  I' aurait 
fini,  si  elle  avail  voulu  she  could  have  finished  it,  if  she  had  wanted 
to. 

§  40.     CONDITIONAL  PAST  (Second  Form) : 

j'eusse  fini  I  would  or  should  have  finished 

tu  eusses  fini   you   would  or  should  have  finished  (thou  wouldst, 

etc.) 

il  eul  fini  he  would  or  should  have  finished 
nous  eussions  fini  we  would  or  should  have  finished 
vous  eussiez  fini  you  would  or  should  have  finished 
Us  eussenl  fini  they  would  or  should  have  finished 


FINIR  (continued)  243 

Drill: 

eusse-je  fini  (in  poetry:  would  that  I  had  finished!)  or:  had  I 
finished!  for:  sij'avais,  etc. 

NOTE. — After  si  (if)  the  2d  Form  (rarely  used)  of  the  Condi- 
tional replaces  the  Pluperfect  (Indicative): 

si  vous  eussiez  fini,  je  vous  aurais  (or  eusse)  paye;  for :  si  vous  aviez 
fini,  etc.  if  you  had  finished,  I  would  have  paid  you;  si  elle  eut 
pu  venir  (if  she  should  have  come)  if  she  had  been  able  to  come; 
dies  n'eussent  jamais  fini,  s'il  n'eut  etc  present  they  would  never 
have  finished,  if  he  had  not  been  present. 

§  41 .     Note  the  ne  after  si  (unless) ;  and  also  after  depuis 
que,  il  y  a  (voila)   .   .  .  que: 

U  y  a  cinq  jours  que  je  ne  vous  ai  vu  (e);  for:  je  ne  vous  ai  point 
vu  depuis  cinq  jours  I  haven't  seen  you  for  five  days  or  it  is  five 
days  since  I  saw  you; 

But:  in  other  tenses  use:  ne  .  .  .  pas.     See  with  s'en  falloir 
and  Part  IV,  §  36. 

§42.     In  a  subordinate  clause   (the  main  clause  being 

negative  in  meaning) : 

il  ne  nie  pas  qu'il  ne  soil  son  frere  he  does  not  deny  that  he  is  his 
brother:  cf. :  il  n' ignore  pas  que  je  suis  son  frere  or:  il  sail  fort  bien 
que,  etc.  he  knows  very  well  I  am  his  brother. 

§  43.     And  in  certain  independent  clauses  in  negative 
questions  implying  usually  an  affirmative: 

time:  il  ne  I'oubliera  de  sa  vie  he  will  not  forget  it  while  he  lives;  cf. : 
on  ne  I' a  dit  a  (qui  que  ce  soil)  personne  it  was  kept  secret;  si  je 
ne  me  trompe  if  I  mistake  not;  elle  n'est  pas  (plus  avancee)  plus 
riche  qu'elle  I'etait  she  is  not  richer  than  she  was;  qui  ne  comprend 
cela?  who  does  not  understand  that? 

§  44.     A  negative  interrogative  implying  affirmation  is 
followed  by  ne;  also  after :  autre  que: 

n'imporle  no  matter;  si  ce  n'est  vous  except  you;  ne  pas  Ure  not 
to  be;  content  de  ne  pas  voir;  de  n' avoir  pas  vu;  de  ne  pas  I' avoir  vu 
pleased  not  to  see;  not  to  have  seen;  not  to  have  seen  it  or  him; 
non  qu'il  ne  le  fasse  not  that  he  does  not  do  it;  que  ne  ferait  la 
mere  pour  son  enfant?  what  would  a  mother  not  do  for  her  child? 


244  FINIR  (continued) 

§45.     Negation  implied: 

a-t-elle  un  ami  qui  ne  soil  infidele  has  she  one  friend  who  is  not 
unfaithful?  ces  navires  venant  de  X.  eussent  eu  tout  avantage  a 
entrer  dans  le  port  every  advantage  was  offered  to  those  boats 
entering  the  harbor  from  X. ;  on  ne  voit  pas  pourquoi  la  flottille 
eut  allonge  son  voyage,  en  passant  par  one  does  not  comprehend 
why  the  flotilla  on  her  way  to  X.  should  have  lengthened  her 
course;  de  courte  duree  of  short  duration. 

§46.     IMPERATIVE  (V imperatif} : 

finis  finish  (thou)  finissons  let  us  finish 

finissez  finish  (you  or  ye) 

qu'il  finisse  let  him  finish;  qu'elle  finisse  let  her  finish;  qu'ils 
finissent  let  them  finish. 

Oral  Drill: 

finis-le  finish  it ;  ne  le  finis  pas  do  not  finish  it ;  finis-la  finish  it ; 
ne  la  finis  pas  do  not  finish  it;  finissons-le  let  us  finish  it;  ne  le 
(la)  finissez  pas  do  not  finish  it;  ne  le  (la)  finissons  pas  let  us  not 
finish  it;  ne  le  finis  pas  demain  do  not  finish  it  to-morrow;  voyons! 
finissez  now!  out  with  it;  speak  out!  finissons-en  avec  cela  or 
achevez  make  an  end  of  it;  cf. :  meltons  la  dernier e  main  a  let  us 
put  the  finishing  touch  to  (on) ;  cessons  de  lire  let  us  stop  (read- 
ing) our  reading;  restons-en  la  let  us  leave  off  (there). 

§47.     PERFECT: 

aie  fini  tout  a  I'heure  finish  your  work  shortly. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

ne  remplissons  pas  nos  verres  let  us  not  fill  our  glasses;  obeir  (a): 
obeissons  a  nos  maitres  let  us  obey  our  masters  (teachers) ;  desobeir 
(a):  nelui  desobeissons  pas  let  us  not  disobey  him  (her);  on  le 
punit  tous  les  jours  he  is  punished  every  day;  batissons  let  us 
build;  unissons  nos  voix  a  celles  let  us  unite  our  voices  with  those; 
n'agissez  pas  do  not  act;  choisissez  I'un  ou  I'autre  choose  either 
one;  il  faut  qu'il  polisse  ce  morceau  de  bois  he  must  smooth  that 
piece  of  wood ;  <i  I' aide  de  la  plane  with  a  plane ;  ne  le  salissez  pas 
do  not  soil  it;  qu'on  le  saisisse  let  some  one  hold  him. 


FINIR  (continued}  245 

§  48.     SUBJUNCTIVE  PRESENT  or  FUTURE,  etc.  (le  present 
du  subjonctif) : 

que  je  finisse  that  I  may  or  can  finish 
que  tu  finisses  that  you  may  or  can  finish 
qu'il  finisse  that  he  may  or  can  finish 
que  nous  finissions  that  we  may  or  can  finish 
que  vous  finissiez  that  you  may  or  can  finish 
qu' Us  finis  sent  that  they  may  or  can  finish 
and  other  forms  in  English,  Lesson  XII. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

it  faut  que  je  le  (la)  finisse  a  midi  I  must  finish  it  by  noon;  it  is 
necessary  that  I,  etc.;  elle  desire  que  vous  les  finissiez  she  wishes 
you  to  finish  them;  il  ne  faut  pas  que  vous  elargissiez  ce  detenu 
you  must  not  release  that  prisoner  (convict)  or:  you  should  not 
set  him  at  liberty;  il  importe  que  vous  vous  reunissiez  (sous  la 
presidence  de)  it  is  important  that  you  should  meet  (under  the 
presidency  of);  il  est  impossible  qu'il  le  finisse  it  is  impossible  for 
him  to  finish  it;  cf. :  il  est  impossible  de  le  finir  it  is  impossible  to 
finish  it. 

§  49.     IMPERFECT  (of  the  Subjunctive)  I'imparfait  du  sub- 
jonctif: 

que  je  finisse  that  I  might  finish  (and  other  forms  in  English) 
que  tu  finisses  that  you  might  finish 
qu'il  fimt  that  he  might  finish 
que  nous  finissions  that  we  might  finish 
que  vous  finissiez  that  you  might  finish 
qu'ils  finis  sent  that  they  might  finish 

NOTE. — Tense  mostly  used  in  books;  also  at  Lesson  XII. 

Oral  Drill: 

Us  n'ont  pas  mal  travaille  they  worked  rather  hard;  le  succes 
final  depend  de  the  final  success  depends  on;  raidir  le  bras  to 
stiffen  one's  arm;  Us  seront  punis  de  leurs  actes  they  will  be  pun- 
ished for  their  acts;  eux  seuls  seront  responsables  si,  en  fin  de 
compte,  il  y  avait  faute  they  alone  will  be  held  responsible  if,  at 
the  final  account,  a  mistake  is  found;  tous  les  interesses  to  the 
interested  parties;  accord  accepte  par  understanding  between;  on 
choisit  I'arbitre  pour  prononcer  dans  un  differend  a  referee  has  been 
selected  to  pronounce  his  judgment  upon  a  dispute;  garanti  par 


246  FINIR  (continued) 

une  compagnie  d' assurance  guaranteed  by  an  insurance  company; 
fremir  de  crainte  to  shudder  with  fear;  cela  a  etc  une  negotiation 
bien  menee  que  celle  qui  a  abouti  d  une  entente  this  negocia- 
tion  has  been  well  thought  out  to  have  led  to  an  understanding; 
se  grouper  autour  du  drapeau  to  rally  around  the  flag;  pourrir 
to  rot;  son  etoile  pdlit  his  star  is  on  the  wane;  corrompre  to  cor- 
rupt; I'eau  pourrit  le  bois  water  corrupts  wood;  une  dent  cariee 
(gdtee)  decayed  tooth;  etablir  un  systeme  to  establish  a  system; 
il  n'en  finit  pas  de  retourner  ces  pieces  d'identite  he  keeps  turning 
over  and  over  those  identification  papers  (documents). 

§  50.     SUBJUNCTIVE  PAST  (le  passe  du  subjonctif) : 
que  j'aie  fini  that  I  may  (can)  have  finished 
que  tu  aies  fini  that  you  may  (can)  have  finished 
qu'il  ait  fini  that  he  may  (can)  have  finished 
que  nous  ayons  fini  that  we  may  (can)  have  finished 
que  vous  ayez  fini  that  you  may  (can)  have  finished 
qu'ils  aient  fini  that  they  may  (can)  have  finished 
and  other  forms  in  English. 

elle  doute  que  vous  I' ayez  fini  she  doubts  that  you  (may)  have 
finished  it;  il  est  le  seul  qui  I' ait  fini  he  is  the  only  one  that  may 
have  finished  it ;  ce  sera  la  seule  qui  les  ait  finis  (-es)  she  will  be 
the  only  one  to  have  finished  them ;  cf . :  ce  sera  la  seule  qui  les  a 
finis  she  is  the  only  one  that  (has)  finished  them. 

§  51 .     SUBJUNCTIVE  PLUPERFECT  : 

que  feusse  fini  that  I  might  have  finished 

que  tu  eusses  fini  that  you  might  have  finished 

qu'il  eut  fini  that  he  might  have  finished 

que  nous  eussions  fini  that  we  might  have  finished 

que  vous  eussiez  fini  that  you  might  have  finished 

qu'ils  eussent  fini  that  they  might  have  finished 

and  other  forms  in  English ;  also  Passive,  Intransitive  and  Re- 
flexive verbs. 

je  ne  savais  pas  que  vous  V  eussiez  fini  I  did  not  know  you  had  finished 
it;  elle  aurait  etela  seule  quil' eut  fini  she  is  the  only  one  who  might 
have  done  it;  c'etait  la  seule  dame  qui  les  eut  finis  (-es)  she  was  the 
only  lady  who  had  finished  them;  je  n'aurais  pas  voulu  qu'ils 
I' eussent  fini  I  would  not  have  wished  them  to  finish  it;  elle  ne 
croirajamais  qu'il  I' eut  fini  avant  elle  she  will  never  believe  he  had 
finished  it  before  she  did. 


FINIR  (continued)  247 

Oral  Drill  onfinir  and  its  equivalents: 

en  France  tout  finit  par  des  chansons  in  France  every  topic  is 
turned  into  a  ballad;  de  bout  en  bout  (d'un  bout  d  I'autre)  from 
beginning  to  end  (from  one  end  to  the  other) ;  fin  de  siecle  up  to 
date;  avant  qu'il  soil  un  mois  before  a  month  is  over;  ce  jut  le  coup 
de  grace  it  was  the  finishing  stroke;  en  definitive  after  all;  il  a 
le  bras  long  he  has  great  influence;  il  y  met  la  derniere  main  he  is 
putting  the  finishing  touches  to  it;  un  coup  de  collier;  un  coup 
d'epaule  put  the  shoulder  to  the  wheel ;  or :  venez  en  aide  come  and 
help;  un  dernier  coup  de  collier  let  us  make  a  final  effort;  encore 
un  coup  one  more  lift  (push);  donnez-lui  un  coup  de  main  give 
him  a  hand  or  help;  le  bois  tortu  fait  le  feu  droit  the  end  justifies 
the  means;  du  secours  help;  la  fin  couronne  I'aeuvre  all  is  well 
that  ends  well  ( :  the  evening  crowns  the  day) ;  le  travail  mene  a 
tout;  au  succes;  work  leads  to  everything;  to  success;  sans  en 
faire  profession  without  making  a  profession  of  it;  choisir  le 
moment  favorable  to  select  (choose)  the  propitious  moment;  pro- 
duits  finis  finished  products;  d'un  bout  a  I'autre  de  la  route  from 
one  end  of  the  route  to  the  other. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

demi-fini  half  finished;  matiere  premiere  first  product;  venir  en 
aide  a  ^'execution  d'une  entreprise  to  come  to  (the  assistance) 
assist  in  carrying  out  an  enterprise;  cela  tend  a  justifier  un  gain 
plus  ou  mains  honnele  that  tends  to  justify  a  result  more  or  less 
honest;  reflechirto  think  (over);  to  ponder:  c'est  del'interet  general 
seul  qu'il  s'est  inspire  he  was  inspired  by  general  interest;  general 
interest  alone  prompted  him;  d'une  grande  perfection  of  great 
perfection;  une  bonne  chose  susceptible  de  resultats  feconds  a  good 
thing  that  may  bring  fertile  results;  prolific  results;  guerir  un 
malade  to  cure  a  patient;  etablir  un  gouvernement  to  establish 
a  government;  le  froid  engourdit  les  membres  the  cold  benumbs 
the  limbs;  I'infirmiere  ne  cesse  de  prodiguer  au  soldat  blesse  des 
soins  eclaires  et  devoues  the  nurse  does  not  cease  to  lavish  her 
capable  and  devoted  care  on  the  wounded  soldier;  une  ceuvre 
reflechie  thoughtful  work;  voila  I' atelier  ou  s' execute  ce  travail 
there  is  the  work-shop  (studio)  where  that  work  is  carried  on; 
la  paresse  (I'oisivete)  engourdit  I'esprit  laziness  (indolence)  dulls 
the  mind;  attendrir  un  chou  to  soften  a  cabbage;  la  gelee  a  trans- 
forme  ces  eaux  en  une  route  solide  the  frost  has  transformed  the  water 
into  a  solid  path;  la  le$on  estfinie  the  lesson  is  over;  j 'admire  lefini 
de  son  aeuvre  I  admire  the  polish  of  his  work ;  Us  sont  brouilles,  tout 


248  RECEVOIR   CONJUGATED 

est  fini  they  are  no  longer  friends;  il  a  des  bras  qui  n'en  finissent 
pas  his  arms  are  unusually  long;  c'est  une  tache  qui  n'en  finit  pis 
an  everlasting  task;  c'est  un  joueur  fini  he  is  a  shrewd  player; 
cesses  de  (finissez  de)  plaisanter  stop  joking;  unfin  connoisseur  an 
expert  connoisseur;  voila  la  fin  de  la  leqon;  du  livre;  de  I'annee; 
this  is  (there  is)  the  end  of  the  lesson;  of  the  book;  of  the  year; 
ilfranchil  furtivement  lafronliere  he  stealthily  crossed  the  frontier. 

des  traits  fins  delicate  features;  de  I' or  pur  pure  gold;  elle  a  la 
taillefine  she  is  slender;  Us  savent  le  fin  du  fin  they  are  acquainted 
with  (they  know)  the  most  secret  springs  of  affairs;  c'est  le  grand 
finale  du  dernier  acte  it  is  the  great  termination  (concluding  part) 
of  the  last  act;  a  ban  chat,  ban  rat  or  fin  contre  fin  diamond  cut 
diamond;  U  est  fin  comme  I'ambre  (amber)  he  is  shrewd  ;fin  comme 
un  cheveu  fine  as  hair;  I' or  brut  ore;  il  etablit  un  puissant  frein  a 
he  put  a  powerful  check  on;  la  finesse  d'une  toile  d'araignee  the 
fineness  of  a  cobweb;  un  supplement  a  la  fin  d'un  ouvrage  sup- 
plement at  the  end  of  a  volume;  beau  joueur  great  player;  rup- 
ture passagere  of  a  short  separation;  muni  d'une  meche  having 
(a  wick)  a  lock  (of  hair);  match;  une  semaine  interminable  an 
endless  week;  la  paresse  abrutit  laziness  abases  the  mind;  le 
paresseux  s' abrutit  a  lazy  person  becomes  stupid;  ennemis  irre- 
conciliables  irreconcilable  enemy;  le  conflit  ne  prit  fin  que  vers 
1918  the  conflict  only  ended  about  1918;  terminer  a  I'amiable 
to  settle  a  quarrel  amicably ;  on  I' a  converli  he  has  been  converted ; 
on  aplanit  les  chemins  (on  les  rend  unis)  they  level  the  roads 
(make  them  smooth) ;  un  clair  avertissement  an  intelligible  notice ; 
un  nouvel  orage  sevit  another  raging  storm;  gazon  uni  smooth 
lawn. 

LESSON  XXIII 

Recevoir  to  receive  (conjugated  in  full  and  for  practice) : 
recevant  receiving  requ  received 

§52.     PRESENT  INDICATIVE  (le  present  de  Vindicatif): 
je  re$ois  I  receive  (am  receiving;  do  receive;  have  been  receiving) 
tu  reqois  you  receive  (are  receiving ;  do  receive ;  have  been  receiv- 
ing) 

il  recoil  he  receives  (is  receiving ;  does  receive;  has  been  receiving) 
nous  recevons  we  receive   (are  receiving ;  do  receive ;  have  been 
receiving) 


RECEVOIR   CONJUGATED  249 

vous  recevez  you   receive    (are   receiving;  do   receive;  have   been 

receiving) 
Us  resolvent  they  receive   (are  receiving;  do  receive;  have  been 

receiving) 

Oral  Drill: 

je  le  reqois  I  receive  it  (him);  je  la  repots  I  receive  it  (her);  j'en 
re$ois  I  receive  some;  en  recevez-ious  do  you  receive  any?  les 
recevez-vous  or  est-ce  que  vous  les  recevez?  do  you  receive  them? 
en  reqoit-il  or  est-ce  qu'il  en  reqoit  does  he  receive  any?  on  les  revolt 
they  are  received;  combien  en  reqoit-on  par  jour,  par  semaine, 
par  mois?  how  much  (many)  do  they  (or  we,  etc.)  receive  a  day, 
a  week  (per  week),  a  month?  le  lundi  ou  le  mardi  on  Mondays 
or  Tuesdays,  etc. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

on  recruta  parmi  les  paysans  le  plus  grand  nombre  d'adherents 
the  largest  number  of  adherents  was  recruited  among  the  peasants; 
les  mains  crispees  his  (her)  hands  contracted;  la  contraction  des 
muscles  contraction  of  the  muscles;  la  chair  qui  subissait  un  tiraille- 
ment  the  flesh  undergoing  a  pain  (:  twitching  with  pain):  un 
tiraillement  d'estomac  a  griping  pain  in  the  stomach;  une  boite  a 
compartiments  a  box  with  compartments;  on  loge  chez  soi  they 
(we)  live  at  home;  chaque  convive  reqoit  des  aliments  each  guest 
receives  food;  il  remplit  la  malle;  il  la  bonde;  he  is  packing  the 
trunk;  is  filling  it;  autant  que  possible  as  much  as  possible; 
diamant  fa^onne  cut  diamond. 

le  reQoit-il  chez  lui  does  he  receive  him  at  his  house?  la  reqoit-elle 
chez  elle?  does  she  receive  her  at  her  home?  les  reqait-on  chez  eux 
(m.  pi.)  are  they  received  at  their  house?  les  reqoit-on  chez  elles  (f.  pi.) 
are  they  received  at  their  home?  est-ce  que  je  ne  le  reqois  pas  chez 
moi  do  I  not  receive  him  at  my  home?  n' est-ce  pas  que  vous  le 
(la;  les)  recevez  chez  vous?  si;  je  le  reqois,  etc.  do  you  not  receive 
him  (her;  them)  at  your  house?  Yes,  I  do;  ne  le  recevons-nous  pas 
chez  nous?  do  we  not  receive  him  or  is  he  not  received  at  our  home? 
madame  reqoit  tous  les  jeudis  madam  receives  every  Thursday 
( —  is  at  home,  etc.);  il  reqoit  mieux  que  moi  he  receives  more 
lavishly  than  I  do ;  il  fait  les  honneurs  de  la  maison  he  does  the 
honors  of  the  house;  de  qui  recevez-vous  cette  lettre  (ces  lettres)? 
who  sent  you  that  (those  letters)  letter?  en  voici  une  pour  toi, 
pour  vous  (lui;  pour  elle)  here  is  one  for  you,  for  you  (him,  her) ; 
en  voila  deux  pour  eux,  pour  elles  there  are  two  for  them  and  for 


25O  RECEVOIR    CONJUGATED 

them;  en  recevez-vous  une  de  lui  (d'elle;  d'eux;  d'ettes)?  do  you 
receive  one  from  him  (her,  them  and  them)?  on  en  recoil  plus 
d'une  tons  les  matins,  tons  les  jours  more  than  one  are  received 
every  morning,  every  day;  la  bienveillance  kindness;  attention; 
elle  les  reqoit  avec  une  bienveillante  politesse  she  receives  them  with 
marked  attention ;  une  personne  dont  on  a  re$u  la  visile  a  person 
who  paid  us  a  visit  (we  received  a  visit  from  him  or  her);  c'est 
une  maison  oil  I' on  reqoit  beaucoup  they  see  a  great  deal  of  company 
in  that  family;  la  famille;  en  famille;  the  family;  in  the  family 
circle;  je  refuse,  j'accepte,  je  reqois  des  off  res  I  refuse,  accept  and 
receive  offers;  il  re$oit  un  mauvais  accueil  he  meets  with  a  bad 
reception. 

on  I'a  fort  bien  re$u  (traite  ou  accueilli)  he  was  well  received 
(was  welcomed  or  entertained);  faire  accueil  to  extend  welcome; 
cette  chambre  est  claire  that  room  is  light  (receives  much  light); 
il  recoil  quelque  chose  de  nouveau  he  receives  something  new; 
on  tient  table  ouverte  they  keep  open  house;  elle  n'est  pas  visible 
she  receives  no  visitors  (callers);  nombreuse  maison  large  house- 
hold ;  */  louche  ses  appointements  he  receives  his  salary ;  on  regoit  d 
la  bonne  franquette  they  receive  unceremoniously;  without  cere- 
mony; faites  comme  chez  vous  do  as  (at  home)  you  would  at  home. 

§  53.     IMPERFECT  (Indicative)  (Vimparfait  de  Vindicatif) : 

je  recevais  I  was  receiving  (I  received,  did  receive,  or  had  been 
receiving ;  and  would  receive  as  a  past  of  habit,  used  to  receive, 
etc.) 

tu  recevais  you  were  receiving  (you  received,  etc.) 
il  recevait  he  was  receiving  (he  received,  etc.) 
nous  recevions  we  were  receiving  (we  received,  etc.) 
vous  receviez  you  were  receiving  (you  received,  etc.) 
Us  recevaient  they  were  receiving  (they  received,  etc.) 

Oral  Drill:  and  with  me;  te;  nous;  vous;  le;  la;  les: 

il  me  recevait  he  received  me  (he  would  receive  me) ;  il  te  recevait 
he  received  you  (used  to  receive  you) ;  U  ne  nous  recevait  pas  tous 
les  jours  he  did  not  receive  us  every  day ;  on  ne  les  recevait  pas  le 
dimanche  they  were  not  received  on  Sundays;  s'il  vous  recevait 
if  he  should  (if  he  were  to;  if  he  happened  to  receive:  should  he 
receive  you:  if  he  did)  receive  you;  (with  the  Conditional); 
si  elle  la  recevait  if  she  should  receive  her,  etc. ;  si  on  ne  les  recevait 
pas  if  they  were  not  received ;  je  croyais  que  tu  recevais  le  journal 


RECEVOIR    CONJUGATED  251 

du  matin  (soir),  de  I'apres-midi  I  thought  you  used  to  receive  the 
morning  (evening),  afternoon  papers;  les  journaux  the  news- 
papers (papers);  la  feuille  the  sheet;  le  papier  blanc  white  paper. 

le  journal  mensuel  monthly  paper;  une  revue  mensuelle  monthly 
review;  publication  bimensuelle  bimonthly  paper  (issue);  ce  soni 
(c'est)  des  off  res  acceptables  (acceptable)  offers  worthy  of  being 
accepted;  Coquelin  dont  le  talent  inimitable  jut  un  grand  succes 
Coquelin  whose  inimitable  talent  was  a  great  success ;  la  reception 
reception;  recevait-il  les  journaux  du  dimanche  did  he  receive 
(then)  the  Sunday  papers?  la  revue  hebdomadaire  the  weekly 
review;  elle  recevait  la  quinzaine  thedtrale  she  would  (used  to) 
receive  the  (Fortnightly)  Biweekly  Theatrical  Review;  actualites; 
nouveautes;  topics  of  the  day ;  novelties  (fancy  articles) ;  derniere 
creation  latest  styles;  marchand  de  nouveautes  linen-draper;  in- 
novation (chose  nouvelle)  innovation  (change);  nouveau  litre 
qui  est  substitue  a  un  ancien  new  title  replacing  a  former  one; 
les  mauvaises  nouvelles  ont  des  ailes  bad  news  has  wings;  rien  de 
nouveau  sous  le  soleil  nothing  new  under  the  sun;  il  n' arrive  sur 
la  terre  que  ce  qui  s'est  dejd  fait  everything  that  happens  on  earth 
has  happened  before;  le  Nouveau  Testament  the  New  Testament; 
I' Ancien  Testament  the  Old  Testament;  c'est  un  nouveau  (novice) 
dans  he  is  a  novice  in;  sans  experience  (:  inexperimente)  without  ex- 
perience (:  inexperienced);  nouvel  an  (le  jour  de  I' An)  New  Year's 
day;  nouvel  habit  a  different  coat. 

c'est  du  nouveau  (voila  du  nouveau)  that's  news  to  me  (:  I  am  sur- 
prised); de  nouveau  over  again;  afresh;  anew;  une  robe  nouvelle 
a  new  gown  (of  recent  date) ;  un  habit  neuf  a  new  coat  (brand  new) ; 
une  maison  neuve  a  newly  built  house;  le  nouveau  plait  anything 
new  pleases;  depuis  peu  (recemment)  recently;  nouvelles  d  la  main 
(petites  nouvelles)  news  items;  ouvrages  nouvellement  par  us  (livres 
nouveaux)  books  recently  published;  il  a  achete  un  nouveau  lime 
he  bought  another  book ;  un  autre  livre  another  book ;  encore  un  one 
more;  on  recevait  le  jeudi  we  used  to  receive  on  Thursdays;  encore 
une  fois  once  more;  deux  fois  twice;  trois  fois  (thrice)  three  times. 

§54.     PAST  DEFINITE: 

je  requs  I  received  tu  requs  you  received 

il  reQut  he  received  nous  resumes  we  received 

vous  requtes  you  received  Us  requrent  they  received 

mostly  used  in  books  or  with  conjunctions  of  time;  also  with: 
hier  encore  only  yesterday;  hier  yesterday;  hier  matin  yesterday 


252  RECEVOIR    CONJUGATED 

morning;  hier  soir  yesterday  evening  (last  night);  avant-hier 
the  day  before  yesterday ;  avant  hier  soir  before  yesterday  evening. 

Conversation : 

lundije  requs  une  lettre  de  M.  X.  Monday  I  received  a  letter  from 
Mr.  B.;  il  la  requt  hier  soir  he  received  it  last  evening;  on  en  requt 
une  dvant-hier  one  was  received  the  day  before  yesterday;  Us 
n'en  requrent  qu'une  hier  avant-midi  they  received  only  one  yester- 
day forenoon;  elles  en  requrent  plusieurs  hier  apres-midi  several 
were  received  by  them  yesterday  forenoon  (or :  they  received  several 
of  them,  etc.);  elle  n'en  requt  qu'une  de  lui;  le  mots  dernier:  she 
received  only  one  from  him;  last  month;  la  semaine  derniere,  il 
en  requt  trois  last  week  he  received  three  (of  them);  la  semaine 
passee,  on  en  requt  quatre  last  week  four  were  received;  I'annee 
derniere  elle  en  requt  cinq  d'eux  last  year  she  received  five  from 
them ;  autrefois  elle  en  recevait  plusieurs  formerly  she  would  receive 
several  of  them;  d'aujourd'hui  en  huit  in  a  week  from  to-day; 
des  I' entree  at  the  very  entrance;  c'etait  hier  lundi  yesterday  was 
Monday;  les  trois  quarts  du  temps  most  of  the  time;  un  beau 
matin  (un  beau  jour)  one  day;  one  fine  day;  un  de  ces  matins  one 
of  these  days;  je  m'attendais  a  recevoir  de  ses  nouvelles  I  expected 
to  hear  from  him  (her);  il  m' attend  he  expects  me;  he  is  waiting 
for  me;  on  s'y  attendait  si  peul  it  was  the  least  expected;  toutes  les 
fois  que  every  time;  c'est  avec  impatience  qu'elle  attend  de  ses  nou- 
velles she  is  impatiently  waiting  for  news  from  him  (her);  une 
marque  de  prosperite  generate  a  sign  of  general  prosperity ;  marque 
de  fabrique  trade-mark ;  il  donne  de  belles  fleurs  de  couleurs  variees 
he  is  giving  beautiful  flowers  of  various  colors;  le  messager  porte 
des  ordres  the  messenger  is  carrying  orders;  se  donner  des  airs 
to  assume  airs;  d  quel  litre  on  what  grounds?  membre  de  la  societe 
de  bienfaisance  a  member  of  the  Benevolent  Society ;  on  le  nomme 
membre  bienfaiteur  he  has  been  called  a  beneficent  member  ( —  is 
appointed  as);  nombreuses  ceuvres  patriotiques  numerous  and 
patriotic  deeds  (acts);  se  devouer  a  to  devote  one's  self  to;  en 
juillet  dernier  in  July  last;  executer  des  commandes  to  carry  out 
orders;  contribution  imposee  required  contribution. 

§55.     PAST  INDEFINITE  (PERFECT)  (le  passe  indefini): 

j'ai  requ     I  (have)  received        tu  as  requ  you  (have)  received 
il  a  requ  he  (has)  received          nous  avons  requ  we  (have)  received 
vous  avez  requ  you  (have)  received  Us  ont  requ  they  (have)  received 


RECEVOIR   CONJUGATED  253 

French  conversational  tense  and  with: 
Oral  Drill: 

aujourd'hui  to-day;  ce  matin  this  morning;  cet  avant-midi  this 
forenoon;  ce  soir  to-night;  cet  apres-midi  this  afternoon;  this 
evening,  etc. ;  il  a  bien  requ  votre  lettre  he  duly  received  your  letter; 
je  n'ai  pas  encore  requ  ta  lettre  I  have  not  yet  received  your  letter; 
tu  n'as  plus  requ  de  lettres  you  haven't  received  any  more  letters; 
die  n'en  a  jamais  requ  de  toi  (de  moi;  de  lui;  d'elle;  d'eux;  d'elles) 
she  never  received  any  from  you  (from  me;  from  him;  from  her; 
from  them,  etc.);  elle  n'en  a  requ  qu'une  aujourd'hui  she  received 
only  one  to-day;  on  n'en  a  requ  qu'une  only  one  was  received; 
only  one  has  been  received. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

en  avez-vous  requ  plus  que  moi  did  you  receive  more  than  I?  en 
a-t-elle  requ  plus  que  lui  did  she  receive  more  than  he?  n'en  as-tu 
pas  requ  mains  (plus)  qu'eux?  did  you  not  receive  less  (more) 
than  they?  or:  qu'elles;  que  nous;  than  they;  than  we?  n'en 
a-t-on  point  requ  aidant  qu'eux?  have  we  (they)  not  received  as 
much  (many)  as  they?  contbien  en  ont-ils  requ?  how  much  (many) 
did  they  receive?  en  ont-ils  beaucoup  requ  did  they  receive  many 
(much)?  Us  n'en  ont  pas  trap  requ  they  haven't  received  too  many 
(much)  of  them  or:  too  much  (of  it). 

§56 

Note  that  plus;  moins;  autant;  contbien;  beaucoup; 

trop;  peu  (little,  few)  assez  enough 

tant  so  much  (many)  un  peu  a  little ;  all 

require  de  immediately  before  the  noun;   bien  much,  many  a, 

requires  the  de  plus  the  definite  article: 

bien  du  monde  many  people;  plusieurs  (adj.)  several;  and  no 
de;  plusieurs  amis  several  friends;  plus  de  pommes  more  apples; 
que  de  pommes!  how  many  apples!  moins  de  cafe  less  coffee; 
plus  de  cinq  dollars  more  than  five  dollars ;  il  y  a  eu  bien  du  monde 
there  were  many  people;  Us  ont  requ  bien  des  limes  they  received 
many  books;  on  a  requ  beaucoup  de  livres  many  books  have  been 
received. 

Observe  also:  trop  (too;  and  with  adjective);  trop  cher  too  dear 
(expensive);  and  is  never  used  before  beaucoup: 
beaucoup  trop  cher  far  too  expensive;  beaucoup  moins  cher  far 


254  RECEVOIR    CONJUGATED 

less  expensive;  beaucoup  plus  cher  much  dearer;  beaucoup  mains 
cher  far  less,  etc.;  plus  il  travaille,  mains  il  reussit  the  more  he 
works,  the  less  he  succeeds;  il  n'est  pas  aussi  habile  que  son  cousin 
or:  (si  habile)  he  is  not  as  clever  as  his  cousin;  elle  en  a  mains  de 
trots,  n'est-ce  pas?  she  has  less  than  three,  has  she  not? 

§57 

Positive 
(general  rule)  Comparative  Superlative 

petit  (m.)  plus  petit  le  plus  petit 

small  smaller  the  smallest 

cf . :  ban  good  meilleur  better  le  meilleur  the  best 

mauvais  bad  plus  mauvais  worse  le  plus  mauvais  the  worst 

wicked  '     more  wicked  le  pire  the  most  wicked 

§  58.     and  with  possessive  adjectives: 
ses  plus  chers  amis  his  dearest  friends 

with  some  superlatives: 

la  le$on  la  plus  difficile  the  most  difficult  lesson;  ses  ouvrages  les 
plus  interessants  his  most  interesting  works;  de  after  a  superlative; 
I'homme  le  plus  riche  du  monde  the  richest  man  in  the  world; 
as  adverb:  mieux  better;  j'aime  mieux  (je  prefere)  I  prefer; 
il  a  bien  faim  he  is  very  hungry ;  le  plus  fort  des  deux  the  stronger 
of  the  two;  la  plus  forte  de  ses  deux  sceurs  the  stronger  of  his  two 
sisters;  la  plus  intelligente  des  trois  the  most  intelligent  of  the 
three;  un  orateur  des  plus  eloquent s  a  most  eloquent  orator; 
c'est  a  ravirl  (c'est  tout  ce  qu'il  y  a  de  plus  joli)  it  is  most  beauti- 
ful; cf.:  absolute  superlative  le  mains;  le  plus  (which  remains 
invariable):  au  plus  haul  degre  (:  extremement)  to  the  highest 
degree  (extremely)  and  meaning  also:  tres  (bien;  fort;  fort  bien 
very  well);  elle  est  le  mains  gate  quand  elle  va  a  I'ecole  she  is  the 
least  cheerful  when  she  goes  to  school;  cf.:  c'est  la  mains  gaie  de 
toutes  she  is  the  least  cheerful  of  all;  plus  haul  de  trois  pouces 
higher  by  three  inches;  le  moindre  bruit  the  slightest  (least) 
noise. 

General  Practice: 

vous  en  serez  d'autant  plus  satisfait  you  will  be  better  satisfied  for 
it;  c'est  assez  cher  it  is  expensive  enough;  il  a  requ  quelques  dollars 
he  received  a  few  dollars;  on  en  a  requ  quelques-uns  a  few  have 
been  received;  venir  de  to  have  just  (with  verb):  je  viens  de  la 


RECEVOIR    CONJUGATED  255 

recevoir  I  just  received  it;  il  vient  d'en  recevoir  he  just  received 
some;  on  vient  d'en  recevoir  quelques-unes  a  few  have  been  received ; 
Us  viennent  de  they  have  just;  vient-on  de  les  recevoir  have  they 
just  been  received?  un  billet  a  note;  l'a-t-on  requ  has  it  been 
received?  pas  encore  not  yet;  c'est  la  dame  la  plus  riche  du  pays 
she  is  the  richest  woman  in  the  country;  c'est  pourquoi  on  I' admire 
that  is  why  she  is  admired;  c'est  dommage  it  is  a  pity;  que  c'est 
vilain  how  ugly  that  is!  ce  n'est  plus  ni  bon  ni  mauvais  it  is  no 
longer  good  nor  bad;  est-ce  qu'il  a  requ  la  lettre?  did  he  receive  the 
letter?  oui,  monsieur;  il  I' a  reque;  yes,  Sir;  he  did;  les  avez-vous 
requs  (-es)  did  you  receive  them?  aujourd'hui  meme  this  very  day; 
en  avez-vous  requ  un  (une)  ce  jour-la?  did  you  receive  one  (on) 
that  day?  on  a  bien  requ  son  livre  his  (her)  book  has  been  well 
received;  son  livre  n'a  pas  pris  his  book  was  a  failure  (:  has  not 
been  well  received);  il  a  requ  son  conge  he  was  dismissed  (dis- 
charged); don'iiez-lui  son  conge  dismiss  him;  passez  a  la  caisse 
go  to  the  cashier  and  get  your  money;  on  I' a  requ  a  bras  ouverts 
he  was  received  with  open  arms;  avaler  des  hmtres  to  swallow 
oysters;  recevoir  des  affronts  to  receive  insults;  a-t-il  avale  des 
couleuvres  (adder;  bitter  pill)  did  he  receive  insults  without 
protest?  or  indignities,  etc. ;  sans  protester  without  protest. 


§  59.     PLUPERFECT  (INDICATIVE)  (le  plus-que-parfait) : 

j'avais  requ  tu  avais  requ 

I  had  received  you  had  received 

*/  avail  requ  nous  avions  requ 

he  had  received  we  had  received 

vous  aviez  requ  Us  avaient  requ 

you  had  received  they  had  received 

yi  (plus  the  Pluperfect)  answers  to  the  Conditional  Past: 
si  je  I' avais  requ  (e),  je  vous  I'aurais  donne  (e)  or:  vice-versa:  if  I  had 
(or:  had  I)  received  it,  I  would  have  given  it  to  you;  j'en  avais 
requ  un  (une)  I  had  received  one;  tu  en  avais  requ  un  peu  you  had 
received  a  little;  il  en  avail  requ  un  peu  he  had  received,  etc.; 
il  n'en  avail  pas  requ  he  had  not  received  any;  elle  n'en  avail  pas 
encore  requ  she  had  not  received  any  (then);  en  avait-il  requ  had 
he  received  any?  aucun  (e)  none;  n'en  avait-il  pas  requ  beaucoup? 
had  he  not  received  a  great  deal?  Assez  Enough;  s'il  en  avail 
requ  au  mains  un  (e)  if  he  had  received  at  least  one;  si  elle  en  avail 


256  RECEVOIR   CONJUGATED 

requ  un  (e)  de  plus  if  she  had  received  one  more;  si  on  avail  regu 
ce  soir-la  if  there  had  been  company  that  evening  (on  that  very 
night);  si  die  ne  I' avail  pas  requ,  elle  n'y  aurail  pas  repondu  (:  re- 
pondre  a)  if  she  had  not  received  it,  she  wouldn't  have  answered 
it;  replied  to  it). 

elle  croyail  avoir  requ  les  leltres  (:  qu'elle  avail  requ,  etc.)  she  thought 
she  had  received  the  letters;  elle  croil  les  avoir  reques  she  believes 
she  received  them;  il  croyail  les  avoir  regues  he  thought  he  had 
received  them;  il  croyail  qu'elle  les  avail  reques  he  thought  she 
had  received  them ;  nous  ne  savions  si  vous  les  aviez  re$ues  (ou  non) 
we  didn't  know  whether  you  had  received  them  or  not. 

§  60.     de  after  a  negation  or  before  an  adjective: 

pas  d'amis  no  friends;  aucun  ami  no  friend  (at  all);  de  bans  amis 
good  friends;  il  n'a  point  d'amis  he  has  no  friends  (at  all);  il  a 
du  papier  blanc  he  has  white  paper;  de  ban  pain  good  bread; 
del' or  pur  pure  gold;  de  bonne  huile  good  oil;  de  mauvaises  plumes 
bad  pens;  de  bonnes  pommes  good  apples;  de  bonne  viande  good 
meat. 

§61 

NOTE. — some  or  any  always  expressed  in  French  before  every 
noun  by  de;  du;  de  I';  de  la;  des. 

il  a  de  bon  pain;  de  bonne  salade  el  de  bonne  viande  he  has  good 
bread;  good  salad  and  good  meat;  il  n'a  pas  de  bon  pain,  de 
bonne  salade  el  de,  etc.  he  has  no  (not  any)  good  bread,  good  salad, 
etc. ,  and  if  negation  is  not  complete,  use :  du;  de  I';  de  la;  des  in 
the  following:  je  n'ai  pas  du  vin  rouge,  mats  j'ai  du  inn  blanc;  I 
have  no  red  wine,  but  I  have  white;  aussi  l'avais-je  requ,  el  des 
la  porle,  observe  to  be  sure  I  admitted  him,  but  had  observed  him 
well  from  the  door  beforehand. 

§  62.     PAST  ANTERIOR  (le  passb  anterieur): 

j'eus  requ  tu  eus  re$u 

I  had  received  you  had  received 

il  eul  re$u  nous  eumes  requ 

he  had  received  we  had  received 

vous  eules  requ  Us  eurenl  requ 

you  had  received  they  had  received 


RECEVOIR   CONJUGATED  257 

Tense  mostly  used  with  conjunctions  of  time: 
quandj'eus  requ  vos  ordres  when  (after)  I  had  received  your  orders; 
des  qu'U  eut  requ  sa  pension  as  soon  as  he  had  received  his  pension; 
a  peine  eut-il  requ  ma  note  qu'il  la  paya  scarcely  had  he  received 
my  bill  when  he  paid  it;  aussitot  qu'ils  eurent  requ  leurs  gages  as 
soon  as  they  had  received  their  wages. 

de  (for  general  practice) : 

de.bons  livres  et  de  mauvais  good  books  and  bad;  assez  de  crayons 
pencils  enough;  une  douzaine  de  mouchoirs  one  dozen  handkerchiefs 
une  chaine  d'or  a  gold  chain;  assez  de  the  tea  enough;  enough  tea; 
non  content  de  le  recevoir  not  content  with  merely  receiving  it 
(him);  il  I' avail  a  peine  requ  hardly  had  he  received  it;  on  parle 
de  ne  pas  le  recevoir  they  talk  about  not  receiving  him ;  assez  de 
chapeaux  et  assez  chers  hats  enough  and  dear  enough;  de  plus  en 
plus  vite  faster  and  faster;  en  mains  d'une  minute  in  less  than  a 
minute;  I'un  des  messieurs  I' a  requ  one  of  the  gentlemen  received 
it;  ni  I'un  ni  I'autre  ne  I'ont  requ  neither  one  (neither  of  them) 
admitted  him ;  son  bureau  est  du  cote  droit  his  office  is  on  the  right 
side;  tout  de  ban  (serieusement)  seriously;  sans  plaisanterie  with- 
out joking;  de  tons  cotes  on  all  sides;  il  y  a  de  tels  barbares  there 
are  such  barbarians;  d'autres  pensent  de  m&me  others  think  like- 
wise; il  y  en  a  bien  d'autres  and  many  others;  il  n'a  rien  de 
nouveau  he  has  nothing  new;  quelques  centaines  de  metres  a  few 
hundred  meters  (yards);  il  en  reste  deux  two  left;  two  are  left  over; 
a  maintes  reprises  (a  plusieurs  reprises)  repeatedly;  several  times; 
mainte  (s)  fois  many  a  time. 

§63.     FUTURE  (lefutur): 

je  recevrai  I  will  or  shall  receive 
tu  recevras  you  shall  or  will  receive 
il  recevra  he  shall  or  will  receive 
nous  recevrons  we  will  or  shall  receive 
vous  recevrez  you  shall  or  will  receive 
Us  recevront  they  shall  or  will  receive 

je  recevrai  un  present  I  will  receive  a  present;  un  don;  des  cadeaux 
de  Noel;  a  gift;  Xmas  presents;  des  etrennes  du  Jour  del' An  New 
Year's  gifts;  etrenner  une  robe  (la  porter  pour  la  premiere  fois) 
to  wear  it  for  the  first  time;  il  en  recevra  he  will  receive  some; 
die  en 'recevra  she  will  receive  some;  vous  n'en  recevrez  pas  ce  soir 
you  will  not  receive  any  to-night  (this  evening) ;  nous  en  recevrons 
17 


258  RECEVOIR    CONJUGATED 

demain,  soil  dans  I'apres-midi,  soil  dans  I'avant-midi  we  shall 
receive  some  to-morrow  either  in  the  afternoon  or  in  the  forenoon; 
quiconque  les  recevra,  les  meritera  whoever  receives  them  will 
deserve  them ;  dites-moi  a  quelle  heure  vous  les  recevrez  tell  me  at 
what  time  (hour)  you  will  receive  them;  quand  vous  en  recevrez 
j'en  acheterai  when  you  receive  some,  I'll  buy  some;  je  suis  sur 
qu'il  n'en  recevra  point  I  am  sure  he  will  not  receive  any;  il  croit 
toujours  en  recevoir  he  always  believes  he  will  receive  some;  or: 
il  croit  toujours  qu'il  en  recevra;  des  demain  not  later  than  to- 
morrow; il  ne  sait  s'il  en  recevra  six  ou  sept  he  does  not  know 
whether  he  will  receive  six  or  seven;  du  jour  au  lendemain  any 
day  (shortly). 

vous  n'en  recevrez  pas  de  sitot  you  will  not  receive  any  for  a  long 
while;  plus  on  en  recevra,  plus  on  en  donnera  the  more  we  receive, 
the  more  we  will  give;  ni  vous  ni  lui  n'en  recevrez  neither  you  nor 
he  will  receive  any;  cf.:  je  vais  en  recevoir  I  will  receive  some 
(I  am  going  to  receive  some) ;  je  dots  en  recevoir  au  plus  tot  I  am 
(expect)  to  receive  some  at  the  earliest  date;  voulez-vous  en  recevoir 
do  you  wish  to  (will  you)  receive  any  (some)?  en  recevrez-vous 
will  you  receive  some  (in  the  near  future)?  il  n'a  pas  a  recevoir 
des  ordres  de  lui  he  does  not  have  to  receive  orders  from  him; 
U  vous  en  donnera  la  primeur  (un  livre  en  sa  primeur)  you  will  get 
the  first  one;  les  fruits  en  leur  primeur  content  cher  fruit  is  expen- 
sive when  it  first  arrives. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

en  quantite  considerable  in  large  quantity ;  obtenir  des  commandes 
de  VEtat  to  receive  orders  from  the  State ;  les  premices  des  champs 
the  first  fruits  from  the  fields;  quant  a  la  plus  grande  partie  (pour 
la  plupart)  for  the  most  part;  la  plupart  (des  hommes)  sont  hon- 
netes  most  men  are  honest ;  il  en  aura  I'etrenne  he  will  be  the  first 
one  to  wear  (use)  it;  cafe  nature  coffee  served  without  milk; 
pommes  de  terre  nature  plain  boiled  potatoes;  payer  en  nature  to 
pay  in  kind;  en  valeur  propre  in  full  value;  il  toucha  des  objets 
en  nature  he  received  the  same  kind  of  articles  in  exchange; 
les  naturels  de  I'Amerique  the  aborigines  of  America;  habitants 
originaires  the  earliest  known  inhabitants;  natif  de  New- York; 
native  of  New  York;  le  sol  natal  the  native  soil;  il  se  fait  natu- 
raliser  Americain  he  is  getting  his  naturalization  papers;  bceuf 
au  naturel  steak  cooked  plain;  naturellement  naturally;  by  na- 
ture; easily;  facilement  (simplement)  easily;  sans  aucun  change- 
ment  or  sans  changement  aucun  without  any  change  (whatever). 


RECEVOIR  CONJUGATED  259 

§  64.     FUTURE  ANTERIOR  (PAST)  : 

j'aurai  requ  I  will  or  shall  have  received 
tu  auras  requ  you  shall  or  will  have  received 
U  aura  rec,u  he  shall  or  will  have  received 
nous  aurons  re$u  we  will  or  shall  have  received 
vous  aurez  regu  you  shall  or  will  have  received 
Us  auront  re$u  they  shall  or  will  have  received 

Oral  Drill: 

quand  vous  aurez  re$u  la  commande  de  savon,  de  chapeaux,  de  pan- 
talon  after  you  have  received  the  order  for  soap,  hats  and  trousers; 
payer  d'apres  le  nombre  to  pay  according  to  the  number;  aussitot 
qu'il  I'aura  re$u,  il  passera  chez  vous  as  soon  as  he  has  received  it, 
he  will  call  on  you;  aussitot  qu'il  aura  requ  I'ordre  du  general,  il 
partira  as  soon  as  he  has  received  the  order  from  the  general  he 
will  set  out;  il  aura  requ  des  blessures  plus  graves  que  ne  le  laissait 
supposer  le  journal  he  must  have  received  more  serious  wounds 
than  the  account  (in  the  paper)  intimated  ;  il  reqoit  tous  les  jours 
les  doleances  de  braves  gens  desoles  de  ne  pouvoir  lui  venir  en  aide 
he  receives  every  day  the  sympathy  from  honest  people  (folks) 
who  are  very  sorry  not  to  be  able  to  come  to  his  aid. 

§65.     CONDITIONAL  (le  condilionnel)  : 

je  recevrais  I  would  or  should  receive 
tu  recevrais  you  should  or  would  receive 
il  recevrait  he  should  or  would  receive 
nous  recevrions  we  would  or  should  receive 
vous  recevriez  you  should  or  would  receive 
Us  recevraient  they  should  or  would  receive 

Note  that  this  tense  generally  answers  to  the  Imperfect  with 


si  je  passais  chez  lui,  il  me  recevrait  bien  (if  I  were  to  call)  or  (were  I 
to  call)  or  if  I  should  call  on  him,  he  would  receive  me  well;  s'il 
avail  de  bons  mattres,  il  recevrait  une  education  superieure  if  he  had 
competent  teachers,  he  would  receive  superior  instruction;  qui 
recevrait  de  telles  excuses?  who  would  receive  such  excuses?  la 
prime  the  premium;  cf.  :  il  voudrait  bien  recevoir  la  somme  he 
would  gladly  receive  the  sum  offered;  on  aime  mieux  recevoir  que 
de  donner  we  prefer  to  receive  rather  than  to  give;  il  prefere  le 
vin  a  la  biere  he  prefers  wine  to  beer;  or:  il  aime  mieux  le  vin  que 


26O  RECEVOIR    CONJUGATED 

la  biere  he  likes  wine  better  than  beer;  on  ne  saurait  mieux  rece- 
voir  ses  amis  (we  cannot  better  receive  our  friends)  one  could  not 
receive  one's  friends  better;  je  ne  sais  si  on  recevrait  ces  ordres  de 
M.  X.  I  do  not  know  whether  these  orders  could  be  received  from 
Mr.  B.;  luil  recevoir  un  outrage  I  he  would  receive  an  insult! 
il  ne  saurait  dorer  la  pilule  he  couldn't  gild  the  pill;  moyennant 
une  prime  in  consideration  of  a  premium;  d'une  bonte  excessive 
with  excessive  kindness  or  how  very  kind!  que  de  bontes  how  kind! 
une  avance  supplemenlaire  an  additional  advance;  cinq  sous  de 
supplement  five  cents  extra;  lettre  chargee  registered;  I'arant-veille 
two  days  before. 

§  66.     CONDITIONAL  PAST  (First  Form)  (le  passe  du  con- 
ditionnel) : 

j'aurais  re$u  I  would  or  should  have  received 
tu  aurais  re$u  you  should  or  would  have  received 
il  aurait  re$u  he  should  or  would  have  received 
nous  aurions  requ  we  would  or  should  have  received 
vous  auriez  re$u  you  should  or  would  have  received 
Us  auraient  rec,u  they  should  or  would  have  received 

Note  that  this  tense  answers  generally  to  the  Pluperfect  with 
si  (if) : 

s'il  avail  passe  chez  le  banquier,  il  aurait  louche  son  cheque  if  he 
had  called  on  the  banker,  he  would  have  received  his  check;  il 
aurait  requ  dix  francs  a  compte  he  would  have  received  ten  francs 
on  account;  il  prend  des  marchandises  a  compte  he  receives  (takes) 
merchandise  on  credit;  il  acquitte  (regie  sa  note)  sa  facture  he  pays 
his  bill  (settles  his  account)  his  (itemized)  bill;  solder  un  memoir e 
or  en  faire  I'entier  payement  to  settle  the  whole  bill  (as  per  state- 
ment); je  crois  qu'il  aurait  requ  mes  ordres  I  (believe)  think  he 
would  have  obeyed  my  orders;  obeir  a  to  obey;  aurait-il  re$u  ma 
lettre  plus  tot?  man  billet?  would  he  have  received  my  letter  sooner? 
my  note?  plus  tard  later;  il  le  tua  he  killed  him;  quoi!  il  aurait 
re$u  la  mort  (:  il  aurait  ele  tue!)  what!  he  would  have  been  killed; 
quand  rrieme  il  I  'aurait  re$u,  il  n'en  aurait  pas  ete  satisfait  even  if 
he  had  received  it,  he  would  not  be  satisfied  (with  it,  etc.);  au 
comptant  (argent  comptant)  cash;  faire  le  compte  de  son  bien  to 
estimate  one's  fortune;  qu'on  lui  donne  son  compte  or  (:  le  payer 
et  le  congedier)  let  him  get  his  money;  he  is  discharged!  il  faut 
verifier  le  compte  d'un  construcleur  (d'un  entrepreneur)  one  must 


RECEVOIR    CONJUGATED  26 1 

verify  the  account  of  a  constructor  (builder);  marchandise  a  ban 
compte  merchandise  at  a  bargain;  d  compte  on  installment;  a 
valoir  to  be  deducted;  compter  to  count;  to  expect;  tenir  compte 
de  to  take  into  consideration ;  au  bout  du  compte  or  en  fin  de  compte 
when  all  is  said  and  done  or  in  the  end;,  tout  compte  fait  taking 
everything  into  consideration;  il  n'a  pas  son  compte  he  has  not 
his  due;  mettre  au  nombre  de  (compter  parmi)  ses  amis  to  number 
among  one's  friends. 

§67.     CONDITIONAL  PAST  (Second  Form)   (le  condition- 
nel  passe) : 

j'eusse  requ  I  would  or  should  have  received 

tu  eusses  requ  you  should  or  would  have  received 

il  eut  requ  he  should  or  would  have  received 

nous  eussions  requ  we  would  or  should  have  received 

vous  eussiez  requ  you  should  or  would  have  received 

Us  eussent  requ  they  should  or  would  have  received 

NOTE. — To  replace  the  ist  Form  this  tense  must  have  a  con- 
dition expressed : 

si  vous  eussiez  requ  la  note,  vous  I'eussiez  payee  or  auriez  payee 
if  you  had  received  the  bill,  you  would  have  paid  it;  cf. :  elle 
comptait  que  vous  auriez  requ  sa  lettre  lundi  she  expected  you  to 
receive  his  (her)  letter  Monday;  le  for  cement  de  ce  detroit  eut 
cree  une  situation  de  fait  favorable  a  leurs  vues,  de  meme  que  la  prise 
de  la  ville  en  eut  etabli  le  litre  definitif  a  la  possession  de  la  province 
entering  this  Strait  would  have  in  fact  created  a  situation  favorable 
to  their  views,  also  the  capture  of  the  city  would  have  established 
their  permanent  title  to  the  possession  of  the  province;  eut-il 
requ  had  he  received  or  if  he  had  received. 

§  68.     IMPERATIVE  (I'imperatif) : 

reqois  receive  recevons  let    us   receive 

recevez  receive  (you  or  ye) 

qu'il  reqoive  let  him  receive  qu'elle  reqoive  let  her  receive 

qu'ils  reqoivent  let  them  receive  qu'ettes  reqoivent  let  them  receive 

Oral  Drill: 

reqois-le  receive  it  (him);  recevons-la  let  us  receive  it  (her);  ne 
le  reqois  jamais  never  receive  it  (him);  ne  la  recevez  pas  do  noc 
receive  it  (her) ;  qu'ils  ne  les  reqoivent  pas  let  them  not  receive  them ; 


262  RECEVOIR    CONJUGATED 

qu'ils  en  re^oivent  let  them  receive  some;  qu'ils  n'en  re$oivent  pas 
let  them  not  receive  any ;  jusqu'd  ce  que  le  temps  sec  soil  venu  until 
dry  weather  has  come;  apres  que  les  tranchees  furent  prises  after 
the  capture  of  the  trenches;  se  debattre  dans  la  boue  to  struggle  in 
the  mud;  V affaire  s'est  fort  mal  terminee  the  matter  ended  very 
badly;  Us  se  sont  trompes  dans  leurs  calculs  they  were  mistaken  in 
their  calculations. 

§  69.     SUBJUNCTIVE   PRESENT  or  FUTURE  (le  present  du 
subjonctif) : 

que  je  receive  that  I  may  (can)  receive  or  other  forms  in  English 

que  tu  receives  that  you  may  (can)  receive 

qu'il  regoive  that  he  may  (can)  receive 

que  nous  recevions  that  we  may  (can)  receive 

que  vous  receviez  that  you  may  (can)  receive 

qu'ils  rec.oivent  that  they  may  (can)  receive 

il  est  possible  queje  le  reqoive  I  may  receive  it  (him)  or  it  is  possible 
that  I  may  receive  it  (him);  il  faut  qu'on  les  receive  one  must 
receive  them;  they  must  be  received;  je  ne  puis  mefigurer  qu'ette 
le  refoive  I  cannot  imagine  her  receiving  him;  il  se  peut  qu'on 
les  receive  they  might  be  received ;  qu'on  le  revive  ou  non  whether 
he  is  received  or  not.  See  Lesson  IX  fully  illustrated. 

Ezercice  de  Conversation: 

je  pars  ce  matin  meme  pour  Boston  I  leave  this  morning  for  Boston , 
il  revient  a  I' instant  he  is  coming  back  directly;  son  bail  a  expire 
hier  (:  est  expire  depuis,  etc.)  his  lease  expired  yesterday;  il  a 
expire  entre  mes  bras  he  expired  in  my  arms;  je  ne  puis  parler 
sans  qu'il  m'interrompe  I  can't  speak  without  his  interrupting  me; 
or:  (je  ne  puis  parler,  qu'il  ne  m'interrompe);  elle  a  ete  mieux 
re$ue  qu'ette  ne  ie  croyait  she  had  a  better  reception  than  she 
expected;  elle  n'est  pas  aussi  riche  que  vous  le  pensez  she  is  not  as 
rich  as  you  think;  credule  jusqu'd  la  niaiserie  credulous  to  stu- 
pidity; il  est  recommande  de  ne  jamais  se  mettre  d  I'eau  quand  on  est 
en  sueur  it  is  recommended  never  to  go  in  bathing  (or:  into  the 
water)  when  perspiring;  plonger  dans  I'eau  to  plunge  (to  dive) 
into  the  water;  nager  to  swim;  passer  d  la  nage  to  swim  across; 
une  augmentation  de  salaire  an  increase  of  pay  (salary);  sa  part 
his  share;  partager  to  divide;  versement  partiel  installment  (partial 
payment) ;  sa  quote-part  or  cotisation  his  membership  fee  (quota). 


RECEVOIR   CONJUGATED  263 

§  70.     IMPERFECT     SUBJUNCTIVE     (I'imparfait    du    sub- 
jonctif) : 

queje  regusse  that  I  might  receive,  etc. 
que  tu  regusses  that  you  might  receive 
qu'il  regut  that  he  might  receive 
que  nous  regussions  that  we  might  receive 
que  vous  regussiez  that  you  might  receive 
qu'ils  regussent  that  they  might  receive 

and  other  forms  in  English ;  see  and  review  the  examples  or  rules 
at  Lesson  XIII  and  end  of  Lesson  XXV. 

§71.     SUBJUNCTIVE  PAST: 

quej'aie  regu  that  I  may  (can)  have  received 
que  tu  aies  regu  that  you  may  (can)  have  received 
qu'il  ait  regu  that  he  may  (can)  have  received 
que  nous  ayons  regu  that  we  may  (can)  have  received 
que  vous  ayez  regu  that  you  may  (can)  have  received 
qu'-ils  aient  regu  that  they  may  (can)  have  received 

Oral  Drill: 

suppose  qu'on  les  ait  regus  (-es)  suppose  they  were  received; 
quoiqu'il  (:  bien  qu'il)  les  ait  regus  although  he  may  have  received 
them;  elle  craint  que  vous  ne  les  ayez  point  regus  she  fears  you 
may  not  have  received  them;  qu'il  les  ait  regus  ou  non  whether 
he  received  them  or  not;  une  visile  inattendue  an  unexpected 
visit;  on  alloue  une  somme  pour  indemnite  a  sum  is  allowed  as 
indemnity;  paye  tant,  regu  tant  et  partant  quitte  paid  so  much, 
received  so  much;  and  consequently  the  account  is  settled; 
a-t-il  obtenu  (attrape)  une  place?  did  he  get  (secure)  a  position? 
une  diminution  (reduction)  a  reduction  (decrease);  au  profit  de 
tous  for  the  benefit  of  all;  tout  benefice  any  profit;  ajouter  au 
traitement  to  add  to  the  salary;  prive  de  mon  salaire  deprived  of 
my  salary;  un  ordre  proclame  (notifie)  publiquement  an  order 
proclaimed  in  public  (issued  publicly);  des  viandes  frigorifiees 
cold  storage  meat;  payer  de  sa  vie  to  expose  one's  life  to  danger; 
une  circonstance  curieuse  strange  coincidence;  arrivee  des  mar- 
chandises  arrival  of  mdse. ;  au  moment  precis  at  the  precise 
moment ;  etre  promu  au  baccalaureat  to  receive  the  first  University 
degree;  or  le  premier  grade  universitaire;  Us  sont  promus  they 
have  been  promoted;  elever  &  quelque  dignite  to  be  promoted 
(in  rank). 


264  DEVOIR    CONJUGATED 

§72.     PLUPERFECT  SUBJUNCTIVE:  (le  plus-que-parfait  du 
subjonctif] : 

quej'eusse  re$u  that  I  might  have  received,  etc. 
que  tu  eusses  re$u  that  you  might  have  received 
qu'il  eul  re$u  that  he  might  have  received 
que  nous  eussions  re$u  that  we  might  have  received 
que  vous  eussiez  re$u  that  you  might  have  received 
qu'ils  eussenl  re$u  that  they  might  have  received 

and  other  forms  in  English,  Lessons  XIII  and  XXV. 

je  ne  savais  pas  que  vous  eussiez  re$u  sa  carte  postale  I  didn't  know 
you  had  received  his  (her)  postal  card;  ellc  n'aurait  pas  voulu 
que  vous  I'eussiez  re$ue  she  would  not  have  wished  you  to  receive 
it;  elle  ne  croit  pas  que  vous  I'eussiez  requ,  si  vous  aviez  etc  present 
she  does  not  believe  you  would  have  received  it,  if  you  had  been 
there. 

§  73.     Six  VERBS  CONJUGATED  like  the  above: 
apercevoir  to  perceive;  to  notice 
decevoir  to  deceive;  to  disappoint 
concevoir  to  conceive;  to  imagine 
devoir  to  owe;  (must;  ought  to;  etc.)  with  verb 
percevoir  to  perceive;  to  levy 
recevoir  to  receive;  to  admit 
preconcevoir  to  preconceive 


LESSON  XXIV 

§  74.     Devoir  (of  frequent  use)  is  conjugated  as  follows: 
and  followed  by  a  noun  means:  to  owe;  and  fol- 
lowed by  a  verb  (in  the  Infinitive)  may  mean: 
must;  was  to;  had  to;  will  have  to;  ought  to 

Present  Indicative: 

je  dots;  tu  dois;  il  doit;  nous  devons;  vous  devez;  Us  doivent;  I  owe; 
you  owe;  etc. 

Imperfect: 

je  devais;  tu  devais;  il  devait;  nous  devions;  vous  deviez;  Us  devaient; 
1  owed;  etc. 


DEVOIR    CONJUGATED  265 

Past  Definite : 

je  dus;  tu  dus;  il  dut;  nous  dumes;  vous  diltes;  Us  durent;  I  owed; 
you  owed;  etc. 

Future : 

je  devrai;  ludevras;  il  devra;  nous  devrons;  vous  devrez;  Us  devront; 
I  will  owe;  etc. 

Conditional : 

je  devrats;  tu  devrai s;  il  devrait;  nous  devrions;  vous  devriez;  Us 
devraient;  I  would  (should)  owe;  etc. 

Imperative : 

do-is;  devons;  devez;  owe;  let  us  owe;  owe 

Present  Subjunctive: 

qtie  je  doive;  que  tu  doives;  qu'il  doive;  que  nous  devions;  que  vous 
deviez;  qu'ils  doivent;  that  I  may  owe;  etc. 

Imperfect  Subjunctive: 

que  je  dusse;  que  tu  dusses;  qu'il  dut;  que  nous  dussions;  que  vous 
dussiez;  qu'tls  dussent;  that  I  might  owe;  etc. 

Compound  Tenses: 

j'ai  du;  tu  as  du;  il  a  du;  etc.  (followed  by  the  Infinitive):  I  had 
to;  etc. 

Review : 

recevoir  to  receive;  recevant  receiving;  re$u  received; 

je  regois;  tu  repots;  il  reqoit;  nous  recevons;  vous  recevez;  Us  resolvent 

I  receive  (am  receiving;  do  receive;  have  been  receiving) 

je  recevais;  tu  recevais;  il  recevait;  nous  recevions;  vous  receviez; 
Us  recevaient;  I  received  (used  to  receive;  was  receiving;  did 
receive;  had  been  receiving;  etc.) 

je  re§us;  tu  regus;  il  regut;  nous  resumes;  vous  refutes;  Us  re^urenl; 
I  received;  etc. 

je  recevrai;  tu  recevras;  il  recevra;  nous  recevrons;  vous  recevrez; 
ils  recevront;  I  will  (shall)  receive;  you  shall  (will)  receive,  etc. 

je  recevrais;  tu  recevrais;  il  recevrait;  nous  recevrions;  vous  rece- 
vriez;  Us  recevraient;  I  would  (should)  receive,  etc. 

regois;  recevons;  recevez;  receive;  let  us  receive,  etc. 


266  DEVOIR    CONJUGATED 

que  je  reqoive;  que  tu  receives;  qu'il  reqoive;  que   nous  recevions; 
que  vous  receviez;  qu'ils  reqoivent;  that  I  may  (can)  receive,  etc. 

que  je  requsse;  que  tu  re$usses;  qu'il  requt;  que  nous  requssions; 
que  vous  requssiez;  qu'ils  requssent;  that  I  might  receive,  etc. 

j'ai  requ;  tu  as  requ;  il  a  requ;  etc.,  I  received,  etc. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

combien  vous  dois-je?  how  much  (many  )  do  I  owe  you? 
combien  le  dois-je?  how  much  (many)  do  I  owe  you? 
combien  est-ce  que  je  vous  dois  how  much  (many)  do  I  owe  you? 
vous  me  devezvingt-cinq  francs  you  owe  me  twenty-five  francs  ($5); 
//  lui  doit  un  franc  he  owes  him  (her)  one  franc ;  Us  leur  doivent 
quelque  chose  they  owe  them  something;  on  ne  leur  doit  rien  we 
(they)  do  not  owe  them  anything;  we  owe  them  nothing;  rien 
du  tout  nothing  at  all ;  je  vous  devais  cinq  centimes  (un  sou}  I  owed 
you  one  cent;    il  se  peut  que  je  vous  doive  davantage  I  may  owe 
you  more;  on  leur  doit  de  V argent  money  is  owed  them;  il  me  doit 
une  jour  nee  de  travail  he  owes  me  a  day's  work;  elle  lui  doit  la  vie 
she  is  indebted  to  him  (her)  for  her  life  or:  she  owes  her  life  to  him 
(her);  fais  ce  que  dois,  advienne  que  pourra  do   what  you  must 
(do),  come  what  may. 


§75 


as  auxiliary :  devoir  may  refer  to  a  simple  future : 

je  dois  travailler  c«  soir  I  am  to  (will)  work  to-night 

duty: 

je  dois  travailler  pour  vivre  I  must  work  for  my  living  or  (:  I  owe 
it  to  myself  as  a  duty  to  work) 

obligation: 

je  dois  obeir  aux  lots  du  pays  I  must  obey  the  laws  of  the  country 
(:  it  is  a  necessity) 

intention: 

je  dois  partir  ce  soir  m&me  1  intend  to  leave  this  very  evening 

supposition : 

il  doit  etre  malade  he  must  be  ill;  perhaps  he  is  ill 


DEVOIR    CONJUGATED  267 

Oral  Drill: 

le  facteur  doit  passer  chez  vous  a  huit  heures  the  letter-carrier  must 
call  at  your  house  at  eight  o'clock;  quand  meme  je  devrais  (dusse-je) 
perir  even  if  I  were  to  perish !  il  doit  y  avoir  beaucoup  de  monde 
there  must  be  many  people  there;  il  devait  y  avoir  quelqu'un  there 
must  have  been  some  one  (there);  elle  a  du  repasser  she  had  to 
call  again;  vous  auriez  du  le  faire  you  should  have  done  it;  you 
ought  to  have  done  that;  vous  devriez  vous  reposer  you  should  rest. 

§76 

du  as  a  noun: 

monsieur  reclame  son  dn   the  gentleman  claims  his  due 

as  an  adjective: 

v otre  billet  est  en  bonne  et  due  forme  your  note  is  legal  ( :  legally 
made);  il  rentre  a  une  heure  indue  he  comes  home  at  a  late  hour; 
contre  la  regie  against  the  rules;  le  cas  echeant  if  such  should  be 
the  case;  a  I'echeance  d'un  billet  at  the  expiration  of  a  note. 

devoir  as  a  noun: 

votre  devoir  est  corrige  your  exercise  is  (has  been)  corrected;  vos 
devoirs  sont  corriges  your  exercises  are  corrected;  nos  devoirs  sont- 
ils  corriges  are  our  exercises  corrected?  tel  est  man  devoir  such  is 
my  duty;  tels  sont  ses  devoirs  such  are  his  (her)  duties;  je  me  fais 
MM  devoir  de  lui  rendre  une  visile  I  make  it  a  duty  to  pay  him  (her) 
a  visit;  il  est  de  man  devoir  de  le  punir  it  becomes  my  duty  to 
punish  him;  il  est  du  devoir  de  M.  X.  d'y  alter  it  is  incumbent  upon 
Mr.  B.  to  go  there. 

§77 

requ  as  a  noun: 

voila  votre  requ  there  is  your  receipt;  requ  cinq  francs  received 
five  francs;  cinq  francs  requs  five  francs  received;  est-ce  une 
quittance  is  it  a  receipt  in  full?  ce  qui  est  du  what  is  owed. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

il  doit  retourner  la-bas  la  semaine  prochaine  he  is  to  go  back  (return 
over  there)  next  week;  il  doit  se  faire  recevoir  a  ce  baccalaureat 
he  is  to  receive  his  first  University  degree;  contenir  les  termes 
expres  dans  lesquels  un  acte  drit  etre  conqu  to  contain  the  exact 


268  DEVOIR   CONJUGATED 

terms  in  which  (such)  an  act  should  be  expressed;  il  consul  le 
principe  de  cette  machine  he  conceived  the  principle  of  that  machine ; 
recevoir  un  renfort  de  troupes  to  receive  a  re -enforcement  of  troops; 
un  temoignage  de  satisfaction  a  token  of  gratification;  un  bureau 
receptionnaire  a  receiving  bureau;  une  blessure  a  wound;  il 
s'engage  a  en  payer  le  mantant  he  pledges  himself  to  pay  the 
amount;  devoir  reussir  to  be  bound  to  succeed;  la  patrie  impose 
des  sacrifices  a  country  imposes  sacrifices;  nul  plus  que  moi  ne 
s'interesse  a  no  one  is  more  interested  than  I  in;  demander  un 
inventaire  du  mobilier  to  ask  for  an  inventory  of  the  furniture; 
qu'on  lui  rende  cette  justice  let  him  be  given  credit  for  it;  reprocher 
a  un  locataire  de  ne  pas  payer  ce  qu'il  doit  to  reproach  (blame)  a 
tenant  for  not  paying  his  rent  (or  debt);  etre  inquiet  pour  le  paye- 
ment  to  be  worrying  (anxious)  about  the  payment;  comme  cell 
se  doit  as  it  should  be  (in  the  proper  manner) ;  des  chases  pareilles 
doivent  arriver  such  things  are  liable  to  occur;  le  percepteur  con- 
tinue de  leur  reclamer  ses  impots  the  collector  continues  to  claim 
his  taxes  from  them;  extorquer  to  extort. 

§  78.     VARIOUS  EXAMPLES  ON:  devoir;  recevoir,  etc.  (Ma- 
terial for  composition): 

agreez,  monsieur,  que  je  vous  felicite  allow  me  to  congratulate  you, 
Sir;  agreer  (to  receive  kindly)  is  often  used  at  the  end  of  French 
letters;  U  accuse  reception  de  la  somme  he  acknowledges  the  sum 
of;  elle  se  departit  de  son  devoir  she  swerved  from  her  duty;  il 
remplit  ses  obligations  he  fulfills  his  obligations;  tu  es  dans  I 'obli- 
gation de  leur  repondre  you  are  under  the  obligation  of  answering 
them;  il  faut  rendre  justice  au  diable  we  must  give  the  devil  his 
due;  la  poule  (hen)  ne  doit  pas  chanter  devant  le  coq  (cock)  a  woman 
must  not  lord  over  her  husband;  je  n'ai  pas  man  compte  I  have 
not  my  due;  toute  reflexion  faite  after  due  reflection;  or:  tout  bien 
consider  e  all  things  considered;  a  tout  seigneur,  tout  honneur 
honor  to  whom  honor  is  due;  graces  a  lui  thanks  to  him;  qui  paie 
ses  dettes,  s'enrichit  he  who  pays  his  debts  becomes  rich;  c'est  a 
eux  qu'il  le  doit  he  may  thank  them  for  it;  elle  accomplit  ses  devoirs 
she  accomplishes  her  duties;  U  a  besoin  d'etre  a  tel  endroit,  a  telle 
heure  he  is  obliged  (has  got)  to  be  at  such  a  place  at  such  an  hour; 
une  t6che  qui  m'incombe  a  task  that  falls  to  me. 

s1  engager  a  rembourser  une  perte  to  bind  one's  self  to  reimburse  a 
loss;  supporter  les  lourds  fardeaux  qui  nous  incombent  to  bear 


DEVOIR   CONJUGATED  269 

the  heavy  burdens  that  befall  us;  cela  doit  lui  etre  attribue  that 
must  be  attributed  to  him  (her);  il  attend  de  grands  resultats  de 
he  expects  great  results  from;  on  vous  en  est  redevable  one  is  in- 
debted to  you;  moyennant  une  redevance  en  denrees  in  considera- 
tion of  a  royalty  in  (wares)  or  merchandise;  on  eteint  une  dette 
en  en  payant  le  capital  we  (pay  off)  reduce  (liquidate)  a  debt  by 
paying  on  the  principal;  garantir  une  creance  to  guarantee  (vouch 
for)  the  payment  of  a  debt;  on  le  dispense  de  travailler  they  (re- 
lease) exempt  him  from  work;  tout  retombe  sur  lui  everything 
falls  upon  him;  il  n'a  pas  les  soins  qu'il  devrait  avoir  he  has  not 
the  care  he  should  have;  I'exercice  des  fonctions  dont  on  est  charge 
the  exercise  of  the  duties  with  which  we  are  invested;  le  temps 
pendant  lequel  on  les  exerce  the  period  during  which  they  are  dis- 
charged; il  renlre  dans  son  devoir  he  resumes  his  duty;  il  reprend 
son  travail  he  resumes  his  work;  ce  qui  est  du  what  remains  to 
be  paid;  on  alloue  (decrete)  un  credit  they  allow  (establish)  a 
credit;  lerenouveler  to  renew  it;  etre  en  fonctions  to  be  discharging 
(to  perform)  one's  duties;  accepter  (agreer)  un  don  to  accept  a 
donation;  on  donne  avis  que  notice  is  given  that;  on  vous  somme 
de  you  are  summoned  to;  je  certifie  que  I  certify  that;  achever 
son  devoir  to  finish  one's  task. 

il  le  neglige  (I' abandonne)  he  neglects  it;  //  repond  negligemment 
aux  questions  he  answers  the  questions  negligently  (indifferently) ; 
il  s'occupe  mains  exactement  de  ses  devoirs  now  he  attends  less  to 
his  duties ;  former  un  projet  to  form  a  project;  payer  aux  calendes 
grecques  (:  nejamais  payer)  never  to  pay;  revetu  des  formes  legates 
legally  made;  legaliser  to  render  legal;  rendons  honneur  a  nos 
glorieux  marts  let  us  render  homage  to  our  glorious  dead;  con- 
ceder  une  grace  to  grant  a  favor;  la  garantie  warranty  (security); 
categoriquement  to  the  purpose;  liber er  to  liberate;  debaucher 
to  entice;  convertir  ce  billet  de  banque  en  especes  to  change  a  bank 
note  into  cash;  supporter  le  poids  des  affaires  to  bear  the  burden 
of  (the)  business;  demander  plus  qu'il  n'est  du  to  ask  more  than 
is  owed  him  (her)  etc. ;  une  haute  paye  journaliere  est  allouee  a  big 
increase  in  pay  has  been  granted;  */  I' engage  a  quitter  son  paste 
he  entreats  him  to  leave  his  post ;  accorder  du  temps  to  allow  more 
time;  il  lui  doit  sa  guerison  he  owes  his  recovery  to  him;  il  rentre 
en  fonctions  he  resumes  (begins)  his  duties;  je  dois  necessairement 
(and  with  Infinitive)  I  must  needs  or:  il  faut  absolument  que  (and 
the  Subj.);  d  I'heure  qu'il  faut  in  due  time;  en  temps  utile  propi- 
tiously; il  a  a  faire  une  visile  he  has  to  make  a  visit;  c'est  moi 


270  DEVOIR   CONJUGATED 

qui  devrai  en  faire  les  frais  (en  etre  responsable)  I  shall  have  to 
bear  the  expenses  (of  it)  or:  I  shall  stand  responsible  for  it;  le 
contre-coup  counter- blow ;  result  (consequence);  on  le  rend  quitte 
de  cette  obligation  he  is  released  from  that  obligation;  acquitte- 
ment  prealable  des  frais  de  port  previous  exemption  from  port 
charges ;  on  lui  doit  une  fort  estimable  histoire  we  are  indebted  to 
him  for  a  very  meritorious  history;  payer  une  amende  to  pay  a 
fine. 

je  pate  d'avance  I  pay  in  advance;  on  ne  doit  pas  s'en  etonner 
one  must  not  wonder  at  it;  on  ne  doit  pas  s' etonner  si  le  terme  est 
echu  it  is  not  strange  if  the  rent  is  due;  il  est  de  garde  he  is  on 
guard  duty;  nous  ne  nous  devons  plus  rien  de  part  el  d'autre  (we 
are  even):  we  don't  owe  each  other  anything  more;  nous  sommes 
quitte  a  quitte  we  are  quits;  chose  promise,  chose  due  promises 
should  be  kept;  cela  lui  pese  (:  cause  de  la  peine)  that  causes  him 
grief;  peser  sur  le  caeur  to  weigh  on  the  mind;  accabler  de  to 
overwhelm  with;  to  be  overwhelmed  with;  personne  ne  doit  le 
savoir  no  one  is  to  know  it;  la  faction  sentry  duty;  il  fera  le 
service  he  will  do  duty ;  le  devoir  I'appelle  duty  calls  him ;  il  monte 
la  garde  he  mounts  guard ;  ilfaitleguet  he  is  on  the  watch  (keeps 
watch);  quand  meme  je  devrais  perir  even  if  I  were  to  perish; 
il  a  manque  a  son  devoir  he  failed  in  his  duty;  dans  I'ordre  voulu 
in  due  form;  (payer  son  ecot  to  pay  one's  share);  rembourser 
to  reimburse;  une  tdche  a  task;  une  tache  a  spot;  (stain;  blot); 
il  s' attache  a  remplir  son  devoir  he  strives  to  fulfill  his  duty;  il 
s'endette  he  runs  into  debt;  il  nie  ses  dettes  he  denies  his  debt; 
il  declare  qu'il  ne  doit  rien  he  declares  he  does  not  owe  anything; 
*/  s'en  acquitte  he  pays  (his  debt)  it. 

il  faut  payer  ce  que  I' on  doit  a  debt  must  be  paid ;  sije  n'ai  pas  reussi, 
toujours  ai-jefait  mon  devoir  if  I  have  not  succeeded,  I  have  done 
my  duty  nevertheless;  (colloq.:  il  boucha  un  trou  he  stopped  a 
gap  or  he  paid  a  debt);  par  maniere  d' acquit  for  form's  sake;  pre- 
parer  la  tache  to  prepare  a  task;  contracter  to  contract;  effectuer 
(mettre  a  execution)  to  put  into  effect;  il  effectua  son  projet  he 
carried  out  his  project;  elle  effectua  le  trajet  she  made  the  trip;  se 
donner  bien  du  mat  to  give  one's  self  much  trouble;  on  constate 
le  payement  d'une  facture  the  settlement  of  a  bill  is  being  verified ; 
presenter  to  present;  il  a  acquitte  la  facture  he  receipted  the  bill 
in  full ;  il  vous  en  tient  quitte  he  lets  you  off ;  pour  acquit  (on  a  bill) 
paid!  major er  une  facture  to  overcharge  a  bill;  exonerer  to  exon- 
erate; to  be  freed  from;  faire  des  emprunts  to  borrow  (on  a  large 


REGULAR    VERBS    IN   -RE  2JI 

scale);  emprunter  to  borrow;  un  emprunt  a  loan;  un  pret  a  loan; 
sous  caution  under  bail;  prater  de  I' argent  to  loan  money;  c'est  un 
compte  d ' apothicaire  an  extortionate  bill  (:  an  apothecary's  bill); 
il  se  porte  garant  du  paiement  de  la  dette  he  answers  for  the  pay- 
ment of  the  debt;  il  se  porte  fort  pour  lui  he  stands  security  for 
him;  repondre  (a)  to  answer;  to  reply  to;  etre  garant  to  vouch  for; 
repondre  pour  to  stand  security  for;  decharger  d'une  dette  to  free 
from  a  debt;  dispenser  to  release;  to  exempt  from;  objet  rends 
en  garantie  article  given  as  security;  donner  des  gages  pour  garantir 
le  pret  to  give  pledges  to  assure  the  loan;  pour  surete  de  as  security 
for. 

il  n'est  pas  sans  le  savoir  he  must  have  heard  of  it;  he  probably 
knows  it;  c'est  qu'il  I' aura  paye  he  must  have  paid  it  (:  for  it); 
je  I'aperqois  I  see  him  (over  there);  remarquer  to  notice;  il  ne 
s'apergoit  de  rien  (he  overlooks):  he  does  not  notice  anything; 
cf. :  j'avisai  le  voleur  I  detected  the  thief  (I  noticed  him  quickly); 
decouvrir  to  discover;  on  ne  s'avise  jamais  de  tout  one  can't  think 
of  every  thing ;  cela  se  conqoit  that  is  easily  understood;  sans  qu 'on 
le  remarque  (:  inaperqu]  unobserved;  without  being  seen;  il  passa 
inaperqu  he  passed  unnoticed. 


LESSON  XXV 
79.     THIRD  GROUP  OF  REGULAR  VERBS  ends  in  -re: 

rompre  to  break  (off,  up)  rampant  breaking 

rompu  broken 
vendre  to  sell  vendant  selling  vendu  sold 

NOTE. — In  the  Present  Indicative  (in  the  third  person  singular) 
vend  is  not  followed  by :  /;  il  vend. 

casser  (and  of  the  ist  Group)  to  break  (in  two);  briser  to  break 
(to  pieces) ;  dechirer  a  coup  de  fouet  to  lash  to  pieces. 


Present  Indicative: 

je  romps;  tu  romps;  il  rompt;  nous  rompons;  vous  rompez;  Us  rom- 
pent;  I  break,  etc. 

Imperfect: 

je  rompais;  tu  rompais;  il  rompait;  nous  rompions;  vous  rompiez; 
Us  rompaient;  I  broke,  etc. 


2/2  REGULAR   VERBS    IN-RE 

Past    Definite: 

j  •  rompis;  tu  rompis;  il  rompit;  nous  romptmes;  vous  rompites; 
Us  rompirent;  I  broke,  etc. 

Future : 

je  romprai;  lu  rompras;  il  rompra;  nous  romprons;  vous  romprez; 
Us  rompront;  I  will  (shall)  break,  etc. 

Conditional: 

je  romprais;  lu  romprais;  il  romprait;  nous  romprions;  vous  rom- 
priez;  Us  rompraie.nl;  I  would  or  should  break,  etc. 

Imperative: 

romps;  rompons;  rompez;  break;  let  us  break,  etc. 

Present  Subjunctive: 

que  je  rompe;  que  tu  rompes;  qu'il  rompe;  que  nous  rompions; 
que  vous  rompiez;  qu'ils  rompenl;  that  I  may  (can)  break,  etc. 

Imperfect  Subjunctive: 

que  je  rompisse;  que  tu  rompisses;  qu'il  rompit;  que  nous  rompis- 
sions;  que  vous  rompissiez;  qu'ils  rompissent;  that  I  might  break, 
etc. 

and  Compound  Tenses : 
j'ai  rompu;  tu  as  rompu;  il  a  rompu;  etc.,  etc. 

Review  pp.  148-235  and  pp.  205-252. 

Oral  Drill: 

il  plie  et  ne  rompt  pas  he  bends  and  does  not  break;  plier  to  bend 
(fold) ;  le  pli  the  fold;  elle  brise  la  glace  she  breaks  the  looking-glass; 
on  rompit  le  pain  they  broke  bread;  tu  romps  la  glace  you  break 
the  ice;  Us  rompent  le  menage  they  are  breaking  up  housekeeping; 
il  le  rompt  aux  affaires  he  is  training  him  for  business;  elle  a 
beau  se  rompre  la  t&te  in  vain  she  racks  her  brain;  (il  se  casse  la 
t&te  he  puzzles  his  brain) ;  qui  casse  les  verres  les  paie  who  breaks 
the  glasses  pays  for  them;  or:  you  must  pay  for  the  damage; 
courber  une  branche  to  bend  a  branch  or:  la  player  to  bend  it;  il 
se  creuse  le  cerveau  (I' esprit)  he  ransacks  his  brain;  on  se  fatigue 
a  chercher  one  gets  tired  of  searching;  se  baisser  to  stoop; 
s'incliner  to  bow  down;  plier  les  genoux  to  bend  the  knees;  il 
s'humilie  he  humbles  himself;  il  porte  le  deshonneur  dans  une 


REGULAR    VERBS    IN   -RE  273 

famille  unie  he  brings  dishonor  into  a  united  family;  le  vent 
balance  les  arbres;  the  wind  sways  the  trees;  il  est  brise  par  les 
secousses  morales  he  is  broken  by  remorse;  briser  ses  chaines  to 
break  loose  one's  chains;  objets  casses  broken  articles. 

une  pierre  creusee  a  hollowed  stone;  une  bille  de  bois  a  log;  une 
buche  (chunk  of  wood);  a  log;  un  bloc  de  bois  creuse  a  hollowed 
log;  la  buche  de  Noel  the  Xmas  log;  dompter  un  animal  to  tame 
an  animal;  apprivoiser  to  tame;  to  domesticate;  payer  la  casse 
to  pay  the  breakage;  par  maladresse  through  blunder  (careless- 
ness); payer  les  violons  to  pay  the  fiddler;  on  plie  du  linge  they 
fold  linen;  pencher  to  lean;  pulveriser  to  pulverize;  resistant  ou 
flexible  resisting  or  flexible;  courbe  en  arc;  bent  like  a  bow; 
pierres  concassees  or  (:  reduites  en  petits  fragments)  broken  stones 
(reduced  to  small  pieces);  friable  easily  crumbled;  il  coupe  du 
pain  he  is  cutting  bread;  il  decoupe  he  is  carving;  une  tranche 
de  pain  a  slice  of  bread;  dispensez-vous  de  penser  spare  your 
brains;  levons  le  camp  let  us  break  camp;  il  manque  a  sa  parole 
he  breaks  his  word;  on  lui  tranclia  la  tete  they  cut  off  his  head; 
un  detraque  unbalanced  mind;  sa  voix  mue  his  (her)  voice  is 
breaking;  d'une  voix  entrecoupee  in  a  broken  voice;  d'un  cceur 
navre  (brise)  with  a  broken  heart;  il  va  sur  les  brisees  de  M.  X. 
he  waits  for  Mr.  B.'s  old  shoes  (:  follows  in  his  footsteps);  c'est 
un  anneau  brise  it  is  a  split  ring;  enfant  de  la  balle  (:  une  personne 
elevee  dans  la  profession  de  son  pere)  a  child  brought  up  in  his 
father's  profession;  c'est  une  maladie  qui  se  declare  an  illness  that 
breaks  out  in  eruptions;  il  s'y  casse  le  nez  he  fails  in  it;  il  s'est 
casse  le  nez  he  broke  his  nose;  on  viola  le  droit  des  gens  they  broke 
the  law  of  nations. 

Oral  Drill: 

la  faim  chasse  le  loup  hors  du  bois  hunger  chases  the  wolf  from  the 
forest:  or:  hunger  will  break  through  stone  walls;  le  vent  souffle 
a  tout  rompre  (casser)  or:  d  tout  detraquer:  the  wind  is  blowing 
great  guns;  or:  (is  throwing  everything  into  confusion);  detraquer 
une  pendule  to  put  a  clock  out  of  order;  elle  sentit  son  cceur  se 
dechirer  she  felt  her  heart  breaking;  dechirer  le  cceur  to  wring  the 
heart;  un  incendie  se  declara  a  fire  broke  out;  c'est  couper  (fendre) 
un  cheveu  en  quatre,  that  is  to  split  hairs;  fendez-le  en  deux 
split  it  asunder;  partageons  le  differ  end  (les  parties  s'accordent) 
let  us  split  the  difference  or  (the  parties  have  come  to  an  under- 
standing); enfonqons  la  porte  let  us  break  open  the  door;  or: 
is 


274  REGULAR    VERBS    IN    -RE 

forgons-la  let  us  force  it;  Us  r  ester  ent  en  panne  (standstill)  they 
were  stopped  by  a  breakdown;  il  fit  sauter  la  banque  he  broke 
the  bank;  le  plomb  est  facile  a  player  lead  is  easy  to  bend;  I' osier 
se  ploie  facilement  rattan  is  easily  bent;  on  broie  (ecrase)  des  cou- 
leurs  en  delayant  they  blend  colors;  detremper  to  dilute;  delayer 
(detremper  dans  un  liquide)  to  dilute;  to  dilute  with  liquid ;  ecraser 
to  crush,  to  bruise,  to  overwhelm;  s' ecraser  un  doigt  to  crush  one's 
finger;  les  rugissements  de  la  tempete  the  roaring  of  a  tempest; 
pousser  des  cris  dechirants  to  utter  heart-rending  cries;  dechire- 
ments  (m.)  de  cceur  pangs  of  the  heart;  causer  de  grands  degats 
to  cause  great  devastation;  eclater  to  fly  into  shreds;  dechirer  a 
belles  dents  to  pull  to  pieces;  later er  (:  mettre  en  pieces)  to  tear  to 
pieces;  voler  en  eclats  (:  eclater)  to  fly  into  shreds;  se  rompre  to 
fly  into  pieces;  mettre  en  poudre  to  pulverize. 

Practice: 

reduire  en  poudre  or  triturer  to  triturate;  reduire  en  pate  to  reduce 
to  paste;  en  parties  menues  par  ecrasement  into  small  parts  by 
crushing;  de  la  craie  friable  breakable  chalk;  belle  tele,  point  de 
,  ceraelle!  beautiful  head,  no  brain!  vent  impetueux  violent  wind; 
le  frottement  des  roues  the  friction  of  the  wheels;  une  cassure  nette 
a  clean  break;  il  casse  or  broie  du  poivre  he  is  grinding  pepper; 
il  joule  de  I' or  he  beats  gold;  flexible  (aise  de  plier)  easy  to  bend; 
il  se  cassa  I'os  de  la  cuisse  he  broke  his  thigh-bone;  il  s'est  demis 
la  hanche  he  dislocated  his  hip. 

§  81.     DRILL  ON  THE  IMPERFECT: 

le  fleuve  rompait  ses  digues  the  river  often  broke  its  dams;  la 
riviere  the  river;  le  ruisseau  the  stream  (brook);  la  pluie  rompait 
(abimait)  toujours  nos  chemins  rain  often  damaged  our  roads; 
abtmer  to  overthrow;  to  spoil;  s'ecrouler  to  crash  down;  s'abvmer 
dans  la  douleur  to  be  plunged  in  grief;  un  amas  de  sable  apporte 
par  les  eaux  a  mound  of  sand  brought  (made)  by  the  waters; 
le  sol  fut  defonce  the  ground  was  sunken ;  un  terrain  has  et  enfonce 
a  low  and  sunken  ground;  fouler  aux  pieds  to  trample. 

Oral  Drill: 

si  on  rompait  le  silence!  suppose  we  break  the  silence!  on  rompait 
le  jeune  a  Pdques  we  broke  fast  at  Easter;  la  pluie  gala  (endom- 
magea)  les  chemins  rain  spoiled  (gullied)  the  roads;  les  soldats 
rompaient  les  rangs  a  midi  soldiers  were  dismissed  at  noon;  leurs 
voix  nous  rompaient  les  oreilles  their  voices  deafened  our  ears; 


REGULAR    VERBS    IN   -RE  275 

le  fit  thread;  on  se  torturait  I' esprit  they  puzzled  (we,  etc.)  their 
brains  (our,  etc.) ;  que  ne  rompiez-vous  le  fil  de  son  discours?  why 
did  you  not  interrupt  him  in  his  speech?  or:  que  ne  lui  coupiez- 
vous  la  parole?  why  did  you  not  interrupt  him  when  he  spoke  or: 
(:  when  he  was  speaking)?  on  s'arreta  tout  court  they  stopped 
short;  or:  abruptly;  si  on  avail  dit  un  mot,  on  rompait  son  sommeil 
if  a  word  had  been  uttered,  his  sleep  would  have  been  broken; 
sans  cesse  without  ceasing;  il  rompait  son  serment,  s'il  eut  pu 
he  would  have  broken  his  oath,  if  possible  or:  if  he  could;  sans 
cesser  unceasingly;  sans  discontinuer  without  discontinuing. 

§  82.     PAST  DEFINITE: 
Exercice  de  Conversation: 

il  rompit  son  jeune  hie.r  he  broke  his  fast  yesterday;  on  rompit  le 
silence  sans  savoir  pourquoi  they  broke  the  silence  without 
knowing  why;  interrompre  to  interrupt;  interruption,  etc.;  chemin 
raboteux  rough  road;  secouer  to  shake;  to  jolt;  la  tete  the  head; 
on  I'interpella  (on  le  somma  de  s'expliquer)  he  was  asked  to  ex- 
plain ;  abregeons  le  debat  let  us  cut  short  the  discussion ;  qui  rompit 
ce  cheval  who  broke  in  that  horse?  il  se  rompit  le  cou  he  broke 
his  neck;  la  rupture  the  break;  breaking;  une  division  entre  des 
personnes  unies  par  a  break  between  persons  united  by;  Us  rom- 
pirent:  (Us  cesser ent  d'etre  amis)  they  ceased  to  be  friends;  la 
rupture  or  fracture  d'un  os  (une  fracture  violente)  the  fracture  of  a 
bone;  la  rupture  d'une  digue  the  bursting  of  a  dam;  la  rupture 
d'un  mariage  the  breaking  off  of  a  match;  c'est  un  enfant  gate 
he  is  a  spoiled  child;  la  roue  roule  the  wheel  moves  (revolves); 
(colloq. :  il  m'a  roule  he  bowled  me  over) ;  le  roulement  des  voitures 
the  noise  of  the  carriages;  —  d'yeux  the  rolling  of  the  eyes; 
—  du  tonnerre  the  rolling  of  thunder;  le  mariage  est  rompu  the 
marriage  is  annulled;  le  cahot  the  jolt;  le  silence  du  resettlement 
the  silence  of  meditation;  dans  le  chemin  creux  qui  horde  la  route 
in  the  hollow  road  that  borders  (skirts)  the  way;  couper  la  fievre 
to  break  the  fever. 

§83.     PAST  INDEFINITE: 
Oral  Drill: 

est-ce  lui  qui  a  rompu  les  glaces  de  ce  coupe?  did  he  break  the  win- 
dows of  that  coupe  (brougham)?  la  poutre  a  rompu  (:  s'est  rompue) 
the  beam  broke;  j'ai  rompu  le  cheval,  des  que  je  Vai  re$u  I  broke 


276  REGULAR   VERBS    IN    -RE 

in  the  horse  as  soon  as  I  received  him;  il  a  casse  sa  canne  he  broke 
his  cane;  il  porte  une  canne  he  carries  a  cane;  I'arbre  porte  des 
fruits  a  tree  bears  fruit ;  elle  a  casse  sa  montre  she  broke  her  watch ; 
Us  ont  rompu  avec  leurs  habitudes  they  broke  off  with  their  habits; 
le  sceau  the  seal ;  a-t-elle  rompu  le  cachet  de  la  lettre?  did  she  break 
the  seal  of  that  letter?  tin  grand  cachet  a  large  seal ;  il  confia  la 
chose  sous  le  sceau  du  secret  he  confided  the  matter  under  the  seal 
of  secrecy ;  dccacheter  une  lettre  to  open  (unseal)  a  letter ;  depouiller 
sa  correspondance  to  open  his  mail. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

il  lit  son  courrier  he  is  reading  his  mail;  la  corde  s'est  rompue  the 
cord  broke;  vous  m'avez  rompu  les  os  you  broke  my  bones;  il 
etudie  la  musique  d  batons  rompus  or  a  diverses  reprises  he  studies 
music  by  fits  and  starts  (at  intervals);  une  horrible  morsure 
ghastly  bite;  il  n'en  reste  que  quelques  fragments  there  are  only  a 
few  pieces  left  (:  fragments);  il  a  ete  question  de  limiter  ou  d'in- 
terrompre  la  guerre  sous-marine  it  was  a  question  of  limiting  or 
putting  an  end  to  the  submarine  war;  ligne  droite  (brisee)  straight 
or  broken  line. 

§84.     PLUPERFECT  INDICATIVE: 

Oral  Drill: 

je  croyais  qu'on  avail  rompu  le  traite  I  thought  the  treaty  had  been 
broken;  il  a  cru  qu'on  avail  rompu  le  cheval  he  thought  the  horse 
had  been  broken  in;  Us  croyaient  avoir  casse  leurs  pipes  (:  qu'ils 
avaient  casse  leurs  pipes)  they  thought  they  had  broken  their 
pipes;  si  nous  I'avions  cassee,  nous  I'aurions  payee  if  we  had  broken 
it  we  would  have  paid  for  it;  je  ne  savais  si  on  avail  rompu  le  pain 
I  did  not  know  that  they  had  broken  the  bread;  on  avail  casse 
la  fenetre  quand  je  rentrai  the  window  was  broken  when  I  came 
home ;  a  I 'emporte- piece  very  sharply  ( :  cutting  answer) ;  la  voiture 
m'a  brise  (fatigue)  the  carriage  tired  me;  on  ne  fait  pas  d' omelette 
sans  casser  des  ceufs  we  do  not  make  an  omelet  without  breaking 
eggs. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

toute  entreprise  entraine  ses  perils,  ses  frais  all  enterprise  entailc 
its  perils,  its  expenses;  il  fit  ses  frais  he  made  his  expenses;  il 
fera  de  grands  frais  he  will  go  to  great  expense ;  elle  se  mil  en  frais 
(:  depensa  plus  que  de  coutume)  she  spent  more  than  usual;  a 


REGULAR    VERBS    IN    -RE  277 

grands  frais  at  great  expense;  a  peu  de  frais  at  little  expense; 
sans  depenser  beaucoup  without  spending  much  or:  without  much 
trouble;  jamais  entre  nous  ne  s'est  elevee  une  querelle  never  a  quar- 
rel arose  between  us;  d'humeur  douce  (pliable)  of  a  gentle  (amen- 
able) disposition;  docile  docile  or  tractable;  un  temperament  chaud 
ne  se  defend  pas  comme  il  veut  a  quick-tempered  person  does 
not  defend  his  rights  as  he  wishes  to;  il  lui  annonce  que  sa 
derniere  heure  est  venue  he  announces  to  him  that  his  last  hour 
has  struck. 

§85.     PAST  ANTERIOR: 
Oral  Drill: 

aussitot  que  vous  I'eutes  rompu  au  travail,  il  fut  sage  as  soon  as  he 
was  trained  up  to  his  work,  he  was  (became)  good;  des  que  les 
cordes  eurent  rompu,  il  tomba  as  soon  as  the  ropes  broke,  he  fell; 
la  poutre  sert  a  soutenir  le  toil  a  beam  serves  to  support  the  roof; 
un  chemin  aussi  bien  entretenu,  aussi  propre  qu'une  rue  a  road  as 
well  cared  for  and  as  clean  as  a  street;  d'un  coup  de  pistolet  by 
a  pistol  shot;  ses  mesures  prises  his  measures  having  been  taken; 
il  brise  tout  he  is  destructive;  quand  I'equilibre  des  forces  sera 
rompu  when  the  equilibrium  of  forces  is  at  an  end;  tout  ne  sera 
que  chaos  chaos  will  reign;  reprocher  d 'avoir  rompu  cette  union! 
to  reprove  for  having  broken  that  union ! 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

route  frequentee  frequented  path  (road);  accoutumer  (:  habituer) 
to  accustom;  to  habituate;  on  I'accoutume  au  travail  he  is  trained 
to  work;  il  s'habitue  au  bruit  he  is  getting  used  to  the  noise;  elle 
en  contracta  I'habitude  she  contracted  the  habit;  on  le  traite  dure- 
ment  they  use  him  roughly;  avec  mepris  with  scorn;  scornfully; 
on  plie  le  drap  (en  plusieurs  doubles)  cloth  is  folded  (in  many  folds) ; 
ses  mains  sont  comme  deux  tenailles  his  hands  are  like  a  pair  of 
tongs;  le  cheval  s'enleva  des  quatre  pattes  the  horse  broke  away; 
une  fracture  d'os  dont  on  enleva  une  partie  the  fracture  of  a  bone 
part  of  which  has  been  removed;  fracturer  to  fracture;  une  frac- 
tion a  fraction;  chaque  annee  each  (and  every)  year;  se  cabrer 
to  rear;  to  prance;  un  cheval  fringant  a  spirited  horse;  joule  par 
pressed  by;  une  pression  a  pression,  pressure;  le  pressurage 
des  pommes,  etc.  the  pressing  of  apples;  le  pressoir  the  wine- 
press; la  presse  a  papier  printing-press;  la  presse  a  copier 
copying- machine;  presser  I'eponge  to  squeeze  the  sponge;  presse 


278  REGULAR    VERBS   IN   -RE 

a  cidre  cider-press;  presse-citron  (s)  lemon-squeezer;  I'imprimerie 
a  printing-establishment;  presse-papier  paper-weight;  le  pressage 
the  pressing;  U  se  recommande  a  eux  he  refers  to  them;  lettre  de 
recommandation  letter  of  reference;  il  lui  recommande  de  ne  pas 
le  faire  he  requests  him  not  to  do  that. 

§86.     FUTURE: 

Oral  Drill: 

Us  rompront  le  cheval,  des  qu'il  sera  id  they  will  break  in  the  horse 
as  soon  as  he  is  here ;  je  le  romprai,  si  vous  voulez  I  shall  break  him 
in,  if  you  wish;  on  rompra  les  couleurs  the  colors  will  be  blended; 
quiconque  rompra  sa  volonte,  sera  heureux  whoever  breaks  his  will, 
will  be  fortunate;  on  m'a  assure  que  vous  le  romprez  a  I'obeissance 
I  have  been  assured  that  you  will  train  him  to  be  obedient;  vous 
ne  romprez  point  le  cachet  de  cette  lettre  you  shall  not  break  the  seal 
of  that  letter;  or-  do  not  break  the  seal,  etc.;  rompre  le  fil  de  I'eau 
to  change  the  course  of  the  water;  cf. :  on  I'arreta  or  le  detourna 
it  was  checked  or  diverted;  le  bruit  m'assourdit  the  noise  deafens 
my  ears;  on  rompra  le  marche  the  bargain  will  be  annulled;  il 
quitta  subitement  le  fil  de  son  discours  pour  entrer  dans  une  autre 
matiere  he  suddenly  changed  the  course  of  his  speech  to  branch 
off  into  another  subject;  surmonter  les  premieres  difficultes  d'une 
affaire  to  overcome  the  first  obstacles;  il  lui  dit  brusquement  et 
en  face  quelque  chose  de  desobligeant  he  said  something  to  him 
bluntly  and  unpleasantly;  il  vaut  mieux  plier  que  rompre  better 
bend  than  break:  il  ceda  he  yielded:  il  s'attira  un  malheur  irre 
parable  he  brought  an  irreparable  misfortune  upon  himself. 

§87.     FUTURE  PAST: 

Oral  Drill: 

des  que  vous  aurez  rompu  le  cheval,  il  I'achetera  as  soon  as  you  break 
in  the  horse,  he  will  buy  him;  Us  les  auront  rompus,  quand  vous 
viendrez  they  will  be  trained  (broken  in),  when  you  come;  on 
I' aura  rompu  (e)  he  or  she  must  have  been  broken  in;  on  examina 
le  projet  en  tous  sens  the  project  was  thoroughly  studied  (they 
considered  the  project  from  every  aspect);  placez  votre  carte,  de 
maniere  qu'on  voie  la  face  place  your  card  so  one  can  see  the  face 
of  it;  regardez  derriere  vous  look  behind  you;  quelle  est  la  couleur 
retournee?  what  suit  has  been  turned  up?  Us  retournent  au  combat, 
a  la  victoire  they  resume  fighting  and  conquer  again;  ces  fails  se 
retracent  a  mon  esprit  those  deeds  are  recalled  to  my  mind;  bal- 


REGULAR    VERBS    IN  -RE  279 

later  to  toss  (about);  tanguer  to  pitch;  le  roulis  d'un  vaisseau 
the  rolling  of  a  boat;  on  lui  assouplira  le  caractere  (:  on  le  rompra) 
his  temper  will  be  made  more  tractable;  I'eclisse  sert  a  maintenir 
les  os  fractures  a  splint  serves  to  hold  the  fractured  bones;  porter 
le  bras  en  echarpe  to  wear  one's  arm  in  a  sling;  echarper  la  laine 
to  comb  the  wool;  etriller  un  cheval  to  curry  (comb)  a  horse; 
etroitesse  de  vues  narrow-minded. 

§88.     CONDITIONAL: 
Oral  Practice: 

si  on  I'avait,  on  le  romprait  if  we  had  or  should  we  have  him,  we 
would  train  him  (:  break  him  in);  je  croyais  qu'on  le  romprait  I 
thought  he  would  be  broken  in;  je  s^lis  sur  qu'on  le  romprait  I  am 
sure  (that)  they  would  break  him  in;  on  le  romprait,  qu'elle  n'en 
serait  pas  satisfaite  or  (quand  meme  on  le  romprait,  elle  n'en  serait, 
etc.)  he  would  be  broken  in  and  yet  she  wouldn't  be  pleased 
(even  if  he  would  be  broken  in,  she,  etc.) ;  il  le  romprait  bien,  lui 
he  would  break  him  in  (he  would) ;  sur  la  cote  de  la  mer  de  Chine 
on  the  coast  of  the  Sea  of  China;  ecrase  par  un  enorme  poids 
crushed  by  an  immense  weight;  un  bois  reduit  en  cendres  a  wood 
(forest)  reduced  to  ashes. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

on  met  un  certain  acharnement  a  tout  detruire  they  seem  to  be  actu- 
ated by  (a  certain)  fury  in  their  destruction;  une  passion  brutale 
a  brutal  passion;  crisper  son  front  to  contract  his  forehead;  I'en- 
veloppe  de  la  chdtaigne  est  armee  de  piquants  a  chestnut  is  provided 
with  a  prickly  envelope;  glisser  la  lettre  sous  la  porte  to  slip  the 
letter  under  the  door;  la  couler  (adroitement)  to  slip  it  (adroitly); 
or:  un  billet  a  note;  contihuer  une  lecture  interrompue  to  resume 
interrupted  reading;  une  forte  tdche  (dure,  penible)  a  great  task 
(arduous,  painful) ;  on  retourne  la  terre  they  turn  the  soil. 

§  89.     CONDITIONAL  PAST  (First  Form) : 

Oral  Drill: 

vous  I'auriez  rompu,  si  vous  I'aviez  eu  or:  si  vous  I'aviez  eu,  vous 
I'auriez  rompu  you  would  have  broken  him  in,  if  you  had  had  him; 
on  aurait  rompu  la  glace,  si  on  avail  pu  they  would  have  broken 
the  ice,  if  they  could;  Us  I'auraient  rompue,  eux  they  would  have 
broken  it  (they  would);  on  croyait  la  rompre  (:  on  croyait  qu'on 
I' aurait  rompue)  they  thought  they  would  have  broken  it;  defor- 


280  ROMPRE  (continued) 

mer  le  pavage  to  break  up  the  pavement ;  les  cailloux  the  pebbles ; 
le  beton  concrete;  on  brise  la  tige  du  lin,  du  chanvre  they  crush 
the  stalk  of  flax,  of  hemp;  on  extrait  le  mineral  de  la  mine  ore  is 
extracted  from  the  mine;  fendre  I' air,  I'onde,  la  joule  to  cleave  the 
air,  to  plow  the  wave,  to  break  through  the  crowd;  sillonner  les 
mers  to  furrow  the  seas. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

avec  facilite  easily;  fendre  du  bois  to  split  wood;  le  sol  est  durci 
(battu)  or:  foule  the  soil  is  hardened  (trampled  down);  I'entretien 
d'une  route  the  maintenance  of  a  road;  metal  cassant  breakable 
metal;  facile  a  reduire  en  poudre  easy  to  reduce  to  powder;  decider 
a  rester  aupres  d'elle  to  decide  to  remain  beside  her;  etre  fou  (folle) 
de  douleur  a  Videe  de  la  separation  to  be  mad  with  grief  at  the 
thought  {idea)  of,  etc. ;  on  creuse  des  mortaises  they  hollow  mortises. 

§  90.     CONDITIONAL  PAST  (Second  Form) : 

si  vous  eussiey  rompu  votre  serment!  if  you  had  broken  your  oath! 
si  elles  eussent  rompu  leur  serment  if  they  had  broken  their  oath! 
s'il  eut  rompu  son  serment,  on  I' eut  puni  if  he  had  (should  he  have) 
broken  his  oath,  he  would  have  been  punished;  rompre  desormais 
axec  lui  les  relations  auxquelles  son  bail  V avail  assujetti  to  break  off 
henceforth  the  (business)  relations  to  which  his  lease  held  him. 

§91.     IMPERATIVE: 

romps-le  break  it  (thou);  romps-la  break  it;  rompons-le  (la) 
let  us  break  it;  rompez-les  break  them;  ne  les  rompez  pas  do  not 
break  them;  ne  le  romps  pas  do  not  break  it;  ne  la  rompez  point 
do  not  break  it;  ne  les  rompons  point  let  us  not  break  them; 
rompez!  go  away!  (break  away). 

LESSON   XXVI 
§92.     SUBJUNCTIVE  PRESENT: 

Oral  Drill: 

je  souhaite  que  vous  rompiez  sa  volonte  I  hope  you  may  break  his 
will;  elle  doute  qu'ils  le  rompent  au  travail  she  doubts  they  can 
train  him  up  to  work;  il  est  possible  qu'il  se  casse  la  jambe  he  may 
break  his  leg;  il  vaut  mieux  qu'on  rompe  le  silence  it  is  better  to 
break  the  silence;  se  tordre  (:  se  replier)  to  twist  (to  writhe;  to 
recoil;  to  spring  back);  machoire  inferieure  (superieure)  lower 


ROMPRE  (continued)  281 

(upper)  jaw;  la  bouche  mouth;  lagueule  du  lion  the  mouth  of  the 
lion ;  le  jugement  est  rendu;  I'arret  est  rendu  the  sentence  has  been 
pronounced;  the  issue  has  been  decreed;  publiquement  in  public; 
la  ratine  est  tordue  sur  elle-meme  the  root  is  twisted  (bent)  upon 
itself;  premiere  violation  des  traites  international  first  violation  of 
international  treaties;  a  quoi  bon  rompre  les  rapports  diplomatiques? 
of  what  avail  is  it  to  sever  diplomatic  relations?  bloquer  une  roue, 
un  convoi  to  block  a  wheel,  a  train;  effectuer  une  charge  a  la 
bawnnette  to  make  a  charge  with  the  bayonet. 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

en  travers  d'un  cours  d'eau  through  a  stream;  le  duel  d'artillerie 
continua  ardent  the  artillery  duel  was  vigorously  maintained; 
defaite  humiliante  humiliating  defeat;  le  prestige  militaire  a 
sombre  the  military  prestige  has  foundered;  le  tir  est  bien  regie 
the  shooting  is  well  regulated;  barrier e  elevee  sur  un  chemin  bar- 
rier erected  on  a  road ;  dresser  to  erect ;  obstacle  etabli  an  obstacle 
that  has  been  set  up;  un  casse-noisette  (s)  a  nut-cracker;  il  est 
tout  casse  he  is  all  worn  out;  cicatrice  saillante  prominent  scar; 
se  croiser  to  meet  one  another;  to  intersect;  se  signer  to  make  the 
sign  of  the  Cross. 

§93.     IMPERFECT  SUBJUNCTIVE: 
with  review: 

croit-il  que  nous  ne  rompissions  sa  volonte?  does  he  believe  he  could 
not  break  his  will?  il  faudrait  que  vous  la  rompissiez  it  would  be 
necessary  for  you  to  break  it;  il  ne  niera  pas  qu'ils  ne  la  rompissent 
he  will  not  deny  that  they  broke  it;  on  voulait  que  je  la  rompisse 
they  wished  me  to  break  it ;  on  doutait  que  je  rompisse  sa  volonte 
they  doubted  I  would  break  his  will;  on  douta  que  je  rompisse, 
etc.;  they  doubted,  etc.;  on  a  doute  que  je  rompisse  sa  volonte  it 
has  been  doubted  that  or  if  I  would  break,  etc.;  on  avail  doute 
que  je  rompisse  sa  volonte  they  had  doubted  my  breaking  (:  that 
I  could  break)  his  will ;  on  aurait  doute  que  je  rompisse  sa  volonte 
they  would  have  doubted  my  breaking  his  will. 

and  also  with  the  Conditional: 

on  douterait  que  je  rompisse  sa  volonte  they  would  doubt  my  break- 
ing his  will. 

NOTE. — In  the  last  example  the  Imperfect  (Subj.)  refers  to  a 
future  act  and  we  may  also  use  the  Present  Subjunctive: 


282  ROMPRE  (continued) 

on  douterait  que  je  rompe  sa  volonte  they  would  doubt  my  breaking 
his  will;  quoiqu'on  doutdt  que  je  rompisse  sa  volonte  although  they 
doubted  that  I  would  break,  etc. 

§94 
Review: 

(a) 

je  doute  que        (plus  the  Present  Subjunctive) 
quoique  je  doute     ' 
doutez  que 
je  douterai  que 

and  in  other  words:  governing  clauses  requiring  governed  clauses 
in  the  Present  Subjunctive ;  and  incomplete  action ; 

(b) 

je  doutais  que  (plus  the  Imperfect  Subj.) 

je  doutai  que 
quoique  je  doutasse  que     ' 
je  douterais  que 

§95 

NOTE. — In  an  hypothetical  clause  added  to  a  subordinate,  the 
Imperfect  Subjunctive  answers  to  the  Imperfect  (Indicative): 

je  ne  crois  pas  qu'il  la  rompit,  si  on  s'y  opposait  I  do  not  believe 
he  would  break  it,  if  some  one  objected. 

Again:  any  other  tense  than  (a)  requires  the  Imperfect  Subjunc- 
tive; compound  tenses  follow  the  same  (a)  and  (b);  and  the  verb 
being  the  auxiliary: 

j'ai  doute  (j'aurai  doute;  quoique  j'aie  doute)  plus  the  Present  Subj. 

or  the  Past  (Perfect)  Subj. 

j'avais  doute  (j'eus  doute;  j'aurais  doute;  quoique  j'eusse  doute) 

plus  the  Imperfect  or  the  Pluperfect  Subj.  or  complete  event. 

Subjunctive  present  answers  to  the  Present  Indicative 

Pluperfect  (Subjunctive)  answers  to  the  Pluperfect  Indicative. 

§96.     SUBJUNCTIVE  PAST  (PERFECT): 

Oral  Drill: 

on  ne  croira  pas  que  nous  I'ayons  rotnpu  they  would  not  believe 
that  we  broke  (did  break)  it;  qui  douterait  que  vous  ayez  rompu 


ROMPRE  (continued)  283 

votre  serment?  who  would  doubt  you  have  broken  your  oath? 
croient-ils  qu'ils  n'aient  jamais  rompu  leurs  vceux?  do  they  believe 
they  never  broke  their  promises?  je  n'ai  jamais  cru  qu'il  les  ait 
rompus  I  never  believed  he  did  break  them. 

and  the  General  Rule: — The  Perfect  (Past)  of  the  Subjunctive 
refers  to  a  past  act  and  depends  generally  on  a  principal  clause  in 
the  Present  or  Future  of  the  Indicative ;  and  again  the  main  under- 
lying idea  may  (in  the  principal  clause)  introduce  a  Past  tense  or 
Future  of  the  Indicative;  otherwise  study  the  context: 
j'ai  doute  qu'il  soil  parti  I  doubted  that  he  has  left;  j'ai  doute 
qu'il  fut  parti  I  doubted  that  he  had  left;  on  ne  dit  pas  qu'il  fut 
absent  we  do  not  say  he  was  absent;  elle  a  doute  qu'il  vienne  she 
doubted  his  coming  (:  that  he  will  come);  il  a  doute  qu'il  partit 
he  doubted  that  he  would  set  out;  on  ne  croyait  pas  qu'il  le  fasse 
it  was  not  believed  he  would  do  it;  il  faudrait  qu'il  le  fasse  he 
would  have  to  do  it;  je  desirerais  (je  voudrais  bien)  qu'il  le  fasse 
I  should  like  him  to  do  it. 

and  an  Imperfect  (plus  a  relative  clause)  may  have  a  Past  Sub- 
junctive instead  of  a  Pluperfect;  or  the  Imperfect  or  the  Pluperfect 
of  the  Subjunctive  may  follow  any  tense  (hi  the  Indicative). 

§97.     PLUPERFECT  SUBJUNCTIVE  : 

Oral  Drill: 

il  voudrait  que  nous  I'eussions  rompu  au  travail  he  would  wish 
(now)  we  had  trained  him  to  work ;  on  ne  savait  pas  que  vous  eus- 
siez  rompu  sa  volonte  it  was  not  known  you  had  broken  his  will; 
elle  n'aurait  pas  voulu  qu'on  eut  rompu  sa  volonte  she  would  not 
have  wished  her  will  to  have  been  broken ;  je  ne  croirai  jamais 
qu'il  I' eut  rompue,  si  elle  le  lui  avail  ordonne  I  shall  never  believe 
he  could  have  broken  it,  if  she  had  ordered  him  (to  do  so) ;  je 
doute  qu'il  les  eut  rompus  I  doubt  he  would  have  broken  them. 

§  98.  RULE. — The  Pluperfect  of  the  Subjunctive  refers 
to  a  past  act  and  depends  generally  on  the  prin- 
cipal clause  (in  one  of  the  Past  Tenses  of  the 
Indicative  and  Conditional) : 

on  doutait;  on  a  doute;  on  douta;  on  avail  doute;  on  aurait  doute 
(plus  the  que)  and  the  Pluperfect  of  the  Subjunctive. 


284  ROMPRE  (continued) 

Final  Review:  Above  all  the  main  underlying  idea  may  (in  the 
principal  clause)  introduce  a  verb  in  the  Present,  Future  of  the 
Indicative  or  Conditional,  and  require  the  Subjunctive  and  be 
followed  by  the  Pluperfect  of  the  Subjunctive;  and  again  (as 
previously  stated  at  p.  1 72  under  General  Rule)  in  an  hypotheti- 
cal clause  added  to  a  subordinate  the  Pluperfect  (Subjunctive) 
answers  to  the  Pluperfect  (Indicative) : 

RECAPITULATION 

Proposition  Proposition 

Principale  Completive 

Present  du  Subjonctif. 


Present  ou  Futur. 

Je  doute;  je  douterai 


Qu'il  le  fasse 

Parfait  du  Subjonctif. 
Qu' ill' ait  fait 


Temps  passes.  Imparfait  du  Subjonctif. 


Je  doutais;  je  doutai; 


Qu' tile  fit 


j'ai  doute;   j'avais  doute;         pl  ^^  du  Subjonctif. 

j  aurais  doute,  etc.  Qu'il  I'eut  fait 

Present  du  Conditional.       I    Present  ou  Imparfait  du  Subjonctif. 
Je  douterais  \  Qu'il  le  fasse  ou  Qu'il  le  fit 

je  ne  crois  pas  qu'il  I'eut  rompu,  si  on  le  lui  avail  defendu  I  do  not 
believe  he  would  have  broken  it,  if  he  had  been  prohibited  (to  do 
so);  cf.:  s'il  I'eut  rompu  had  he  broken  it,  etc.;  eut-il  avoue  if 
he  had  confessed;  for:  s'il  I' avail  rompu;  s'il  avail  avoue. 
(End  of  the  First,  Second  and  Third  Groups.) 

Exercice  de  Conversation: 

on  s'etonne  qu'un  impot  eut  ete  mis  sur  le  tabac  we  (they)  are  sur- 
prised that  a  tax  should  have  been  put  on  tobacco;  la  rupture 
d'un  contrat  the  breaking  of  a  contract;  le  fer  est  cassant  iron 
(is  apt  to  break)  can  be  broken;  petit  biscuit  ferme  et  cassant  a 
crisp  and  solid  little  biscuit;  on  coupe  I'arbre  pour  avoir  le  fruit 
they  are  cutting  the  tree  to  get  the  fruit;  prohiber  to  prohibit; 
fructifier  to  be  fruitful;  to  bear  fruit;  se  plier  aux  circonstances 
to  bend  (bow)  to  circumstances;  quelque  prof  and  que  soil  leur 
ressentiment  however  deep  their  resentment  may  be;  provoque 


PASSIVE    VERB    CONJUGATED  285 

par  des  motifs  humanitaires  prompted  by  humanitarian  motives; 
ce  ban  (billet)  vous  autorise  &  toucher  de  I' argent  this  ticket  entitles 
you  to  receive  some  money ;  un  bon  de  pain  bread  ticket ;  I' opera- 
tion qu'il  indique,  c'est  la  rupture  the  transaction  he  recommends 
leads  to  war  (open  hostility) ;  il  dompte  les  betes  feroces  he  is  taming 
wild  animals;  les  dresse  trains  them;  combat  tres  violent  very 
violent  battle;  I'ennemi  a  ete  brise  the  enemy  has  been  crushed; 
sur  ces  deux  points  on  both  of  these  points;  a  force  de  penser,  ma 
tele  se  creuse  by  dint  of  thinking,  I  rack  my  brain. 

son  cerveau  lucide  percera  peut-etre  les  tenebres  qui  I'environnent 
perhaps  his  lucid  mind  may  penetrate  the  veil  of  darkness;  I'acier 
est  dur  steel  is  hard;  hauler  les  cornes  d'un  taureau  to  provide 
the  bull's  horn  with  leather  tips;  un  boulet  de  canon  a  cannon- 
ball  ;  une  boule  bowl  (ball) ;  boule  noire  rejected  vote ;  jouer  a 
la  boule  to  play  at  bowls;  boule  blanche  vote  carried;  motion 
adopted;  fldner  sur  les  boulevards  to  loiter  on  the  boulevards; 
un  morceau  de  bois  fendu  pour  le  chauffage  a  piece  of  split  wood 
for  burning;  cambrer  to  bend  like  an  arc;  cambre  (horse)  whose 
knees  are  bent  out;  rompre  les  liens  de  I'amitie  to  break  the  bonds 
of  friendship;  un  clou  a  ttte  ronde  (une  punaise)  a  nail  with  a 
large,  round  head. 

LESSON  XXVII 

§  99.     CONJUGATION  OF  A   PASSIVE  VERB    (in  -er)   &tre 
dime  to  be  loved.     Rule — Lesson  XVI. 

§  100 

INDICATIVE 
Present 

je  suis  aime  (e)  I  am  loved 
tu  es  aime  (e)  you  are  loved 
il  est  aime  he  is  loved 
elle  est  aimee  she  is  loved 
nous  sommes  aimes  we  are  loved 
nous  sommes  aimees  we  are  loved 
vous  etes  aime  (e)  you  are  loved 
vous  etes  aimes  (ees)  you  are  loved 
Us  sont  aimes  they  are  loved 
dies  sont  aimees  they  are  loved 


286  PASSIVE   VERB   CONJUGATED 

§  101 

Imperfect 

j'etais  dime  (e)  I  was  loved,  Cetc.) 
tu  etais  dime  (e)  you  were  loved 
il  etait  aime  he  was  loved 
die  etait  aimee  she  was  loved 
nous  etions  aimes  we  were  loved 
nous  etions  aimees  we  were  loved 
vous  etiez  aime  (e)  you  were  loved 
vous  etiez  aimes  (ees)  you  were  loved 
Us  etaient  aimes  they  were  loved 
elles  etaient  aimees  they  were  loved 

§102 

Past  Definite 

je  fus  aime  (e)  1  was  loved 
tu  fus  aimi  (e)  you  were  loved 
il  fut  aime  he  was  loved 
elle  fut  aimee  she  was  loved 
nous  fumes  aimes  we  were  loved 
nous  fumes  aimees  we  were  loved 
vous  futes  aimes  you  were  loved 
vous  futes  aimees  you  were  loved 
Us  furent  aimes  they  were  loved 
elles  furent  aimees  they  were  loved 

§  103 

Perfect  (Past) 

fai  etc  aime  (e)  I  have  been  loved 
tu  as  etc  aime  (e)  you  have  been  loved 
il  a  ete  aime  he  has  been  loved 
elle  a  ete  aimee  she  has  been  loved 
nous  avons  ete  aimes  we  have  been  loved 
nous  avons  ete  aimees  we  have  been  loved 
vous  avez  ete  aime  (e)  you  have  been  loved 
vous  avez  ete  aimee  (ees)  you  have  been  loved 
Us  ont  ete  aimes  they  have  been  loved 
elles  ont  ete  aimees  they  have  been  loved 


PASSIVE   VERB    CONJUGATED  287 

§104 


Pluperfect 

j'avats  ete  aime  (e)   I  had  been  loved 
tu  avais  ete  aime  (e)  you  had  been  loved 
il  avail  ete  aime  he  had  been  loved 
ette  avail  ete  aimee  she  had  been  loved 
nous  avions  ete  aimes  we  had  been  loved 
nous  avions  ete  aimees  we  had  been  loved 
vous  aviez  ete  aime  (e)  you  had  been  loved 
vous  aviez  ete  aimes  (ees)  you  had  been  loved 
Us  avaient  ete  aimes  they  had  been  loved 
elles  avaient  ete  aimees  they  had  been  loved 

§105 

Past  Anterior 

j'eus  ete  aime  (e)  I  had  been  loved 
tu  eus  ete  aime  (e)  you  had  been  loved 
il  eut  ete  aime  he  had  been  loved 
elle  eut  ete  aimee  she  had  been  loved 
nous  eumes  ete  aimes  we  had  been  loved 
nous  eumes  ete  aimees  we  had  been  loved 
vous  eutes  ete  aimes  you  had  been  loved 
vous  eutes  ete  aimees  you  had  been  loved 
Us  eurent  ete  aimes  they  had  been  loved 
elles  eurent  ete  aimees  they  had  been  loved 

§  106 

Future 

je  serai  aime  (e)  I  will  (shall)  be  loved 
tu  seras  aime  (e)  you  shall  (will)  be  loved 
il  sera  aime  he  shall  (will)  be  loved 
elle  sera  aimee  she  shall  (will)  be  loved 
nous  serons  aimes  we  will  (shall)  be  loved 
nous  serons  aimees  we  will  (shall)  be  loved 
vous  serez  aimes  you  shall  (will)  be  loved 
vous  serez  aimees  you  shall  (will)  be  loved 
Us  seront  aimes  they  shall  (will)  be  loved 
elles  seront  aimees  they  shall  (will)  be  loved 


288  PASSIVE   VERB    CONJUGATED 

§  107 

Future  Anterior 

j'aurai  ete  dime  (e)  I  will  have  been  loved 
tu  auras  ete  aime  (e)  you  shall  have  been  loved 
il  aura  ete  aime  he  shall  have  been  loved 
elle  aura  ete  aimee  she  shall  have  been  loved 
nous  aurons  ete  aimes  we  will  have  been  loved 
nous  aurons  ete  aimees  we  will  have  been  loved 
vous  aurez  ete  aime  (e)  you  shall  have  been  loved 
vous  aurez  ete  aimes  (ees)  you  shall  have  been  loved 
Us  auront  ete  aimes  they  shall  have  been  loved 
elles  auront  ete  aimees  they  shall  have  been  loved 

§108 
Conditional  Present 

je  serais  aime  (e)   I  would  be  loved 
tu  serais  aime  (e)  you  should  be  loved 
il  serait  aime  he  should  be  loved 
elle  serait  aimee  she  would  be  loved 
nous  serions  aimes  we  would  be  loved 
nous  serions  aimees  we  would  be  loved 
vous  seriez  aimes  (ees)  you  should  be  loved 
Us  seraient  aimes  they  would  be  loved 

§  100 

Conditional  Past 

j'aurais  ete  aime  I  would  have  been  loved 
tu  aurais  ete  aime  you  should  have  been  loved 
il  aurait  ete  aime  he  should  have  been  loved 
elle  aurait  ete  aimee  she  would  have  been  loved 
nous  aurions  ete  aimes  we  should  have  been  loved 
nous  aurions  ete  aimees  we  should  have  been  loved 
vous  auriez  ete  aime  (e)  you  should  have  been  loved 
Us  auraient  ete  aimes  they  would  have  been  loved 

IMPERATIVE 

§  no  §  in 

Present  Perfect 

sots  aime  (e)  be  loved  aie  ete  aime  (e)  have  been  loved 

soyons  aimes(-es)  let  us  be  loved  ayons  ete  aimes  let  us  have  been,  etc. 
soyez  aime  (e  or  -es,  -ees)  be  loved  ayez  ete  aime,  etc.  have  been  loved 


PASSIVE    VERB    CONJUGATED  289 

§  112 

Present  Subjunctive 

queje  sois  aime  (e)  that  I  may  be  loved 
que  tu  sois  aime  (e)  that  you  may  be  loved 
qu'il  soil  aime  that  he  may  be  loved 
qu'elle  soil  aimee  that  she  may  be  loved 
que  nous  soyons  aimes  that  we  may  be  loved 
que  vous  soyez  aime  (e)  that  you  may  be  loved 
qu'ils  soient  aimes  that  they  may  be  loved 

§  113 
Past  Subjunctive 

quej'aie  etc  aime  (e)  that  I  may  have  been  loved 
que  tu  ates  ete  aime  (e)  that  you  may  have  been  loved 
qu'il  ait  ete  aime  that  he  may  nave  been  loved 
qu'elle  ait  eie  aimee  that  she  may  have  been  loved 
que  nous  ayons  ete  aimes  that  we  may  have  been  loved 
que  vous  ayez  ete  aimes  that  you  may  have  been  loved 
qu'ils  aient  ete  aimes  that  they  may  have  been  loved 

§  "4 
Imperfect  Subjunctive 

que  je  jusse  aime  (e)  that  I  might  be  loved  (or  other  forms  in 
English);  que  tu  jusses  aime  (e)  that  you  might  be  loved;  qu'il 
Jiit  aime  that  he  might  be  loved;  qu'elle  fut  aimee  that  she  might 
be  loved,  que  nous  Jussions  aimes  (-ees)  that  we  might  be  loved; 
que  vous  fussiez  aime  (e),  (-es);  -ees  that  you  might  be  loved; 
qu'ils  Jussent  aimes  that  they  might  be  loved,  etc. 

§115 
Pluperfect  Subjunctive 

quej'eusse  ete  aime  (e)  that  I  might  have  been  loved;  que  tu  eusses 
ete  aime  (e)  that  you  might  have  been  loved;  qu'il  eut  ete  aime 
that  he  might  have  been  loved ,  qu'elle  eut  ete  aimee  that  she  might 
have  been  loved;  que  nous  eussions  ete  aimes  (-ees)  that  we  might 
have  been  loved,  que  vous  eussiez  ete  aime  (ee)  or:  -es  (-ees)  that 
you  might  have  been  loved,  qu'ils  eussent  ete  aimes  that  they 
might  have  been  loved,  etc.,  Lesson  XXVI. 
19 


2QO  PASSIVE    VERB    CONJUGATED 

INFINITIVE 

§  Il6  §  117 

Present  Perfect 

itre  aime  to  be  loved  avoir  ete  dime  to  have  been  loved 

PARTICIPLE 

§  118  §  119 

Present  Perfect 

etant  aime  (e)  being  loved         ayant  ete  aime  (e)  having  been  loved 

§  1 20 

Past  Participle 
aime  (m.)  loved  aimee  (f.)   loved 

§  121.     RULE. — The  past  participle  of  a  Passive  Verb 
always  agrees  with  the  subject. 

NOTE. — Strictly  speaking  all  Active  (Transitive)  verbs  become 
Passive : — 

transitive : — 

on  vend  ce  livre  a  cinq  francs  that  book  is  sold  at  five  francs 

reflexive: — 

cf.:  ce  livre  se  vend  cinq  francs  that  book  is  sold  at  five  francs 

passive  :— 

le  livre  est  vendu  the  book  is  sold  (has  been  sold) 
on  (one;  we;  they)  plus  the  active  voice  often  rendered  in  English 
by  the  passive  voice.     See  Reflexive  (p.  203) ;  Intransitive  verbs 
(Neuter  verbs)  take  frequently  etre. 

Practice: 

il  est  estime  he  is  esteemed;  elle  est  estimee  she  is  esteemed;  vous 
ites  estime  (m.  sing.)  you  are  esteemed;  —  de  tons  by  all;  vous  etes 
estimee  (f.  sing.)  you  are  esteemed;  vous  etes  estimes  (m.  plur.) 
you  are  esteemed;  vous  etes  estimees  (f.  plur.)  you  are  esteemed; 
tu  es  estime  (m.  sing.)  you  are  esteemed;  tu  es  estimee  (f.  sing.) 
you  are  esteemed;  la  leqon  est  finie  the  lesson  is  over;  la  maison 
est  vendue  the  house  is  sold. 


ETRE   CONJUGATED  2QI 

Observe. — Whether  the  past  participle  ends  in  -e  (First  Group) ; 
in  -i  (2d  Group) ;  or  in  -u  (36  Group)  it  agrees  as  above  in  number 
and  gender  with  the  subject.  All  passive  verbs  take  etre  and  in 
all  tenses  and  denote  state  or  condition  resulting  from  action. 


LESSON  XXVIII 

§122 

INFINITIVE  MOOD 

Etre  to  be: 
Participial  Mood  (Present) : 

etant  being;  ete  being;  ayant  etc  having  been;  avoir  etc  to  have 
been  (Infinitive  in  the  past). 

§123 
INDICATIVE  MOOD 

Present  Indicative: 

je  suis,  tu  es,  il  est,  nous  sommes,  vous  etes,  Us  sont:  I  am,  you  are, 
he  is,  we  are,  you  are,  they  are 

Imperfect: 

j'etais,  tu  etais,  il  etait,  nous  etions,  vous  etiez,  Us  etaient:  I  was, 
you  were  (thou  wast),  he  was,  we  were,  you  were,  they  were  or: 
I  used  to  be,  etc. 

Past  Definite: 

je  fus  I  was;  tu  fus  you  were  (thou  wast);  il  jut  he  was;  nous 
fumes  we  were;  vous  jutes  you  were;  Us  jurent  they  were 

Past  Indefinite: 

j'ai  ete  I  have  been;  tu  as  ete  you  have  been  (thou  hast  been); 
il  a  ete  he  has  been;  nous  avons  ete  we  have  been;  vous  avez  ete 
you  have  been;  Us  ont  ete  they  have  been 

Past  Anterior: 

j'eus  ete  I  had  been,  etc. 

Pluperfect: 

j'avais  ete  I  had  been,  etc. 


292  ETRE  CONJUGATED  » 

Future: 

je  serai  I  will  or  shall  be;  tu  seras  you  shall  or  will  be;  il  sera  he 
shall  or  will  be;  nous  serons  we  will  or  shall  be;  vous  serez  you 
will  or  shall  be;  Us  seront  they  shall  or  will  be. 

Future  Past  (anterior) : 

j'aurai  ete  I  will  or  shall  have  been,  etc. 

CONDITIONAL  MOOD 
Present  or  Future: 

je  serais  I  would  or  should  be;  tu  serais  you  would  or  should  be; 
il  serait  he  would  or  should  be;  nous  serions  we  would  or  should 
be;  vous  seriez  you  would  or  should  be;  Us  seraient  they  would 
or  should  be. 

Past  (First  Form) : 

j'aurais  ete  I  would  or  should  have  been;  tu  aurais  ete  you  would 
or  should  have  been;  il  aurait  ete  he  would  or  should  have  been; 
nous  aurions  ete  we  would  or  should  have  been;  Us  auraient  ete 
they  would  or  should  have  been. 

Past  (Second  Form): 

j'eusse  ete  I  would  or  should  have  been;  tu  eusses  ete  you  would 
or  should  have  been;  il  eut  ele  he  would  or  should  have  been; 
nous  eussions  ete  we  would  or  should  have  been;  vous  eussiez  ete 
you  would  or  should  have  been;  Us  eussent  ete  they  would  or 
should  have  been. 

IMPERATIVE  MOOD 
Present  or  Future: 

sois  be  (thou);  soyons  let  us  be;  soyez  be  (you,  ye) 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 
Present  or  Future: 

que  je  sois  that  I  may  be  (and  other  forms  in  English) ;  que  tu 
sois  that  you  may  be  (thou  mayest  be);  qu'il  soil  that  he  may 
be;  que  nous  soyons  that  we  may  be;  que  vous  soyez  that  you 
may  be;  qu'ils  soient  that  they  may  be.  See  pp.  158-164. 

Imperfect: 

que  je  fusse  that  I  might  be  (and  other  forms  in  English) ;  que 
tu  fusses  that  you  might  be;  qu'il  fut  that  he  might  be;  que  nous 


TOMBER    CONJUGATED  2Q3 

f ttssions  that  we  might  be;  que  vous  fussiez  that  you  might  be; 
qu'ils  fussent  that  they  might  be. 

Past: 

que  j'aie  ete  that  I  may  have  been  (and  other  forms  in  English); 
que  tu  aies  ete  that  you  may  (thou  mayest)  have  been;  qu'il  ait 
ete  that  he  may  have  been;  que  nous  ayons  ete  that  we  may  have 
been;  que  vous  ayez  ete  that  you  may  have  been;  qu'ils  aient  ete 
that  they  may  have  been. 

Pluperfect: 

quej'eusse  ete  that  I  might  have  been  (and  other  forms  in  English) ; 
que  tu  eusses  ete  that  you  might  have  been;  qu'il  eut  ete  that  he 
might  have  been;  que  nous  eussions  ete  that  we  might  have  been; 
que  vous  eussiez  ete  that  you  might  have  been;  qu'ils  eussent  ete 
that  they  might  have  been. 

§  124.     CONJUGATION  OF  A  NEUTER  (INTRANSITIVE)  VERB 

ending  in  -er: 
tomber  to  fall;     tombant  falling;     tombe  (e)  fallen     (with  etre) 

je  tombe  (like  je  parle)  I  fall  (am  falling,  etc.):  tu  tombes  you  fall 
(thou  fallest):  are  falling,  etc.;  il  tombe  he  falls  (is  falling,  etc.); 
nous  tombons  we  fall  (are  falling,  etc.) ;  vous  tombez  you  fall  (are 
falling,  etc.);  Us  tombent  they  fall  (are  falling,  etc.):  Present 
Indicative. 

je  tombais  I  was  falling  (I  fell,  did  fall,  used  to  fall,  etc.) ;  tu  torn- 
bais  you  were  falling,  etc.;  il  tombait  he  was  falling,  etc.;  nous 
lombions  we  were  falling,  etc. ;  vous  tombiez  you  were  falling,  etc. ; 
Us  tombaient  they  were  falling,  etc. :  Imperfect  of  the  Indicative. 

je  tombai  I  fell;  tu  tombas  you  fell;  il  tomba  he  fell;  nous  torn- 
bdmes  we  fell;  vous  tombates  you  fell;  Us  tomber ent  they  fell:  Past 
Definite. 

je  tomber  ai  I  will  or  shall  fall;  tu  tomber  as  you  shall  or  will  fall; 
il  tombera  he  shall  or  will  fall;  nous  tomber ons  we  will  or  shall 
fall;  vous  tomber ez  you  shall  or  will  fall;  Us  tomberont  they  shall 
or  will  fall :  Future. 

je  tomber ais  I  would  or  should  fall;  tu  tomber ais  you  would  or 
should  fail;  il  tomber  ait  he  would  or  should  fall;  nous  tomberions 


294  TOMBER   CONJUGATED 

we  would  or  should  fall;  vous  tomberiez  you  would  or  should  fall; 
Us  tomberaient  they  would  or  should  fall :  Conditional  Present. 

tombe  fall  (thou);  tombons  let  us  fall;  tombez  fall:  Imperative. 

que  je  tombe  that  I  may  fall  (and  other  forms  in  English) ;  que  tu 
tombes  that  you  may  fall  (thou  mayest  fall) ;  qu'il  tombe  that  he  may 
fall;  que  nous  tombions  that  we  may  fall;  que  vous  tombiez  that  you 
may  fall;  qu'ils  tombent  that  they  may  fall:  Present  Subjunctive. 

que  je  tombasse  that  I  might  fall  (and  other  forms  in  English) ; 
que  tu  tombasses  that  you  might  fall;  qu'il  tombat  that  he  might 
fall;  que  nous  tombassions  that  we  might  fall;  que  vous  tombassiez 
that  you  might  fall;  qu'ils  tombassent  that  they  might  fall:  Im- 
perfect (Subjunctive). 


125.     COMPOUND  TENSES  with  2tre: 

je  suis  tombe  (e)  I  fell  (have  fallen) ;  tu  es  tombe  (e)  you  fell  (have 
fallen);  */  est  tombe  he  fell  (has  fallen);  nous  sommes  tombes  we 
fell  (have  fallen) ;  vous  ties  tombe  (-e;  -es;  -ees)  you  fell  (have  fallen) ; 
Us  sont  tombes  they  fell  (have  fallen) :  Past  Indefinite. 

j'etais  tombe  (e)  I  had  fallen;  tu  etais  tombe  (e)  you  had  fallen; 
il  etait  tombe  he  had  fallen;  nous  etions  tombes  (es)  we  had  fallen; 
vous  etiez  tombe  (-e;  -es;  -ees)  you  had  fallen;  Us  etaient  tombes 
they  had  fallen:  Pluperfect. 

je  jus  tombe  (e)  I  had  fallen;  tu  jus  tombe  (e)  you  had  fallen;  il 
jut  tombe  he  had  fallen ;  nous  fumes  tombes  (-ees)  we  had  fallen ; 
vous  jutes  tombe  (-e;  -es;  -ees)  you  had  fallen;  Us  furent  tombes 
they  had  fallen;  elles  furent  tombees  they  had  fallen:  Past  Anterior. 

je  serai  tombe  (e)  I  will  or  shall  have  fallen;  tu  seras  tombe  (e) 
you  will  or  shall  have  fallen;  il  sera  tombe  he  will  or  shall  have 
fallen;  nous  serons  tombes  we  will  or  shall  have  fallen;  vous  serez 
tombe  (-e;  -ee;  -es;  -ees)  you  will  or  shall  have  fallen;  Us  seront 
tombes  they  will  or  shall  have  fallen;  Future  Past  (Anterior). 

je  serais  tombe  (e)  I  would  or  should  have  fallen ;  tu  serais  tombe  (e) 
you  would  or  should  have  fallen;  il  serait  tombe  he  would  or 
should  have  fallen;  nous  serions  tombes  (-ees)  we  would  or  should 
have  fallen;  vous  seriez  tombe  (-ee;  -es;  ees)  you  would  or  should 
have  fallen;  Us  seraient  tombes  they  would  or  should  have  fallen: 
Conditional  Past. 


TOMBER   CONJUGATED  2Q5 

sois  tombe  (e)  have  fallen;  soyons  tombes  (-ees)  let  us  have  fallen; 
soyez  tombe  (-ee;  -es;  -ees)  have  fallen:  Imperative  Perfect. 

queje  sois  tombe  (e)  that  I  (may)  have  fallen;  que  tu  sois  tombe  (e) 
that  you  (may)  have  fallen;  qu'il  soil  tombe  that  he  (may)  have 
fallen;  que  nous  soyons  tombes  (-ees)  that  we  (may)  have  fallen; 
que  vous  soyez  tombes  (-ees)  that  you  (may)  have  fallen;  qu'ils 
soient  tombes  that  they  (may)  have  fallen:  Subjunctive  Past. 

que  je  fusse  tombe  (e)  that  I  (might)  have  fallen;  que  tu  fusses 
tombe  (e)  that  you  (might)  have  fallen;  qu'il  fut  tombe  that  he 
(might)  have  fallen;  que  nous  fussions  tambes  (-ees)  that  we 
(might)  have  fallen;  que  vous  fussiez  tombe  (-ee;  -es;  -ees)  that 
you  (might)  have  fallen;  qu'ils  f us  sent  tombes  that  they  (might) 
have  fallen:  Pluperfect  Subjunctive. 

etre  tombe  to  have  fallen:  Infinitive  Past. 

etant  tombe  having  fallen :  Past  (Participle) ; 
tombe  (e)  fallen:  Past  Participle. 

§  126.     OTHER  NEUTER  VERBS  CONJUGATED  WITH  etre  : 
aller  to  go  devenir  to  become 

deceder  to  die  naitre  to  be  born 

mourir  to  die  eclore  to  hatch  (out) 

parvenir  to  succeed  (reach)         intervenir  to  intervene 
arriver  (d)  to  arrive;  to  reach      rester  to  stay,  to  remain 
venir  to  come  and  its  compounds.     Note. — deceder  rarely  used. 

§127.     OTHERS  MAY  IMPLY  action  AND  state  of  being: 

with  avoir  or  etre : 

sortir  to  go  out  disparaitre  to  disappear 

entrer  to  enter  (dans)  passer  to  pass 

partir  to  set  out  retourner  to  return  (to  go  back) 

rentrer  to  go  in  again  descendre  to  descend 

accourir  to  hasten  (run  to)  croitre  to  grow  (up) 

retomber  to  fall  again  redescendre  to  come  down  again 

monter  to  go  up  remonter  to  go  up  again 

sonner  to  strike  (ring)  changer  to  change 

baisser  to  lower  (sink)  deborder  to  overflow 

demeurer  to  reside  (remain)  echouer  to  run  aground 

echapper  to  escape  rechapper  to  escape  again 

ressortir  to  go  out  again  ressusciter  to  revive  (resurrect) 
and  few  others  in  little  use. 


296  FORMS    COMPARED 

Practice: 

Us  sont  sortis  they  are  out  (have  gone  out) ;  ils  ont  sorti  lex  fleurs 
they  took  the  flowers  out;  descendez  les  mattes  take  down  the 
trunks;  ils  sont  descendus  d  I'hotel  they  are  stopping  at  the  hotel; 
elles  ont  disparu  ensemble  they  disappeared  together;  il  y  a  cinq 
ans  qu'ils  sont  disparus  it  is  five  years  since  they  disappeared. 

§128 

Some  take  avoir  only:  ils  ont  dormi  (action  is  implied).     Few  neuter 
become  Impersonal  :— 

il  est  venu  quelqu'un  some  one  came;  il  est  venu  deux  dames  two 
ladies  came. 

Compare  the  Forms  of  a  Passive  Verb  with  a  Neuter: 
ils  sont  aimes  they  are  liked  (loved);  Us  sont  arrives  they  have 
arrived. 

Material  for  General  Practice: 

retomber  dans  la  meme  faute  to  fall  back  into  the  same  state; 
to  commit  the  same  error  (recidiver);  le  feuillage  (les  branches] 
retombe  lateralement  the  foliage  (the  branches)  droops  (sinks 
down)  to  one  side  (on  both  sides);  tomber  aux  mains  de  I'ennemi 
to  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy;  errer  dans  I'espace  (le  traverser) 
to  wander  through  space  (to  soar  through  it);  de  tout  son  long 
(he  fell)  full  length;  il  tombe  bien!  he  is  lucky  or:  he  comes  to  the 
wrong  person;  a  plat  venire  flat  on  the  ground;  tomber  sur  un 
passage  to  come  across  a  passage;  renverser  une  muraille  to  tear 
down  a  wall;  la  pluie  tombe  avec  violence  it  is  raining  torrents;  se 
jeter  a  la  renverse  to  throw  one's  self;  se  pencher  en  arriere  to  lean 
backwards;  le  ballon  atterrit  the  balloon  came  down;  le  coup 
I'atterra  the  blow  overwhelmed  him. 

tomber  dans  la  degradation  to  fall  into  degradation;  la  source  a 
tari  the  spring  dried  up;  la  source  est  tarie  the  spring  has  dried 
up;  ils  ont  passe  un  contrat  they  drew  up  a  contract;  ses  beaux 
jours  sont  passes  his  best  days  are  over;  il  tomba  mart  he  fell 
dead;  us  r ester ent  sur  la  place;  grievement  blesses  they  fell  (were 
left  dead  on  the  field);  seriously  wounded;  laisser  tomber  to  let 
drop;  les  particuliers  jettent  des  lettres  dans  la  boite  individuals 
throw  letters  into  the  box ;  il  a  disparu  de  son  domicile  he  vanished 
from  his  home;  tomber  gravement  malade  to  fall  seriously  ill;  de- 


FORMS    COMPARED  297 

gager  sa  responsabilite  to  throw  off  his  responsibility;  retourner 
vers  quelqu'un  to  go  back  to  any  one;  colis  fragiles  fragile  pack- 
ages; tomber  comme  des  fruits  trap  murs  to  fall  like  overripe 
fruit;  sauter  du  haul  d'une  tour  to  leap  from  the  top  of  a  tower; 
c'est  renversant!  a  stunner!  tomber  en  extase  to  fall  into  ecstasy 
(entrancing  joy);  il  est  aise  de  tomber  it  is  easy  to  fall;  faire  re- 
tomber  la  f ante  sur  M.  X.  to  cast  the  blame  on  Mr.  B.;  tomber  en 
quenouille  or  bouc-emissaire  scape-goat;  passer  en  succession 
(entre  les  mains  des  femmes)  to  fall  to  the  female  line;  pouf! 
le  voila  par  terre  bang!  he  is  on  the  (ground)  floor;  le  vent  est  tombs 
(a  cesse)  the  wind  stopped  (has  subsided);  tomber  a  I'eau  to  fall 
into  the  water;  la  voiture  renverse  the  carriage  tips  (falls  on)  to  one 
side;  laisser  tomber  d'une  certaine  hauteur  to  let  drop  from  a  certain 
height;  dans  toute  son  etendue  to  the  full  extent;  goutte  a  goutte 
drop  by  drop;  degoutter  to  drop  (trickle,  drip;  to  roll  off); 
il  roula  de  haul  en  has  he  rolled  down  from  top  to  bottom;  de- 
gringoler  les  escaliers  to  tumble  downstairs;  rouler  sur  I' or  to  be 
very  rich ;  la  scie  the  saw ;  le  rouleau  roule  a  roller  rolls. 

un  rouleau  de  papier  roll  of  paper;  il  est  au  bout  de  son  rouleau 
he  is  at  his  wit's  end;  basculer  to  see-saw;  to  tip  off;  scier  to 
saw;  la  maison  s'ecroula  the  house  collapsed  (to  cave  in;  to  fall 
in);  les  balles  tombaient  dru  comme  grele  (mouches)  bullets  fell  as 
thick  as  hailstones  (flies);  le  malade  s'affaiblit  de  jour  en  jour 
the  patient  is  growing  weaker  every  day;  il  fut  renverse  par  une 
automobile  he  was  thrown  down  by  an  automobile ;  il  a  fait  une 
culbute  he  turned  a  somersault;  renverser  to  overturn  (upset; 
spill);  I' edifice  tomba  en  s'affaissant  avec  fracas  the  building  fell 
with  a  crash;  sur  le  dos  on  the  back;  s'affaisser  to  sink  down; 
se  precipiter  d'une  hauteur  to  leap  from  the  top;  les  deux  princes 
s'aborderent  amicalement  the  two  princes  approached  one  another 
amicably;  son  mal  est  empire  his  condition  is  worse;  or:  son  mal 
a  empire  his  condition  has  grown  worse;  cf. :  avoir  (etre)  expire 
to  have  died;  il  s'attira  une  affaire  he  got  into  a  scrape;  d,  la  torn- 
bee  du  jour  (entre  chien  et  loup)  at  the  fall  of  day;  vers  le  soir  at 
dusk;  d  la  nuit  tombante  at  nightfall;  le  jour  baisse  (:  est  au  declin) 
night  is  coming  on;  the  day  is  on  the  decline;  mon  ami  baisse 
my  friend  is  growing  weaker;  tout  tombe  en  mine  everything 
runs  to  ruin;  il  jut  sur  le  point  de  se  perdre  (se  ruiner)  he  was  on 
the  point  of  ruining  himself;  les  fonds  baissent  the  funds  are 
falling  (sinking);  baissez  le  rideau  drop  the  curtain;  baissez  les 
yeux  lower  your  eyes;  le  lever  et  le  baisser  du  rideau  the  rise  and 


298  REFLEXIVES 

fall  of  the  curtain;  le  vent  est  tombe  the  wind  has  abated;  les 
bras  me  sont  tombes  my  arms  fell  at  my  side;  or:  I  was  struck  dumb 
with  surprise;  retablir  les  forces  to  recover  one's  strength;  il 
tombe  en  faiblesse  his  strength  is  failing  (is  growing  weak)  or:  il 
se  sent  defaillir  he  feels  himself  sinking;  rendre  stupcfait  to  stu- 
pefy; la  hausse  et  la  baisse  fluctuation;  les  bras  inertes  his  (her) 
arms  inert;  du  reste,  il  a  assez  travaille;  voild  la  nuit  qui  tombe 
night  is  falling. 


LESSON  XXIX 
§129.     PRONOMINAL  VERBS  :    REFLEXIVE — RECIPROCAL 

action  on  the  same  subject: 

qui  s' excuse,  s' accuse  a  guilty  conscience  needs  no  accuser;  qui 
se  ressemble,  s'assemble  birds  of  a  feather  flock  together;  il  se 
fiatte;  elle  se  fiatte;  he  flatters  himself;  she  flatters  herself;  nous 
nous  flattens  we  flatter  ourselves;  vous  vous  flattez  you  flatter 
yourself  (-selves) ;  Us  se  flattent  they  flatter  themselves. 

§  1 30.     reciprocal  action : 

Us  s'aiment  they  love  each  other  (:  one  another);  Us  se  plaisent 
les  uns  aux  autres  (elles  .  .  .  les  unes,  etc.)  they  please  one  another 
or:  I'un  plait  a,  etc.;  plaire  (d)  to  please. 

§  131.     others  are  used  instead  of  the  Passive  Form  and 
refer  to  the  frequency  of  the  same  act : 

le  cafe  se  boit  ckaud  coffee  is  drunk  hot;  ces  livres  se  vendent  cher 
those  books  are  expensive;  la  ville  se  voit  d'ici  the  city  can  be 
seen  from  here;  cf. :  la  maison  s'est  abtmee  (ecroulee)  the  house 
collapsed  or:  (was  totally  or  wholly  destroyed);  cela  se  voit  tous 
les  jours  (journellement)  that  is  seen  daily  (an  everyday  occur- 
rence); ces  huttres  se  mangent  crues  those  oysters  are  eaten  raw; 
ces  fleurs  se  tournent  vers  le  soleil  those  flowers  turn  toward  the 
sun;  le  rugissement  du  lion  s'entend  de  fort  loin  the  roaring  of  a 
lion  can  be  heard  from  a  great  distance;  un  jeu  qui  se  joue  avec 
deux  cartes  retournees  et  legerement  pliees  a  game  played  with  two 
cards  face  up  and  slightly  bent;  ce  verbe  ne  se  conjugue  qu'd  this 
verb  is  conjugated  only  in;  les  manages  se  celebrent  d  la  mairie, 


REFLEXIVES  299 

a  I'eglise,  etc.  marriages  are  performed  (celebrated)  at  the  town- 
hall;  at  church,  etc. 

le  mais  se  seme  en  maize  (Indian  corn)  is  sown  in;  la  soucoupe  se 
place  sous  la  tasse  a  saucer  is  placed  under  the  cup;  la  peche  de 
I' Sponge  se  pratique  sur  les  cotes  d'Algerie  fishing  for  sponges  is 
practised  on  the  coast  of,  etc.;  nous  nous  sommes  trompes  (-ees) 
we  were  mistaken ;  Us  se  reconnaissent  coupables  they  acknowledge 
themselves  guilty;  Us  s'accordent  pour  le  faire  they  agree  to  make 
(do)  it;  il  s'avoue  I'auteur  de  ce  crime  he  confesses  himself  to  be 
the  author  (perpetrator)  of,  etc. ;  son  etat  s'ameliore  his  condition 
improves;  se  rapprocher  de  ses  semblables  like  meets  like;  Us  se 
font  des  concessions  mutuelles  they,  make  mutual  concessions; 
le  bruit  du  tonnerre  se  fait  entendre  the  roaring  of  thunder  is  heard ; 
s' assembler  (s'attrouper)  en  tumulte  to  assemble  noisily;  se  reunir 
to  unite;  to  gather;  to  meet;  cette  maison  se  loue  a  that  house 
can  be  rented  for.  P.  20.3. 

§132.     PRONOMINAL  VERB  ending  in  -ir;  se  repentir  to 
repent  (Irregular  Verb)  de: 

INDICATIVE  MOOD 

Present  Indicative: 

je  me  repens  I  repent;  tu  te  repens  you  repent;  il  se  repent  he 
repents;  nous  nous  repentons  we  repent;  vous  vous  repentez  you 
repent;  Us  se  repentent  they  repent. 

cf.:  je  me  retablis  (se  retablir  to  recover;  to  gain  strength) 
je  me  flatte  (se  flatter  to  flatter  one's  self)  etc. 
je  me  reconnais  (se  reconnaitre  to  know  one's  self). 

Imperfect: 

je  me  repentais  I  was  repenting,  etc.;  tu  te  repentais  you  were 
repenting,  etc.;  il  se  repentait  he  was  repenting;  nous  nous  repen- 
tions  we  were  repenting;  vous  vous  repentiez  you  were  repenting; 
Us  se  repentaient  they  were  repenting. 

Past  Definite: 

jemerepentis  I  repented;  tuterepentis  you  repented;  ilserepentit 
he  repented;  nous  nous  repentimes  we  repented;  vous  vous  repen- 
tites  you  repented;  Us  se  repentir ent  they  repented. 


3OO  REFLEXIVES 

Future: 

je  me  repentirai  I  will  or  shall  repent;  tu  te  repentiras  you  shall 
or  will  repent;  il  se  repentira  he  shall  or  will  repent;  nous  nous 
repentirons  we  will  or  shall  repent;  vous  vous  repentirez  you  shall 
or  will  repent;  Us  se  repentiront  they  shall  or  will  repent. 

CONDITIONAL  MOOD 

Conditional  Present  or  Future: 

je  me  repentirais  I  would  or  should  repent;  tu  te  repentirais  you 
would  or  should  repent ;  il  se  repentirait  he  would  or  should  repent ; 
nous  nous  repentirions  we  would  or  should  repent;  vous  vous  repen- 
tiriez  you  would  or  should  repent;  Us  se  repentiraient  they  would 
or  should  repent. 

IMPERATIVE  MOOD 

Present: 

repens-toi  repent;  repentons-nous  let  us  repent;  repentez-vous  repent; 
qu'il  se  repente  let  him  repent;  qu'ils  se  repentent  let  them  repent. 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 

Present  or  Future: 

queje  me  repente  that  I  (may)  repent  (or  other  forms  in  English); 
que  tu  te  repentes  that  you  (may)  repent,  etc.;  qu'il  se  repente 
that  he  (may)  repent;  que  nous  nous  repentions  that  we  (may) 
repent;  que  vous  vous  repentiez  that  you  (may)  repent;  qu'ils  se 
repentent  that  they  (may)  repent.  Review  Rules,  pp.  158-162. 

Imperfect  (Subjunctive): 

que  je  me  repentisse  that  I  (might)  repent  (or  other  forms  in  Eng- 
lish); que  tu  te  repentisses  that  you  (might)  repent;  qu'il  se  repentit 
that  he  (might)  repent ;  que  nous  nous  repentissions  that  we  (might) 
repent;  que  vous  vous  repentissiez  that  you  (might)  repent;  qu'ils 
se  repentissent  that  they  (might)  repent. 

COMPOUND  TENSES 

Past  Indefinite: 

je  me  suis  repenti  (e)  I  have  repented  (I  repented);  tu  t'es  repenti 
(e)  you  have  repented ;  il  s' est  repenti  he  has  repented;  nous  nous 
sommes  repentis  (-es)  we  have  repented,  etc.;  vous  vous  ties  repenti 
(-e; -s; -es)  you  have  repented ;  Us  se  sont  repentis  they  repented. 


REFLEXIVES  3OI 

Pluperfect: 

je  m'etais  repenti  (e)  I  had  repented;  tu  t'etais  repenti  (e)  you  had 
repented,  etc. 

Past  Anterior: 

je  me  fus  repenti  (e)  I  had  repented;  tu  te  Jus  repenti  (e)  you  had 
repented;  il  se  jut  repenti  he  had  repented,  etc. 

Future  Past: 

je  me  serai  repenti  (e)  I  shall  have  repented ;  tu  te  seras  repenti  (e) 
you  will  or  shall  have  repented,  etc. 

Conditional  Past: 

je  me  serais  repenti  (e)  I  would  or  should  have  repented;  tu  te 
serais  repenti  (e}  you  would  or  should  have  repented;  il  se  serait 
repenti  he  would  or  should  have  repented,  etc. 

Subjunctive  Past: 

que  je  me  sois  repenti  (e)  that  I  (may)  have  repented  (or  other 
forms  in  English);  que  tu  te  sois  repenti  (e]  that  you  (may)  have 
repented;  qu'il  se  soil  repenti  that  he  (may)  have  repented,  etc. 

Pluperfect  (Subjunctive) : 

que  je  me  fusse  repenti  (e)  that  I  (might)  have  repented  (or  other 
forms  in  English) ;  que  tu  te  fusses  repenti  (e)  that  you  (might) 
have  repented;  qu'il  se  fut  repenti  that  he  (might)  have  repented, 
etc. 


§  133 
INFINITIVE  PAST 

s'etre  repenti  to  have  repented. 

PARTICIPLE 

Present:  Past 

se  repentant  repenting  s'etant  repenti  having  repented 

PAST  PARTICIPLE 

repenti  (m.)  repented  repentie  (f.)  repented 


302  IMPERSONAL   VERB 

LESSON  XXX 

CONJUGATION  OF  AN  IMPERSONAL  VERB  ending  in  -er: 
neiger  to  snow. 

§  i34 
INDICATIVE 

Present  Past  Indefinite 

il  neige  it  snows  (is  snowing)      il  a  neige  it  has  snowed 

Imperfect  Pluperfect 

il  neigeait  it  was  snowing  il  avail  neige  it  had  snowed 

Past  Definite  Past  Anterior 

il  neigea  it  snowed  il  cut  neige  it  had  snowed 

Future  Future  Past  (Anterior) 

il  neigera  it  will  snow  il  aura  neige  it  will  have  snowed 

Conditional  Present  Conditional  Past 

il  neigerait  it  would  snow  il  aurait  neige  it  would  have,  etc. 

Subjunctive  Present  Subjunctive  Past 

qu'il  neige  that  it  may  snow      qu'il  ait  neige  that  it  may  have,  etc. 

Imperfect  (Subjunctive)  Pluperfect  (Subjunctive) 

qu'il  neigedt  that  it  might  snow   qu'il  eiit  neige  that  it  might  have 

snowed 

INFINITIVE 

Present  Past 

neiger  to  snow  avoir  neige  to  have  snowed 

PARTICIPLE 

Present  Past 

neigeant  snowing  neige  snowed;  la  neige,  snow 

Practice: 

falloir  to  be  necessary;  pleuvoir  to  rain. 


NUMBERS 


303 


§  135-     LES  NOMBRES  CARDINAUX  (Cardinal  Numbers}: 

21  vingt  et  un  twenty-one 

22  vingt-deux  twenty-two,  etc. 

30  trente  thirty 

3 1  trente  et  un  thirty-one 

32  trente-deux  thirty-two,  etc. 

40  quarante  forty 

41  quarante  et  un  forty-one 

50  cinquante  fifty 

51  cinquante  et  un         fifty-one 

60  soixante  sixty 

6 1  soixante  et  un  sixty-one 

70  soixante-dix  seventy 

7 1  soixante  et  onze         seventy-one 

72  soixante-douze  seventy-two,  etc. 

80  quatre-vingts  eighty 

8 1  quatre-vingt-un          eighty-one 

82  quatre-vingt-deux      eighty-two,  etc. 

90  quatre-vingl-dix  ninety 

91  quatre-vingt-onze  ninety-one 

92  quatre-vingt-douze  ninety-two,  etc. 
too  cent         (a  or:)  one  hundred 

101  cent  un     (one)          hundred  and  one 
deux  cents  two  hundred;  trois  cents  three  hundred,  etc. 

NOTE. — s  when  cent  is  multiplied;  no  s  when  cent  is  followed  by 
another  numerical  adjective:  trois  cent  un  (301);  trois  cent  deux 
(302),  etc.;  likewise  with  vingt:  quatre  vingts  livres  eighty  books; 
quatre-vingt-deux  eighty-two,  etc. 

quatre  cents  four  hundred;  cinq  cents  five  hundred;  six  cents  six 
hundred;  sept  cents  seven  hundred;  huit  cents  eight  hundred; 
neuf  cents  nine  hundred;  mille  one  thousand;  deux  mille  two 
thousand;  un  million  one  million;  un  milliard  one  billion;  un 
crayon  a  (one)  pencil;  une  plume  a  pen. 

cf.:  mil  (Christian  era)  neuf  cent  seize  (1916)  one  thousand  nine 
hundred  and  sixteen;  before  Christ  mille  (1900)  neuf  cent  or  again: 
nineteen  hundred  (dix-neuf  cent) ,  etc. ;  deux  milles  two  miles. 

§  136.     NOMBRES  ORDINAUX  (Ordinal  Numbers}: 

premier  (premiere)  first;  deuxieme  (second)  (e)  second;  troisieme 
third;  quatrieme  fourth;  cinquieme  fifth;  sixieme  sixth;  septieme 


o  zero 

zero 

i   un  (e) 

one 

2  deux 

two 

3  trois 

three 

4  quatre 

four 

5  cinq 

five 

6  six 

six 

7  sept 

seven 

8  huit 

eight 

9  neuf 

nine 

10  dix 

ten 

ii  onze 

eleven 

12  douze 

twelve 

13  treize 

thirteen 

14  quatorze 

fourteen 

15  quinze 

fifteen 

i  6  seize 

sixteen 

17  dix-sept 

seventeen 

1  8  dix-huit 

eighteen 

19  dix-neuf 

nineteen 

20  vingt 

twenty 

304  AGES 

seventh;  huitieme  eighth;  neuvieme  ninth;  dixieme  tenth;  onzieme 
eleventh,  etc. 

2Oth:  vingtieme  twentieth;  2ist:  vingt  el  unieme  twenty-first; 
22nd  (22 e)  vingt-deuxieme  twenty-second;  le  ler.  mai  the  first  of 
May  or:  May  First;  le  deux  juin  the  second  of  June;  Napoleon 
ler.  Napoleon  the  First;  Louis  qualorze  Louis  the  Fourteenth; 

NOTE. — premier  is  the  only  ordinal  used  for  months  or  proper 
names:  Napoleon  III  (trots)  Napoleon  the  Third,  etc.;  cf. : 
d'abord  first;  puis  then;  preincrement  first  (firstly);  deuxieme  is 
preferred  to  second  when  it  suggests  third,  etc.:  il  est  le  second 
he  is  the  second  (only  two  are  suggested);  il  est  le  deuxtime  he 
is  the  second  (refers  to  the  idea  of  a  third). 

Practice: 

Us  sont  descendus  les  premiers  they  came  down  first;  un  demi 
(une  moitie)  one  half  (1A)\  2  }/*  (deux  demis)  halves;  le  tiers  % 
one  third;  %  un  quart  one  fourth;  ^  un  cinquieme  one  fifth; 
3/i4  trois  quatorziemes  three  fourteenths;  une  douzainc  a  dozen; 
une  huitaine  about  eight;  une  dizaine  about  ten;  une  quinzaine 
about  fifteen;  une  vingtaine  (a  score)  about  twenty,  etc.;  un 
milliard  or  un  billion  a  billion;  une  paire  a  couple  (a  pair; 
two);  un  couple  d'amis  a  couple  of  friends;  une  couple  d'ceufs 
two  eggs;  un  millier  about  a  thousand;  une  demi-heure  half  an 
hour;  une  heure  et  demie  an  hour  and  a  half;  a  la  page  deux  cent 
page  two  hundred ;  trois  millions  de  francs  three  million  francs. 

§  137.     AGES — DIMENSIONS: 

Review: 

quel  age  a  monsieur?  How  old  are  you,  Sir?  J'ai  cinquante  ans  I  am 
fifty  years  old;  man  frere  a  trente  ans  et  ma  sceur  en  a  vingt-huit 
my  brother  is  thirty  years  old  and  my  sister  is  twenty-eight; 
il  est  age  de  vingt  ans  he  is  twenty  years  of  age  (he  is  twenty); 
vous  dies  mains  age  que  lui  de  cinq  ans  you  are  younger  than  he 
by  five  years;  plus  age  older;  elle  est  plus  agee  que  son  man  de 
deux  ans  she  is  two  years  older  than  her  husband;  quel  age  avez- 
vous  how  old  are  you?  etc.;  a  I'dge  de  raison  at  the  age  of. reason; 
de  quelle  hauteur  est  cet  edifice  or  quelle  est  la  hauteur  de  cet  edifice 
what  is  the  height  of  this  building?  il  est  haul  de  cent  pieds  (il  a 
cent  pieds  de  hauteur;  il  a  cent  pieds  de  haul;  il  a  une  hauteur  de 
cent  pieds)  it  is  one  hundred  feet  high;  long,  haul,  large  may  be 


TIME  305 

used  for  longueur,  hauteur,  largeur,  but  not  profond  nor  epais  for 
profondeur  and  epaisseur;  plus  epais  de  deux  pouces  thicker  by 
two  inches. 

§  138.     TIME  OF  DAY— DATES: 

quette  heure  est-il  what  time  is  it  (what  o'clock)  is  it?  il  est  une 
heure  it  is  one  o'clock;  il  est  une  heure  el  demie  it  is  half -past  one; 
il  est  trois  heures  (et)  un  quart  (it  is)  quarter  past  three;  trois  heures 
et  demie  half -past  three;  il  est  six  heures  mains  cinq  (minutes) 
five  minutes  to  six;  six  heures  six  (minutes)  six  minutes  past  six; 
I'heure  du  depart  hour  for  departure;  3:45  P.M.  (trois  quarante-cinq 
P.M.)  three  forty-five;  d  huit  heures  du  soir  at  eight  o'clock  in 
the  evening ;  a  une  heure  precise  on  the  stroke  of  one  (at  one  o'clock 
sharp  [precisely]);  promptly  at  one  (o'clock);  a  quelle  heure  at 
what  time?  vers  (les)  sept  heures  toward  (about)  seven  (o'clock); 
I'heure  du  diner  dinnertime;  quel  quantieme  du  mois  est-ce  aujourd' 
hui  (le  combien  what  day?)  what  day  of  the  month  is  this  (— 
is  it  to-day)?  quel  jour  du  mois  sommes-nous  aujourd' hui?  or: 
quel  jour  du  mois  est-ce  aujourd' hui  what  day  of  the  month,  etc.? 
c'est  aujourd1  hui  le  premier  (du  mois)  to-day  is  the  first;  c'est 
aujourd' hui  le  deux  (du  mois)  to-day  is  the  second ;  ce  sera  demain 
le  trois  to-morrow  will  be  the  third;  le  ler.  mai  the  first  of  May 
(on  the  first  of  May);  c'est  aujourd' hui  le  ler.  mai  it  is  May  first; 
il  est  parti  le  deux  Janvier  he  left  on  January  second;  en  mai  in  May; 
au  mois  de  mai  in  the  month  of  May;  en  (dans)  quel  mois  in 
what  month;  en  1917  (mil  neuf  cent  dix-sept);  dix-neuf  cent  dix- 
sept  in  nineteen  seventeen  or  in  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and 
seventeen;  d' aujourd' hui  en  huit  est  (sera)  la  sortie  a  week  from 
to-day  is  Commencement  Day;  d' aujourd' hui  en  quinze  est  la 
rentree  des  classes  (in)  two  weeks  from  to-day  is  the  beginning  of 
the  term  (:  the  opening  of  school,  etc.);  il  y  a  quinze  jours  two 
weeks  ago  (a  fortnight  ago);  il  y  a  huit  jours  (:  une  semaine  a 
week)  a  week  ago;  lundi  en  huit  (de  lundi  en  huit)  a  week  from 
Monday. 

Practice: 

le  double  double;  le  tiers  etat  (le  tiers  neither  of  the  nobility  nor 
of  the  clergy)  but  commoners?  French  Hist.;  le  triple  triple;  le 
quadruple  quadruple;  le  quintuple  fivefold;  le  sextuple  sixfold; 
le  septuple  sevenfold;  I' octuple  eightfold;  le  nonuple  ninefold; 
le  decuple  tenfold;  le  centuple  hundredfold ;  le  decime  (ro)  the  tenth 
part  of  a  franc;  cinq  centimes  one  cent;  dix  centimes  (2)  two 
20 


306  MONEY 

cents,  etc. ;  cinquante  centimes  ten  cents ;  un  franc  about  twenty 
cents;  une  piece  de  deux  francs  two-franc  piece;  cinq  frs.  (un 
dollar)  one  dollar;  decimer  to  decimate;  to  destroy  a  considerable 
part  of;  chapitre  trois  chapter  third;  les  deux  premiers  chapitres 
the  first  two  chapters;  une  fois  once.*- 


PART  IV 

IRREGULAR  VERBS 


307 


IRREGULAR  VERBS 
in  -er 

§i 
oiler,  to  go 

Present  Ind.: 

I  go,  etc. :  je  vais,  tu  vas,  il  va,  nous  allons,  vous  allez,  Us  vont. 
Imperf . : 

I  was  going,  etc.:  j'allais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
PastDef.: 

I  went,  etc. :  j'allai,  -as,  -a,  -dmes,  -ales,  erent. 
Pastlndef.: 

I  have  gone,  etc. :  je  suis  alle,  tu  es  alle,  etc. 

NOTE. — See  tomber,  page  294. 
Future: 

I  will  go,  etc.:  j'irai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

I  would  go,  etc.:  j'irais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez, .-aient. 
Imperat. : 

go,  etc.:  va,  allons,  allez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

that  I  may  go,  etc.:  que  faille,  que  tu  ailles,  qu'il  aille,  que  nous 

allions,  que  vous  alliez,  qu'ils  aillent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

that  I  might  go,  etc.:    que  j'allasse,  que   tu    allasses,  qu'il  alldt, 

que  nous  allassions,  que  vous  allassiez,  allassent. 
NOTE. — All  its  compound  tenses  with  dtre. 

§2 

envoyer  to   send,    to   throw;   renvoyer  to    send   hack,    to 
discharge. 


Pres.  Ind.: 

j'envoie,  -es  -e,  envoyons,  envoyez,  envoient. 

309 


3IO  IRREGULAR   VERBS   ENDING   IN   -ER 

Imperf.: 

j'envoyais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
PastDef.: 

j'envoyai,  -as,  -a,  -Ames,  -dies,  -erent. 
Future: 

j'enverrai,  -as,  -a,  -cms,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

j'enverrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat.: 

envoie,  envoyons,  envoyez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

quej'envoie,  -es,  -e,  envoyions,  -iez,  envoient. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  j'envoyasse,   -es,  envoydt,  envoyassions,   que  vous  envoyassiez, 

qu'ils  envoyassent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

envoyant. 
Past  Part.: 

envoye,  envoyee. 
Compound  Tenses: 

j'ai  envoye,  etc. 

in  -4r 

§3 

acquerir    to    acquire;    conquerir   to    conquer;    s'enquerir 
to  inquire;  querir  to  be  in  quest  (seek);    requerir   to 
request   (require);  reconquerir  to  reconquer, 
cf . :  acheter  to  buy ;  faire  des  achats  to  make  purchases ; 
faire  des  emplettes  to  go  shopping. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

j'acquiers,  tu  acquiers,  il  acquiert,  nous  acquerons,  vous  acquerez, 

Us  acquverent. 
Imperf.: 

j'acquerais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -ai&it. 
PastDef.: 

j'acquis,  -is,  -it,  -imes,  -ties,  -irent. 
Future: 

j'acquerrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -et,  -ont. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING    IN   -IR  311 

Condit.: 

facquerrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iet,  -aient. 
Imperat.: 

acquiers,  acquerons,  acquerez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  j'acquiere,  -es,  -e,  que  n.  acquerions,  -iez,  qu'ils  acquierent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  j'acquisse,  -es,  qu'il  acquit,  que  n.  acquissions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Pres.  Part.:    acquerant.  Past  Part. :  acquis,  acquise. 

NOTE. — querir  (no  e  acute)  used  in  the  Infinitive  only. 
cf. :  envoyez  querir  le  medecin-chirurgien  (surgeon)  and  allez  cher- 
cher,  etc.     P.  I  78. 

§4 

assaillir  to  attack  (hastily  and  vigorously), 
cf. :  attaquer  to  attack  (to  begin  an  attack). 

Pres.  Ind.: 

j'assaille,  -es,  -e,  -ons,  -ez,  -ent. 
Imperf.: 

j'assaillais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
PastDef.: 

j'assaillis,  -is,  -it,  -imes,  -ttes,  -irent. 
Future: 

j'assaillirai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

j'assaillirais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 

Imperat. : 

assaUle,  assaillons,  assaillez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  j'assaille,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

quej'assaillisse,  -es,  qu'il  assailltt,  que  n.  assaillissions,  assaillissiez, 

assaillissent. 
Pres.  Part.:    assaillant.  Past  Part.:   assailli,  assaillie . 

NOTE. — Likewise  conjugated :  tressaillir  (de  joie,    de    peur),    to 
start  with  joy,  fear. 


312  IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING    IN    -IR 

§5 

benir  to  bless,  like  finir;  in  reference  to  Holy  water  or 
consecrated  bread,  use  adjective:  benit,  benite. 

§6 

bouillir  to  boil;  rebouillir  to.  boil  again;  ebouillir  boil 
away. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  bous,  bous,  bout,  bouillons,  -ez,  -enl. 
Imperf.: 

je  bouillais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
PastDef.: 

je  bouillis,  -is,  -it,  -tmes,  -ites,  -irent. 
Future: 

je  bouillirai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  bouillirais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat . : 

bous,  bouillons,  bouillez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

queje  bouille,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

queje  bouillisse,  -es,  bouUlit,  que  n.  bouillis sions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

bouilla.nl. 
Past  Part.: 

bouilli,  bouillie. 

§7 

courir  to  run;  accourir  to  hasten;  concourir  to  concur, 
to  compete;  discourir  to  discourse;  encourir  to  incur; 
par  courir  (courir  par}  to  run  over;  recourir  to  run 
again,  to  have  recourse  to ;  secourir  to  succor  (assist) . 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  cours,  tu  cours,  il  court,  nous  courons,  vous  courez,  Us  courent. 
Imperf. : 
je  courais,  -ais,  -ail,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING    IN    -IR 


313 


Past.  Def.: 

je  courus,  -us,  -ut,  -times,  -utes,  -urent. 
Future: 

je  courrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -on/. 
Condit. : 

je  courrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat . : 

cours,  courons,  courez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  coure,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  courusse,  -es,  courut,  que  n.  courussions,  que  r.   courussiez, 

qu'ils  courussent. 
Pres.  Part. : 

courant. 
Past  Part.: 

couru,  courue. 

Compound  Tenses  with  avoir:  j'ai  couru,  etc. 

§8 

couvrir  see  offrir;  decouvrir  like  offrir. 

cueillir  to  cull,  to  gather,  to  pick;  it  is  conjugated  like 
parler,  except  in  the  Past  Participle,  Past  Definite, 
Imperfect  Subj.,  and  Infinitive;  also  in  its  compounds. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  cueille,  -es,  -e,  -ons,  -ez,  -ent. 
Imperf. : 

je  cueillais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Past  Def.: 

je  cueillis,  -is,  -it,  -imes,  -ites,  -irent. 
Future: 

je  cueillerai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  cueilierais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat.: 

cueille,  cueillons,  cueillez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  cueille,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 


314  IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING    IN   -IR 

Imperf.  Subj.: 

qtie  je  cueillisse,  -es,  -it,  que  n.  cueillissions,  -issiez,  -issent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

cueittant. 
Past  Part.: 

cueilli,  cueillif. 

§9 

dormir  to  sleep;  s'endormir  to  fall  asleep;  endormir  to 
put  to  sleep;  redormir  to  sleep  again;  r endormir  to 
put  to  sleep  again;  se  rendormir  to  go  to  sleep  again. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  dors,  tu  dors,  il  dort,  n.  dormons,  -ez,  -ent. 
Imperf.: 

je  dormais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
PastDef.: 

je  dormis,  -is,  -it,  -tmes,  -ties,  -irent. 
Future: 

je  dormirai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  dormirais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat . : 

dors,  dormons,  dormez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  dorme,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj. : 

que  je  dormisse,  que  tu  dormisses,  qu'il  dormit,  que  n.  dormissions, 

dormissiez,  dormissent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

dormant. 
Past  Part.: 

dormi. 

§10 

faillir  (faireunefaute)  to  fail;  faillir  (with  an  Infinitive) 
or  Ztre  sur  le  point  de,  to  come  near;  defaillir  to  grow 
faint  (and  weak) ;  faillir  to  fail  in  business, 
cf. :  manquer  to  fail  (to  do),  to  miss,  to  lack. 


IRREGULAR   VERBS    ENDING    IN  -IR  315 

faillir  almost  like  finir  and  the  irregular  forms  of  the 
Pres.  Indicat.,  Future,  and  Condit.  are  so  seldom  used 
that  many  conjugate  them  ttkefinir. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  faux,  faux,  faut,  faillons,  -ez,  -ent. 
Imperf . : 

jefaillais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Past.  Def.: 

jefaillis,  -is,  -it,  -imes,  -ites,  -irent. 
Future: 

je  faudrai  or  faillirai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit. : 

je  faudrai  or  faillirais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
No  Imperative. 
No  Subj.  Present. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

quejefaillisse,  -es,  faillit,  que  n.  faillissions,  que  v.  faillissiez,  qu'ils 

faillissent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

faillant. 
Past  Part.: 

failli,  faillie. 

§" 

Jerir  to  strike,  has  only  the  Past  Participle : — 

Used  only  in  sans  coup  ferir,  without  striking  a  blow, 

that  is;  sans  en  venir  aux  mains. 

feru,ferue  smitten;  feru  d' amour:  aimer  a  lafolie. 


fleurir  to  flower  (blossom),  \\kefinir;  the  Past  Participle 
has  two  forms :  fleurissant  and  florissant  (flourishing) ; 
also  in  the  Imperf ect,fleurissais,  etc.  andflorissais,  etc. 
NOTE. — It  is  wrong  to  use  the  latter  forms  interchangeably. 

§  13 
fuir  to  flee,  to  run  away;  s'enfuir  to  run  away,  to  run  off. 


316  IRREGULAR   VERBS    ENDING    IN  -IR 

Pres.  Ind.: 

jefuis,  fuis,  fuit,  n.  fuyons,  fuyez,  fuient. 
Imperf . : 

je  fuyais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
PastDef.: 

jefuis,  fuis,  fuit,  fuimes,  fuites,  fuirent. 
Future: 

jefuirai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

jefuirais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat . : 

fuis,  fuyons,  fuyez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

quejefuie,  -es,  -e,  que  n.  fuyions,  -iez,  fuient. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  fuisse,  -es,  futt,  fuissions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

fuyant. 
Past  Part.: 

fuijuie. 

§14 
gisir  to  lie,  used  only  in: — 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  gis,  gis,  git  (ci-gtt,  here  lies),  gisons,  -ez,  -ent. 
Imperf. : 

je  gisais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Pres.  Part.: 

gisant. 

cf. :  c'est  de  I' argent  mart,  money  lying  idle. 

§  15 

hair  to  hate,  like  finir;  no  trema  (diaeresis)  in  the  Sin- 
gular (Pres.  Ind.)  nor  in  the  2d  person  Imperative  and 
takes  no  circumflex. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  hais,  hais,  hait,  kaissons,  haissez,  -ent. 


IRREGULAR   VERBS    ENDING    IN  -IR  317 

Imperf . : 

je  ha'issais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
PastDef.: 

hais,  hois,  hdit,  halmes,  hdites,  hdirent. 
Future: 

hairai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

halrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat. : 

hais,  haissons,  haissez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  haisse,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  ha'isse,   -es,   hail,   que    n.   ha'issions,    que   v.   haissiez,   quits 

hats  sent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

haissant. 
Past  Part.: 

hai,  haie. 

Observe. — Several  expressions  referring  to  hatred,  love,  anger, 

etc.,  Lesson  XVIII. 

§  16 

issu,  issue  (Past.  Part,  from  the  old  verb  issir,  sortir} 
born,  sprung  (descended)  from. 

Us  etaient  issus  d'un  desfils  de  M.  X. 
as  a  noun:  a  I' issue  du  combat. 
cf . :  to  be  issued  paraitre. 

§  17 
mentir  to  lie,  not  to  speak  the  truth. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  mens,  mens,  ment,  mentons,  mentez,  mentent. 
Imperf. : 

je  mentais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Past.  Def.: 

je  mentis,  -is,  -it,  -imes,  -ites,  -irent. 


318  IRREGULAR   VERBS    ENDING    IN  -IR 

Future: 

je  mentirai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -on/. 
Condit.: 

je  mentirais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat.: 

metis,  mentons,  mentez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

queje  mente,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

queje  mentisse,  -es,  menttt,  que  n.  mentissions,  mentissiez,  mentissent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

mentant. 
Past  Part.: 

menti,  mentie. 

Observe. — Conjugated  in  like  manner  partir  to  leave;  sortir 
to  go  out;  sentir  to  feel;  servir  to  use  and  compounds;  excep- 
tions: asservir,  ressortir,  assortir,  repartir  likefinir. 

§  18 

mourir  to  die;  it  takes  tire  in  Compound  Tenses; 
mourir  de  soif  to  die  with  thirst;  mourir  de  faim  to 
starve;  mourir  de  rire  to  die  with  laughter;  mourir  de 
froid  to  perish  from  cold;  mourir  de  peur  to  die  of 
fright;  mourir  de  regret  to  die  of  a  broken  heart;  mourir 
de  la  poitrine  (de  phtisie)  to  die  of  consumption, 
cf. :  meurtrir  to  bruise;  meurtrier  murderer. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  meurs,  meurs,  meurt,  mourons,  mourez,  meurent. 
Imperf.: 

je  mourais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
PastDef.: 

mourus,  -us,  -ut,  -umes,  -utes,  -urent. 
Future: 

tnourrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -onl. 
Condit.: 

mourrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING   IN  -IR  3IQ 

Imperat.: 

meurs,  mourons,  mourez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  meure,  -ex,  -e,  que  n.  mourions,  -iez,  qu'ils  meurent. 

Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  mourusse,  -es,  mourut,  que  nous  mourussions,  mourussiez, 

mourussent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

mourant. 
Past  Part.: 

mart,  morte. 

NOTE. — amortir,  to  deaden,  to  sink  or  redeem;  c'est  un  fonds 

d'amortissement  it  is  a  sinking-fund. 

§  19 

offrir  to  offer;  conjugated  like  parler,  except  in  the  Past 
Def. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

j' off  re,  -es,  -e,  -ons,  -ez,  -ent. 

Imperf.: 

j'offrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Past.  Def.: 
j'offris,  -is,  -it,  -imes,  -ites,  -irent. 

Future: 

j'offrirai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

j' offrir  ais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat. : 

offre,  offrons,  offrez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  j1  offre,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  j'offrisse,  -es,  offrit,  que  n.  offrissions,  -iez,  -ent. 

Pres.  Part.: 

offrant. 
Past  Part.: 

offer  I,  offerte.     Likewise:  ouvrir,  etc. 


320  IRREGULAR   VERBS    ENDING    IN  -IR 

§20 

ouvrir  to  open;  couvrir  to  cover;  rouvrir  to  open  again; 
souffrir  to  suffer;  decouvrir  to  discover;  recouvrir  to 
cover  again;  entr' ouvrir  to  half  open;  rentr' ouvrir,  etc. 
cf . :  recouvrer  to  regain  (recover) ;  ou'ir  see  dire. 

§21 

£ar/t>  to  leave,  to  depart;  repartir  to  set  out  again,  also 
to  retort;  departir  to  distribute  and  se  departir  to 
deviate;  cf. :  repartir  (like  finir)  to  distribute,  to 
assess;  mettre  a  la  voile  (partir}  to  set  sail. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  pars,  pars,  part,  n.  partons,  -ez,  -ent. 

Imperf.: 

je  partais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
PastDef.: 

je  partis,  -is,  -it,  -tmes,  -ites,  -irent. 
Future: 

je  partirai,  -as,  -a,  -cms,  -et,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  partirais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat.: 

pars,  partons,  partez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  parte,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  partisse,  -es,  partit,  que  n.  partissions,  -issiez,  -issent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

partant. 
Past  Part.: 

parti,  partie,  with  2tre  in  compound  tenses. 

§22 

se  repentir,  to  repent  (see  Lesson  XXIX) ;  sentir  to  feel,  to 
smell;  ressentir  to  feel,  to  experience;  consentir  to  con- 
sent; pressentir  to  forebode;  all  like  mentir. 


IRREGULAR   VERBS    ENDING    IN  -IR  321 

servir  to  serve;  se  servir  (de)  to  make  use;  desservir  to 

remove  (clear  the  table),  also  to  officiate  in; 

cf . :  asservir  to  reduce  to  servitude  (enslave) ;  assortir 

to  sort  (match) ;  ressortir  to  be  under  the  jurisdiction, 

like  finir. 

sortir  to  go  out;  ressortir  (to  go  out  again)  like  mentir. 

§23 

saillir  (in  its  modern  sense)  to  project,  to  bring  into 
prominence;  os  qui  fait  saillie  prominent  bone;  c'est 
une  fenetre  en  saillie  bay-window. 

NOTE. — It  is  conjugated  like  finir. 
§24 

servir  (like  mentir)  to  serve,  to  wait  on. 

servir  de,  to  serve  as;  se  servir  de  to  use,  to  make  use  of. 
servir  d  to  serve  to,  to  be  useful. 

§25 
sortir  to  go  out. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  sors,  sors,  sort,  sortons,  sortez,  sortent. 
Imperf.: 

je  sortais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
PastDef.: 

je  sortis,  -is,  -it,  -imes,  -ites,  -irent. 
Future: 

je  sortirai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  sortirais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 

Imperat.: 

sors,  sortons,  sortez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  sorte,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  sortisse,  -es,  sortit,  que  nous  sortissions,  sortissiez,  sortissent. 


322  IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING    IN  -IR 

Pres.  Part.: 

sortant. 
Past  Part.: 

sorti,  sortie;  generally  used  with  etre. 

§26 

tenir  to  hold,  to  hold  fast;  to  keep;  retenir  to  retain; 
obtenir  to  obtain;  s'abstenir  to  abstain  from;  appar- 
tenir  to  belong;  contenir  to  contain;  detenir  to  detain; 
entretenir  to  entertain ;  maintenir  to  maintain ;  soutenir 
to  sustain. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  liens,  tu  liens,  il  tient,  n.  tenons,  v.  tenez,  Us  tiennent. 
Imperf . : 

je  tenais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
PastDef.: 

je  tins,  tins,  tint,  ttnmes,  tintes,  tinrent. 
Future: 

je  tiendrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit: 

je  tiendrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Impera  t . : 

liens,  tenons,  tenez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  tienne,  -es,  -e,  que  n.  tenions,  que  v.  teniez,  qu'ils  tiennent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  tinsse,  que  tu  tinsses,    qu'il  tint,  que    n.    tinssions,  que  v. 

tinssiez,  tinssent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

tenant. 
Past  Part.: 

tenu,  tenue. 

Observe. — Verbs  ending  in  (v)  enir  likewise  conjugated. 

§  27 

venir  to  come  (and  its  compounds  like  tenir} :  avenir 
happen  (Impers.);  advenir  to  happen  (Impersonal); 


IRREGULAR    VERBS   ENDING    IN  -IR  323 

convenir  to  suit;  contrevenir  to  violate;  circonvenir  to 
circumvent;  devenir  to  become;  disconvenir  to  deny; 
intervenir  to  intervene ;  parvenir  to  reach ;  prevenir  to 
warn;  provenir  to  spring  (originate);  revenir  to  come 
back;  redevenir  to  become  again;  se  souvenir  to  re- 
collect; subvenir  to  aid  (provide);  survenir  to  occur; 
se  ressouvenir  to  recollect  (remember). 

§  28 

r  to  clothe,  to  dress;  revetir  to  clothe,  to  put  on; 
devetir  to  divest;  se  devetir  to  take  off  clothing;  se 
revetir  to  put  on  clothing. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  Vets,  vets,  vet,  vetons,  vttez,  vetent. 
Imperf . : 

je  v&tais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
PastDef.: 

je  vetis,  -is,  -it,  -imes,  -ites,  -irent. 
Future: 

je  vetirai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  vetirais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat.: 

vets,  vetons,  vetez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  vete,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  vctisse,  -isses,  vetit,  que  nous  vetissions,  que  v.  vetissiez,  qu'ils 

vetissent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

vetant. 
Past  Part.: 

vttu,  vetue. 

Observe. — French  Academy  says:  Indicative  and  Imperative 

Sing,  hardly  used;  same  with  the  plural  in  the  Indicative,  Imper- 
fect (Indicat.),  Pres.  Subj.  in  all  its  persons  and  Pres.  Participle. 


324  IRREGULAR   VERBS    ENDING   IN   -OIR 

§29 

Remarks  on  ouir  and  transir: 

ouir  to  hear,  is  used  only  in: 
j'ai  out  dire,  1  heard  (some  one  say) 
ouir  les  comptes  to  audit  accounts 
as  a  noun:  I'ouie,  the  hearing 

Compare: — entendre  to  hear,  to  be  familiar  with   (language); 
entendre  dire,  to  hear  (reported) ;  comprendre  comprehend. 

in  -oir 
§  30 

apparoir  used  only  in:  il  appert  it  is  evident,  it  results. 
NOTE. — Law  term. 

§  3i 

asseoir  to  seat;  s'asseoir  to  sit  down;  se  rasseoir  to  sit 
down  again. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

j'assieds,  assieds,  assied,  asseyons,  asseyez,  asseyent. 
Imperf.: 

j'asseyais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Past  Def.: 

j'assis,  -is,  -it,  -tmes,  -ties,  -irent. 
Future: 

fassierai  or  asseyerai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

j'assierais  or  asseyerais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient- 
Imperat. : 

assieds,  asseyons,  asseyez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

quej'asseye,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  j'assisse,  -es,  assit,  que  n.  assissions,  assissiez,  assissent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

asseyanl. 


IRREGULAR   VERBS    ENDING    IN    -OIR  325 

Past  Part.: 
assis,  assise. 

Observe. — s'asseoir  to  sit  down,  like  asseoir. 

Other  form  of  conjugation  often  used  in  a  figurative  sense. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

j'assois,  assois,  assoit,  assoyons,  assoyez,  assoient. 
Imperf . : 

j'assoyais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Future: 

j'assoirai,  -as,  -a,  ons,  -ez,  -on/. 
Condit.: 

j'assoirais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat.: 

assois,  assoyons,  assoyez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  j'assoie,  -es,  -e,  assoyions,  assoyiez,  assoient. 
Pres.  Part.: 

assoyant. 
Pact  Part.: 

assis,  assise. 

Use  Pronominal  form  for  s'asseoir. 

§  32 

choir  to   fall;  rechoir  to   fall   again;  both   used   in   the 
Infinitive  and  Past  Participle  only:  chu,  chut. 

ce  sont  souvent  nos  meilleurs  amis  qui  nous  font  choir  (Hugo)  our 
best  friends  are  often  the  cause  of  our  fall. 
as  a  noun: 

chute,  la  chute  Niagara. 

§  33 
dechoir  (de,  choir),  to  decline. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  dechois,  -ois,  -oil,  dechoyons,  -ez,  dechoient. 
Imperf. : 
je  dechoyais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 


326  IRREGULAR   VERBS    ENDING   IN   -OIR 

PastDef.: 

je  dechus,  -us,  -ut,  -times,  -utes,  -urent. 
Future: 

je  decherrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  decherrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  dechoie,  -es,  -e,  que  n.  dechoyions,  dechoyiez,  dechoient. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  dechusse,  -es,  dechut,  que  n.  dechussions,    dechussiez,  dechus- 

sent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

is  wanting. 
Past  Part.: 

dechu,  dechue. 

NOTE. — decheance  fall  (as  a  noun). 

§  34 
devoir  to  owe,  etc.  (see  Lesson  XXIV). 

§  35 
ichoir  to  expire,  to  fall  due,  used  only  in : 

Pres.  Ind.: 

il  echoit  (or  echet). 
Future : 

j'echerrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

j'echerrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperf.  Subj. : 

que  j'echusse. 
Pres.  Part.: 

echeant. 
Past  Part.: 

echu,  echue. 

§36 

falloir  (Impersonal  Verb),  to  be  necessary,  indispensable, 
proper,  useful. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING  IN    -OTR  327 

Pres.  Ind.:  Condit.: 

ilfaut.  ilfaudrait. 

Imperf.:  Pres.  Subj.: 

ilfallait.  qu'il  faille. 

PastDef.:  Imperf.  Subj.: 

ilfallut.  qu'il  fallut. 

Future:  Past  Part.: 

ilfaudra.  fallu  (no  fem.). 

§37 

mouvoir  to  move   (machines,   etc.);  promouvoir  to   pro- 
mote. 

cf. :  demenager  to  move  (one's  furniture). 
emouvoir  to  move  (to  tears) ;  deposer  un  ministre. 
cf . :  changer  de  demeure  to  remove  (quarters) . 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  meus,  meus,  meut,  mouvons,  mouvez,  meuvent. 
Imperf. : 

je  mouvais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  aient. 
PastDef.: 

je  mus,  mus,  mut,  mumes,  mutes,  murent. 
Future: 

je  mouvrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  mouvrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat . : 

meus,  mouvons,  mouvez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  meuve,  -es,  -e,  que  n.  mouvions,  -iez,  qu'ils  meuvent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  musse,  -es,  mut,  que  n.  mussions,  mussiez,  mussent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

mouvant. 
Past  Part.: 

mu,  mue  with  no  circumflex  in  the  feminine. 

Observe. — promu  and  promue  (from  promouvoir)  are  the  only 

forms  in  use  as  adjectives  and  participles. 


328  IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING    IN   -OIR 

§  38 

pleuvoir  (Impersonal  Verb)  to  rain. 

Pres.  Ind.:  Pres.  Subj.: 

il  phut.  qu'il  pleuve. 

Imperf.:  Imperf.  Subj.: 

il  pleuvait.  qu'il  plut. 

PastDef.:  Pres.  Part. 

il  plut.  pleuva.nl, 

Future:  Past  Part.: 

il  pleuvra.  plu. 
Condit.: 

il  pleuvrait. 

§39 

pourvoir  to  provide,  to  supply;  depourvoir  to  leave  un- 
provided. 
se  pourvoir  de  to  provide  one's  self  with. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  pourvois,  pourvois,  pourvoit,  n.  pourvoyons,  pounoyez,  pourvoient. 
Imperf. : 

je  pourvoyais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aienl. 
PastDef.: 

je  pourvus,  -us,  -ut,  -times,  -utes,  -urent. 
Future: 

je  pourvoirai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  pourvoirais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat. : 

pourvois,  pourvoyons,  pounoyez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  pourvoie,  -es,  -e,  que  n.  pourvoyions,  -iez,  qu'ils  pourvoient. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  pourvusse,   -es,  pounut,   que   n.   pounussions,   pourvussiez, 

p~>unussent. 
Pres.  Part:  Past  Part.: 

pourvoya.nl.  pourvu,  pourvue. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING    IN    -OIR  329 

§  4° 
pouvoir  to  be  able;  le  pouvoir,  la  puissance  the  power. 

Pres.  Ind.:     I  (may)  can,  etc. 

je  puts,  or  peux,  tu  peux,  peut,  n.  pouvons,  pouvez,  peuvent. 
Imperf.: 

je  pouvais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
PastDef.: 

je  pus,  pus,  put,  putties,  pules,  purent. 
Future: 

je  pourrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  pourrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperative  is  wanting. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  puisse,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf. : 

que  je  pusse,  -es,  put,  que  n.  pussions,  que  v.  pussiez,  pussent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

pouvant. 
Past  Part.: 

pu  (only). 

§4i 

savoir  to  know  (by  the  mind),  to  be  aware. 

savoir  (with  Infinitive),  to  know  how;  can,  could, 
cf. :  connaitre  to  know  (by  the  senses),  to  recognize. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  sais,  sais,  sail,  savons,  savez,  savent. 
Imperf.: 

je  savais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  iez,  -aient. 
Past.  Def.: 

je  sus,  sus,  sut,  sutnes,  sutes,  surent. 
Future: 

je  saurai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  saurais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 


330  IRREGULAR   VERBS    ENDING   IN   -OIR 

Imperat . : 

sache,  sachons,  sachez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  sache,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  susse,  -es,  sut,  que  n.  sussions,  sussiez-,  sussent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

sachant. 
Past  Part.: 

su,  sue. 

§42 

valoir    to    be    worth;    valoir   mieux    to  be  better;  faire 

valoir  to  set  off,  to  make  the  best  of;  equivaloir  (fare 

equivalent)    to    be   equivalent;    chaloir    (obsolete)    to 

care  for;  prevaloir  to  prevail,  cf. :  rendre  la  pareille  or 

^revaloir  to  pay  back. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  vaux,  vaux,  vaut,  valons,  valez,  valent. 
Imperf. : 

je  valais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
PastDef.: 

je  valus,  -us,  -ut,  -umes,  -utes,  -urent. 
Future: 

je  vaudrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  vaudrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat. : 

vaux,  valons,  valez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  vaille,  -es,  -e,  que  n.  valions,  -iez,  qu'ils  vaillent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  valusse,  -es,  valut,  que  n.  valussions,  -ussiez,  -ussent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

volant. 
Past  Part.: 

valu,  value. 

NOTE. — prevaloir  in  the  Subj.  Pres.:  que  je  prevale. 


IRREGULAR  VERBS   ENDING  IN  -OIR  33! 

§43 

voir  to  see;  se  voir  to  visit  one  another;  se  faire  voir  to 
show  oneself;  oiler  voir  les  curiosites  to  go  sight-seeing ; 
entrevoir  to  get  (catch  sight  of)  a  glimpse;  revoir  to 
see  again;  prevoir  to  foresee  (regular  in  the  Future 
and  Conditional). 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  vois,  vois,  voit,  voyons,  voyez,  voient. 

Imperf.: 

je  voyais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 

PastDef.: 

je  vis,  vis,  vit,  vimes,  vites,  virent. 
Future: 

je  verrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  verrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat.: 

vois,  voyons,  voyez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  voie,  voies,  voie,  voyions,  -iez,  qu'ils  voient. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  visse,  -es,  qu'il  vit,  que  n.  vissions,  vissiez,  qu'ils  vissent. 

Pres.  Part.: 

voyant. 
Past  Part.: 

vu,  vue 

§44 

vouloir  to  will,  to  wish,  to  want  (wish  for) ;  en  vouloir  to 
bear  ill-will;  vouloir  du  bien  to  wish  well;  vouloir  dire 
to  mean;  vouloir  dire  a  to  want  to  tell;  vouloir  bien 
to  be  willing;  en  vouloir  condure  to  infer  from. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  veux,  veux,  veut,  voulons,  voulez,  veulent. 

Imperf. : 

je  voulais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 


332  IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING    IN    -RE 

PastDef.: 

je  voulus,  -us,  -ut,  -times,  -utes,  -urent. 
Future: 

je  voudrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -on/. 
Condit.: 

je  voudrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat. : 

veux,  voulons,  voulez. 

NOTE. — This  form  implies  an  express  recommendation  to  be 

firm. 

veuille,   veuillons,   veuillez    (the   latter  form   often   used)    are  for 

requests. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

queje  veuille,  -es,  -e,  que  n.  voulions,  -iez,  veuillent. 

NOTE. — que  n.  veuillions,  que  v.  veuilliez  were  used  in  the  iyth 

and  1 8th  centuries. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

queje  voulusse,  -es,  voulut,  que  n.  voulussions,  voulussiez,  voulussent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

voulant. 
Past  Part.: 

voulu,  voulue. 

in  -re 

§45 

astreindre  to  oblige,  to  compel;  s'astreindre  to  tie  one's 
self  down;  conjugated  like  atteindre. 

§46 

absoudre   to    absolve,    to   acquit,    to  remit    (sins) ;    cf. : 
pardonner  to  forgive. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

j'absous,  absous,  absout,  absolvons,  absohez,  absolvent. 
Imperf. : 

j'absolvais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Past  Def.:  wanting. 
Future : 

j'absoudrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING   IN   -RE  333 

Condit.: 

fabsoudrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat.:  Pres.  Subj.: 

absous,  absolvons,  absolvez.  que  f  absolve. 

Imperf.  Subj.:  wanting. 
Pres.  Part.: 

absolvant. 
Past  Part.: 

absous,  absoute. 

§47 

atteindre  to  reach,    to   attain,    to   be   seized;   ratteindre 
to  overtake. 
NOTE. — Verbs  ending  in  aindre,  oindre  like  atteindre. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

j'atteins,  atteins,  atteint,  atteignons,  -ez,  -ent. 
Imperf.: 

j'atteignais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Past.  Def.: 

j'atteignis,  -is,  -it,  -tmes,  -ties,  -irent. 
Future: 

j'atteindrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

j'atteindrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat.: 

atteins,  atteignons,  atteignez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  j'atteigne,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

quej'atteignisse,  -es,  atteignit,  atteignissions,  -iez,  qu'ils  atteignissent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

atteignant. 
Past  Part.: 

atteint,  atteinte. 

§48 

battre  to  beat,  to  bang,  to  thrash;  se  battre  avec  acharne- 
ment  to  fight  desperately;  se  battre  a  coups  de  poing 


334  IRREGULAR   VERBS    ENDING    IN   -RE 

(with  fists) ;  abattre  to   abate,    to   fall   down,   to  cut 

down;  combattre  to    combat,    to    wage    war    against; 

debattre   to   debate;   se   debattre   to  struggle;  s'ebattre 

to  be  engaged  in  sports,  to  gambol;  rabattre  to  pull 

down,  to  deduct. 

cf. :  livrer  bataille  to  fight  a  battle. 

lutter  corps  a  corps  to  wrestle. 

NOTE. — Loses  t  in  the  Present  Indicative;  otherwise  like  rompre. 
§49 

boire  to  drink,  to  imbibe;  s'imboire  to  be  imbued; 
cf . :  avaler  to  swallow  and  achever  de  boire  to  drink 
up;  sabler  une  coupe  de  champagne  to  toss  off,  etc. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  bois,  bois,  boit,  buvons,  buvez,  boivent. 
Imperf.: 

je  buvais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
PastDef.: 

je  bus,  bus,  but,  bumes,  butes,  burent. 
Future: 

je  boirai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  boirais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat.: 

bois,  buvons,  buvez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  boive,  -es,  -e,  que  n.  buvions,  -iez,  -boivent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  busse,  -es,  qu'il  but,  que  n.  bussions,  bussiez,  qu'ils  bussent. 
Pres.  Part.:  Past  Part.: 

buvant.  bu,  bue. 

§50 

braire  (formerly  to  whine)  to  bray,  to  imitate  the  cry  of 
an  ass. 
cf. :  hi-han  (cry  of  an  ass). 


IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING   IN   -RE  335 


Pres.  Ind.: 

il  brait,  Us  braient. 
Future: 

il  braira,  Us  brairont. 
Condit:. 

il  brairait,  Us  brairaient. 


bruire  (formerly  to  speak  loudly  of  a  person,  of  things), 
to  make  an  indistinct  sound,  to  rustle,  to  rattle; 
faire  bruire  to  cause  to  rattle. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

il  bruit. 
Imperf.: 

il  bruyait,  Us  bruyaient. 

NOTE.  —  A  few  writers  have  used  other  persons. 
Bruit  (m.)  a  noise. 

§52 

ceindre  to  enclose,  to  encircle  (little  space),  to  gird  on; 
enceindre  to  enclose  (so  as  to  forbid  entrance),  to 
surround  (large  space). 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  ceins,  ceins,  ceint,  ceignons,  ceignez,  ceignent. 
Imperf.  : 

je  ceignais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Past.  Def.: 

je  ceignis,  -is,  -it,  -imes,  -ites,  -irent. 
Future: 

je  ceindrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  ceindrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imoerat.: 

ceins,  ceignons,  ceignez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  ceigne,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 


336  IRREGULAR   VERBS    ENDING    IN-RE 

Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  ceignisse,  -es,  qu'il  ceignit,  que  n.  ceignissions,  ceignissiez, 

ceignissent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

ceignant. 
Past  Part.: 

ceint,  ceinte. 

§53 

clore  to  close,   to  fence,   to  finish,  to  close  (accounts); 
declare  to  unfence,  to  throw  open;  eclore  to  hatch,  to 
open;  enclore  to  fence  in,  to  inclose;  forclore  to  fore- 
close, to  estop,  to  debar, 
cf . :  fermer  to  close. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  clos,  tu  clos,  il  cldt. 
Future: 

je  clorai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  clorais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperative: 

clos. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  close,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Past  Part.: 

clos,  close,  in  all  its  compound  tenses. 

§54 

inclus,  incluse,  with  ci: 

ci-inclus,  (e),  here  enclosed.     (See  Past  Participle.) 

§55 

conclure  (de~)  to  conclude,  to  end,  to  close;  condure  (d) 
to  lead  to,  to  judge;  exclure  to  exclude;  inclure  to 
inclose;  reclure  to  shut  up,  to  cloister. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  conclus,  conclus,  conclut,  concluons,  -ez,  -ent. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING    IN    -RE  337 

Imperf . : 

je  concluais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -client. 
PastDef.: 

je  conclus,  -us,  -ut,  -times,  -utes,  -urent. 
Future: 

je  conclurai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  conclurais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat. : 

conclus,  concluons,  conduez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  conclue,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  conclusse,  -es,  qu'il  condut,  condussions,    condussiez,  con- 

dussent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

conduant. 
Past  Part.: 

condu,  conclue. 

NOTE. — condure  means  also  to  draw  a  final  conclusion,  to  come 
to  a  final  conclusion. 

cf.:  deduire,  to  draw  a  special  inference  from  a  general  statement. 
induire  to  lead  to  a  general  statement  by  way  of  special  inferences. 

§56 

conduire  to  conduct,  to  govern,  to  escort;  se  conduire 
to  behave;  econduire  to  show  out  (dismiss);  reconduire 
to  lead  back. 

cf. :  guider  to  guide  (mostly  persons). 
mener  to  lead. 

NOTE. — Verbs  ending  in  -duire,  like  deduire,  to  deduct;  enduire 
to  coat  (plaster);  induire  to  induce;  introduire  to  introduce; 
produire  to  produce;  reduire  to  reduce;  reproduire  to  reproduce; 
seduire  to  seduce;  traduire  to  render  (translate);  construire  to 
construct ;  reconstruire  to  reconstruct ;  deconstruire  to  take  apart. 
Endings  -truire,  all  like  conduire.  Also  detruire,  to  destroy  and 
cuire  (to  cook)  and  recuire  (recook). 


338  IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING    IN    -RE 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  conduis,  conduis,  conduit,  conduisons,  -ez,  -ent. 
Imperf . : 

je  conduisais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
PastDef.: 

je  conduisis,  -is,  -it,  -imes,  -ites,  -irent. 
Future: 

je  conduirai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  conduirais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat.: 

conduis,  conduisons,  conduisez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  conduise,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperfect : 

que  je  conduisisse,  -es,  conduisti,  que  n.  conduisissions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

conduisant. 
Past  Part.: 

conduit,  conduite. 

§57 

confire  to  preserve,  to  cause  to  steep  (soak),  to  pickle; 
deconfire  to  discomfit,  to  do  for;  deconfiture  (n.)  dis-  - 
comfiture,  havoc,  insolvency. 
Pres.  Ind.: 

je  confis,  -is,  -it,  -ons,  -ez,  -ent. 
Imperf.: 

je  confisais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
PastDef.: 

je  confis,  -is,  -it,  -imes,  -Ues,  -irent. 
Future: 

je  confirai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  confirais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat. : 

confis,  confisons,  confisez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  confise,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING    IN   -RE  339 

Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  confisse,  -es,  qu'il  confit,  que  n.  confissions,  -iez,  -ent. 

NOTE. — Tense  little  used  in  the  Imperfect  Subj. 
Pres.  Part.: 

confisant. 
Past  Part.: 

confit,  confite. 

§58 

connaitre  to  know,  to  be  acquainted  with,  to  perceive; 
connaitre  a  fond  to  know  thoroughly ;  se  connaitre  to 
know  one's  self  or  each  other;  se  connaitre  en  quelque 
chose  to  be  a  judge  of,  etc. ;  ne  plus  se  connaitre  to  be 
beside  one's  self;  se  fair  e  connaitre  to  become  known ; 
cf . :  divulguer  un  secret  to  reveal  a  secret ;  meconnaitre 
not  to  know;  reconnaitre  to  recognize. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  connais,  -ais,  -ait,  connaissons,  -ez,  -ent. 

NOTE. — Verbs  in  -aitre  preserve  the  circumflex  before  t. 
Imperf. : 

je  connaissais ,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
PastDef.: 

je  connus,  -us,  -ut,  -times,  -utes,  -urent. 
Future: 

je  connattrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  connatirais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat.: 

connais,  connaissons,  connaissez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  connaisse,  -es,  -e,  -ions,*  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  connusse,  -es,  qu'il  connut,  que  n.  connussions,  -iez,  -ent. 

Pres.  Part.: 

connaissant. 
Past  Part.: 
connu,  connue. 


340  IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING    IN   -RE 

§59 

construire  (like  conduire)  to  construct,  to  build,  to  frame. 
§60 

contraindre  (like  craindre  at  page  341),  to  constrain,  to 
compel. 

NOTE. — contraindre  a  with  Infinitive  or  noun  when  the  sense 
implies  great  efforts;  contraindre  de  refers  to  the  result. 

§61 

contredire  (\ikedire  at  page  344,  except  in  the  Pres.  Indicat. 

2d  Pers.  Plural  vous  contredisez)  to  contradict;  dedire 

to  recant,  to  retract,  to  disprove;  interdire  to  interdict; 

medire  to  slander;  predire  to  predict,  all  like  contredire. 

NOTE. — Imperative  like  Indicative. 

§62 

coudre  to  sew,  to  stitch;  recoudre  to  sew  again;  decoudre 
to  unsew,  to  rip. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  couds,  couds,  coud,  cousons,  cousez,  consent. 
Imperf. : 

je  cousais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Past  Def.: 

je  cousis,  -is,  -it,  -tmes,  -ties,  -irent. 
Future: 

je  coudrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons\,  -ez,  -ont. 

Condit.: 

je  coudrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat. : 

couds,  cousons,  cousez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  cause,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  cousisse,  -es,  qu'il  coustt,  que  nous  cousissions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Pres.  Part.:  Past  Part.: 

cousant.  cousu,  cousue. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING    IN    -RE  34! 

§63 

craindre  to  fear,  to  dread,  to  have  fear  of;  sefaire  craindre 
to  cause  one's  self  to  be  dreaded. 

NOTE. — Verbs  ending  in  eindre,  oindre  likewise  conjugated. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  crains,  crains,  craint,  craignons,  -ez,  -ent. 
Imperf . : 

je  craignais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
PastDef.: 

je  craignis,  -is,  -it,  -imes,  -ites,  -irent. 
Future: 

je  craindrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit. : 

je  craindrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat.: 

crains,  craignons,  craignez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

queje  craigne,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  craignisse,  -es,  qu'il  craignit,  que  nous  craignissions,  -iez,  -ent. 

Pres.  Part.: 

craignant. 
Past  Part.: 

craint,  crainte. 

$64 

croire  to   believe,   to  have  faith  in,   to  be  of   opinion. 
faire  accroire  to  make  to  believe   (impose);  mecroire 
(seldom  used),  to  disbelieve, 
also  decroire  to  disbelieve. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  crois,  crois,  croit,  croyons,  croyez,  croient. 

Imperf.: 

je  croyais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
PastDef.: 

je  cms,  cms,  crut,  crumes,  crutes,  crurent. 


342  IRREGULAR   VERBS   ENDING   IN   -RE 

Future: 

je  croirai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  croirais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat.: 

crois,  crayons,  croyez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

queje  croie,  -es,  -e,  croyions,  -iez,  croienl. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

queje  crusse,  -es,  qu'il  crut,  que  n.  crussions,  que  v.  crussiez,  qu'ils 

crussent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

croyant. 
Past  Part.: 

cru,  crue. 

§65 

croitre  to  grow,  to  grow  up,  to  thrive;  accroitre  to  in- 
crease; decrcntre  to  decrease;  recrmtre  to  grow  again; 
surcroitre  to  overgrow. 

NOTE. — Compare  2d  Group  Verbs  like  grossir,  to  grow  stout; 
maigrir,  to  grow  thin;  rajeunir  to  grow  young;  vieillir  to  grow 
old;  jaunir  to  become  yellow;  blanchir  to  whiten,  etc. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  crois,  crois,  croft,  croissons,  croissez,  croissent. 
Imperf.: 

je  croissais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
PastDef.: 

je  crus,  crils,  crut,  crumes,  crutes,  crurent. 
Future: 

je  croitrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  croitrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 

Imperat.: 

crois,  croissons,  croissez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

queje  croisse,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 


IRREGULAR   VERBS    ENDING    IN   -RE  343 

Imperfect : 

que  je  crfisse,  crusses,  qu'il  crtit,  crtissions,  crtissiez,  crussent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

croissant. 
Past  Part.: 

cr&,  crue  (no  circumflex  in  the  feminine). 

§66 

accroitre  (like  croitre)  to  increase;  recroitre  to  grow  again; 
surcroitre  to  grow  out  (of),  to  overgrow,  have  no  cir- 
cumflex in  the  Past  Participle  nor  in  the  third  person 
singular  and  third  person  plural. 

NOTE. — accroitre  includes  in  its  meanings  those  of  agrandir  (to 
enlarge)  and  augmenter  (referring  to  number  or  elevation). 

§67 

cuire  (like  conduire}  to  cook,  to  do,  to  boil,  to  bake,  to 
roast,  to  broil,  to  grill;  recuire  to  cook  again,  etc. 
cf . :  br filer  to  burn. 

§68 

deduire  (like  construire)   to  take  from,   to    draw    from. 
induire  to  induce  (lead  into),  to  infer. 
detruire  to  destroy,  to  demolish. 

§69 

detruire  (like  conduire)  to  destroy;  se  detruire  to  destroy 
one's  self. 

§  70 
deteindre  (like  atteindre)  to  take  out  the  dye,  to  fade. 

man  costume  se  deteint  my  suit  loses  its  color;  cf.:  ettes  se  fanent 
they  are  fading  away  (falling  out);  elles  se  fletrissent  they  are 
withering.  See  teindre  (to  dye) ;  reteindre  to  dye  again. 


344  IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING    IN   -RE 

§71 

dire  to  say  (tell),  to  relate,  to  name,  to  recite,  to  express, 
to  think;  entendre  dire  to  hear  (reported);  faire  dire  d 
to  make  any  one  say  or  send  word  to ;  d  vrai  dire  or  d 
dire  vrai  to  speak  the  truth ;  ne  pas  se  le  faire  dire  deux 
fois  to  obey  at  once;  vouloir  dire  to  mean,  to  signify; 
pour  ainsi  dire  so  to  speak;  sans  mot  dire  (sans  dire 
le  mot} ;  ne  dire  mot  to  keep  silent ;  dire  un  mot  to  say 
a  word;  avoir  beau  dire  to  speak  in  vain;  se  le  faire 
dire  to  hesitate. 

redire  to  say  again;  maudire  to  curse  (like  dire  in  the 
Past  Part.,  Future  and  Cond.;  otherwise  like  finir); 
contredire  to  contradict;  dedire  to  recant,  to  deny; 
inter  dire  to  interdict;  medire  to  slander;  predire  to 
predict;  like  dire  except  in  the  Indicative  (Pres.)  and 
Imperative,  26.  pers.  plural,  -ez. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  dis,  dis,  dit,  disons,  dites,  disent. 
Imperf . : 

je  disais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
PastDef.: 

je  dis,  dis,  dit,  dimes,  dites,  dirent. 
Future: 

je  dirai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  dirais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat . : 

dis,  disons,  dites. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  dise,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj  : 

que  je  disse,  disses,  qu'il  dit,  dissions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Pres.  Part.:  Past  Part.: 

disant.  dit,  dite. 

NOTE. — ou'ir  dire  (to  hear  say)  used  only  in  the  Infinitive  and 

in  ouie  (hearing);  apprendre  des  nouvelles  (hear  news).     See  §  39. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING    IN    -RE  345 

§72 
dissoudre  (like  cbsoudre)  to  dissolve,  to  break  up. 

§73 
eclore  (like  dore),  to  hatch,  to  open,  and  is  used  as  follows 

Pres.  Ind.: 

eclos,  eclos,  eclot,  eclosons,  -ez,  -ent. 
Imperf . : 

eclosais,  eclosions. 
Future : 

eclorai,  eclorons. 
Condit.: 

eclorais,  eclorions. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  j'eclose. 
Past  Part.: 

eclos,  eclose. 

§74 

ecrire  to  write,  to  pen,  to  set  down;  circonscrire  to  cir- 
cumscribe; decrire  to  describe;  inscrire  to  inscribe; 
prescrire  to  prescribe;  proscrire  to  proscribe;  r ecrire 
to  rewrite;  souscrire  to  subscribe;  transcrire  to  trans- 
cribe; 

cf . :  faire  le  releve  de,  to  make  an  abstract  of  (dates, 
births,  etc.). 

Pres.  Ind.: 

j'ecris,  ecris,  ecrit,  ecrivons,  ecrivez,  ecrivent. 
Imperf. : 

j'ecrivais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
PastDef.: 

j'ecrivis,  -is,  -it,  -itnes,  -ites,  -irent. 
Future: 

j'ecrirai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

j'ecrirais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 


346  IRREGULAR   VERBS    ENDING   IN   -RE 

Imperat.  : 

ecris,  ecrivons,  ecrivez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

quej'ecrive,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

qtte  j'ecrivisse,  -es,  qu'il  ecrivit,  que  n.  ecrivissions,  ecrivissiez,  qu'ils 


Pres.  Part.: 

ecrivant. 
Past  Part.: 

ecrit,  ecrite. 

§75 
inscrire  (like  ecrire)  to  inscribe,  to  set  down,  to  impanel. 

§76 
souscrire  (like  ecrire)  to  subscribe,  to  underwrite. 

§77 
empreindre  (like  craindre)  to  imprint,  to  impress,  to  stamp. 

cf.  :  marquer  d  I'empreinle  de  to  bear  the  stamp  of;  imprinter 
to  print  ;  cf  .  :  imprimeur  printer. 

§78 
enfreindre  (like  craindre}  to  infringe,  to  violate. 

on  a  enfreint  les  regies  the  rules  have  been  violated;  Us  ont  enfreint 
le  traite  (infringed,  etc.);  elles  ont  enfreint  les  lots  (transgressed 
the  laws). 

§79 

epreindre  (like  craindre)  to  squeeze  out. 
il  a  epreint  lejus  he  squeezed  out  the  juice. 


eteindre  (like  craindre)  to  extinguish,  to  put  out;  reteindre 
to  put  out  again. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING    IN    -RE  347 

§8l 

etreindre  (like  craindre)  to  embrace. 

qui  trap  embrasse,    mat  etreint   grasp  all,   lose  all;    les   emotions 
m'etreignent  (seize);  ce  furent  de  douces  etreintes  (sweet  embraces). 

§82 
enduire  (like  deduire]  to  coat,  to  do  over. 

§83 

faire  to  do,  to  make,  to  create,  to  construct,  to  take,  to 
carry  on,  to  cause  to,  etc.,  etc.;  contrefaire  to  counter- 
feit, to  disguise;  defaire  to  undo;  forfaire  to  forfeit, 
to  be  lacking  in  one's  duty;  malfaire  to  do  ill;  mefaire 
to  harm;  parfaire  to  complete;  redefaire  to  undo 
again;  refaire  to  do  again;  se  defaire  to  get  rid  of; 
satisfaire  to  satisfy;  surfaire  to  overcharge,  to  over- 
praise; cf. :  faire  epoque  to  mark  an  era. 

Pres.  Ind.: 
je  fais,  fais,  fait,  faisons,  faites,  font. 

Imperf . : 
je  faisais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 

PastDef.: 
je  fis,  fis,  fit,  fimes,  files,  firent. 

Future: 
je  ferai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 

Condit.: 
je  ferais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 

Imperat.: 
fais,  faisons,  faites. 

Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  fasse,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  iez,  -ent. 

Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  jefisse,  -es,  qu'il  fit,  fissions,  -iez,  -ent. 

Pres.  Part.:  Past  Part.: 

faisant.  fait,  faite. 

NOTE.— faire  is  frequently  followed  by  an  Infinitive;  faire  is 
frequently  followed  by  noun  (no  article);  faire  voir  to  show; 
faire  fortune,  to  make  a  fortune. 


34§  IRREGULAR   VERBS    ENDING    IN    -RE 

faire  faire  to  cause  to  be  made;  faire  b&tir  to  have  built;  ne 
faire  que  to  be  always  engaged  in. 

quel  temps  fait-il?  how  is  the  weather?  il  fait  chaud,  le  temps  est 
chaud  it  is  warm;  il  fait  froid  or  il  fait  un  temps  froid  it  is  cold; 
il  fait  mauvais,  il  fait  un  mauvais  temps  it  is  bad  weather;  il  fait 
humide  it  is  damp;  cf. :  quel  vilain  temps!  what  disagreeable 
weather!  quel  sale  temps!  what  nasty  weather!  il  fait  sec  it  is 
dry  weather;  il  fait  ban  it  is  comfortable;  il  fait  frais  it  is  cool; 
il  fait  obscur  (sombre  or  noir)  it  is  dark;  il  fait  un  temps  noir  it  is 
gloomy  weather;  il  fait  gris  it  is  raw;  il  fait  nuit  it  is  night  or 
getting  night;  il  fait  jour  it  is  daylight;  il  fait  clair  it  is  light; 
U  fait  clair  de  lune  it  is  moonlight ;  il  fait  doux  it  is  mild ;  il  fait 
soleil,  ilfait  du  soleil  it  ie  sunny;  il  fait  un  beau  soleil  it  is  beautiful 
sunshine;  il  est  tantot  nuit  it  will  soon  be  night;  il  fait  un  froid 
de  loup  it  is  bitter  cold;  il  fait  verglas  or  */  tombe  du  verglas  the 
rain  freezes;  il  fait  des  eclairs  it  is  lightning;  il  fait  du  vent  it  is 
windy  (il  fait  de  I' air);  il  fait  de  I'orage  it  is  stormy;  il  fait  du 
brouillard,  it  is  foggy;  il  fait  de  la  boue  it  is  muddy;  il  fait  de  la 
poussiere  it  is  dusty;  il  fait  glissant  it  is  slippery;  cf.:  le  pied 
m'a  manque  my  foot  slipped;  il  fait  ban  vivre  id  this  is  a  good 
place  to  live  in;  il  fait  bien  crotte  dans  les  rues,  the  streets  are 
very  dirty;  le  temps  est  triste  it  is  dull  weather;  le  temps  est  bru- 
meux  it  is  misty  (hazy);  le  temps  est  convert  it  is  cloudy;  le  temps 
se  brouille  clouds  are  gathering ;  le  temps  se  tourne  au  beau  (chang- 
ing to  fair);  le  temps  se  remet  au  beau  it  is  becoming  fine  weather; 
le  temps  se  resserre  it  is  getting  colder;  le  temps  s'adoucit  (se  reldche) 
it  is  getting  milder;  le  temps  se  rechauffe  it  is  getting  warmer; 
le  temps  s'obscurcit  it  is  getting  cloudy;  le  temps  s'eclaircit  it  is 
clearing  up;  le  temps  se  rembrunit  or  se  couvre  (cloudy);  le  del 
se  couvre  or  s'obscurcit;  le  temps  est  or  se  met,  au  beau;  le  vent  se 
refroidit  the  wind  is  freshening,  or  le  vent  se  rafraichit;  voila  un 
temps  qui  promet  un  orage  this  weather  forebodes  a  storm;  voila 
un  orage  qui  se  prepare  there  is  a  storm  brewing;  le  jour  court  a 
son  declin  or  est  a  son,  etc.  the  day  is  declining  (twilight);  quel 
temps  il  fait!  what  weather  to  be  sure!  cf. :  apres  la  pluie  le  beau 
temps  every  cloud  has  its  silver  lining;  petite  pluie  abat  grand 
vent  a  little  rain  lays  a  great  dust. 

§84 

geindre   (like  craindre)   to  whine;  gemir   (like  finir)   to 
groan. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING    IN    -RE  349 

cf.:   pousser   un  gemissement  to   utter  a  groan;  colloq.:   qu'a-t-il 
&  geindre?  what  is  he  complaining  about? 

§85 
instruire  (likededuire)  to  instruct,  to  teach,  to  investigate. 

cf. :  enseigner  to  teach   (grammar);  ignorer  not  to  know;  not  to 
be  aware  of;  s' instruire  to  instruct  one's  self. 

§86 

interdire  (like  dire  except  in  the  Indicative:  vous  inter- 
disez  and  in  the  Imperative,  interdisez)  to  interdict 
(dumbfound). 

§87 

joindre  (like  craindre)  to  join,  to  add,  to  overtake;  ad- 
joindre  to  adjoin;  conjoindre  to  conjoin;  dejoindre  to 
disjoin;  disjoindre  to  disjoin;  enjoindre  to  enjoin;  re- 
joindre  to  rejoin;  oindre  to  anoint;  also  poindre  to 
dawn. 

cf. :  relief,  to  bind;  relieur  binder. 


lire  to  read;  elire  to  elect;  relire  to  read  again;  reelire 
to  re-elect;  lire  et  relire  to  read  over  and  over  again. 
faire  la  lecture  (reading)  a,  to  read  to. 

ct.:faire  une  etude  speciale  de  to  read  up;  jaire'la  leqon  a  to  lecture 
any  one;  faire  mention  (books)  to  read  of. 

Pres.  Ind.:  ,....-.    .          . 

je  Us,  Us,  lit,  lisons,  lisez,  lisent. 

Imperf.: 

je  lisais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 

Past.  Def.: 

je  lus,  lus,  lut,  lumes,  lutes,  lurent. 
Future: 
je  lirai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 


35O  IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING    IN   -RE 

Condit.: 

je  lirais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat.: 

lis,  lisons,  lisez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

quc  je  Use,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  lusse,  gut  tu  lusses,  qu'il  lut,  que  nous  lussions,  que  vous  lus 

siez,  qu'ils  lussent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

lisant. 
Past  Part.: 

In,  lue. 


luire  to  shine,  to  glitter,  to  appear;  reluire  to  glisten. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  luis,  luis,  luit,  luisons,  luisez,  luisent. 
Imperf.: 

je  luisais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Future: 

luirai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  luirais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  luise,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Pres.  Part.:  Past  Part.: 

luisant.  lui  (only). 

NOTE. — No  Past  Definite,  Imperative,  Imperfect  Subj. 

§90 

maudire  (like  dire  except  in  the  Plural  of  the  Indicative) 
to  curse. 

je  ntaudis,  ntaudis,  ntaudit,  maudissons,  maudissez,  tnaudissent. 
je  maudissais,  etc.,  likefinir;  maudissant. 

il  maudit  son  sort  he  curses  his  lot;  ntaudit  sois-tu,  bourreau  de 
man  enfant  cursed  be  thou,  executioner  of  my  child;  Cain  fut 
maudit  de  (par)  Dieu  malediction  of  God  fell  upon  Cain;  maudit 


IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING   IN    -RE  35! 

soil  le   maladroit!  deuce   take   the   clumsy   fool:   cf.:  U  jure,  he 
swears;  il  en  jure  he  swears  to  it. 

§  9i 

meconnaitre  (like  connaitre)  not  to  know  again,  to  disown. 
§92 

medire  (like  dire,  except  in  the  2d  Pers.  Plural  in  the  In- 
dicative, Imperative :  medisez)  to  slander,  to  speak  ill. 

§  93 

mettre  to  put,  to  put  on;  admettre  to  admit;  commettre 
to  commit;  compromettre  to  compromise;  demettre  to 
dislocate;  emettre  to  emit;  s'entremettre  to  interpose; 
omettre  to  omit;  permettre  to  permit;  promettre  to 
promise;  remeitre  to  remit,  to  put  back;  repr  omettre 
to  promise  again;  soumettre  to  submit;  transmettre  to 
transmit;  se  mettre  d,  to  begin;  se  mettre  en  route  to 
set  out. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  mets,  tu  mets,  il  met,  n.  mettons,  mettez,  mettent. 
Imperf . : 
je  mettais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 

PastDef.: 

je  mis,  mis,  mil,  mimes,  mites,  mirent. 
Future: 

mettrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit. : 

je  mettrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat. : 

mets,  mettons,  mettez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  mette,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  misse,  -es,  qu'il  mit,  missions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Pres.  Part.:  Past  Part.: 

mettant.  mis,  mise. 


352  IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING    IN    -RE 

§94 

moudre  to  grind;  emoudre  to  sharpen;  remoudre  to 
grind  again ;  remoudre  to  sharpen  again ;  cf . :  tailler 
un  crayon  to  sharpen  a  pencil;  repasser  un  rasoir  (or 
affiler  un  rasoir  sur  la  pierre)  to  hone,  set  a  razor; 
aiguiser  (to  whet)  refers  more  to  bringing  to  a  sharp 
point:  tranchant  tres  affile  (keen  edged). 

Present  Ind. : 

je  mauds,  mouds,  moud,  moulons,  moulez,  moulent. 
Imperf.: 

je  moulais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Past  Def.: 

je  moulus,  moulus,  moulut,  moulumes,  moulutes,  moulurent. 
Future: 

je  moudrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit. : 

je  moudrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat. : 

mouds,  moulons,  moulez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  moule,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj. : 

que  je  moulusse,  -es,  qu'il  moulut,  que  n.  moulussions,  moulussiez, 

moulus  sent. 
Pres.  Part. : 

moulant. 
Past  Part.: 

moulu,  moulue. 

§95 

naitre  to  be  born;  renaitre  to  be  born  again,  to  receive; 
prendre  naissance  to  originate;  donner  naissance  d  to 
give  rise  to;  faire  naitre  des  soup$ons  to  give  rise  to 
suspicion. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  nais,  nais,  nait,  naissons,  naissez,  naissent. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING    IN    -RE  353 

Imperf.: 

je  naissais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Past  Def.: 

je  naquis,  -is,  -it,  -imes,  -ites,  -irent. 
Future: 

je  naitrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  naitrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat.: 

nais,  naissons,  naissez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  naisse,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 

Imperf.  Subj. : 

que  je  naquisse,  -es,  qu'il  naquit,  que  n.  naquissions,  que  v.  naquis- 

siez,  qu'ils  naquissent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

naissant. 
Past  Part.: 

ne,  nee. 

NOTE. — Always  etre  in  its  compound  tenses. 

§96 

nuire  to  hurt,  to  annoy;  ne  pas  nuire  not  to  harm;    se 
nuire  to  hurt  one's  self  or  each  other, 
cf.:  blesser  to  wound,  to  hurt,  to  injure;   faire  mal  to  hurt;  faire 
du  mal  to  injure. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  nuis,  nuis,  nuit,  nuisons,  nuisez,  nuisent. 

Imperf.: 
je  nuisais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 

Past.  Def.: 
je  nuisis,  -is,  -it,  -imes,  -ties,  -irent. 

Future: 
je  nuirai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 

Condit.: 

je  nuirais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 

Imperat.: 

nuis,  nuisons,  nuisez. 
23 


354  IRREGULAR   VERBS   ENDING   IN   -RE 

Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  nuise,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  nuisisse,  -es,  qu'il  nuisU,  que  n.  nuisissions,  nuisissiez,  qu'ils 

nuisissent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

nuisant. 
Past  Part.: 

nut  (invariable). 

§97 
oindre  (like  craindre}  to  anoint;  cf .  f rotter  to  rub. 

§98 

paitre  (like  connaitre)  to  graze,  to  pasture;  repaUre  to 
feed  (not  frequently  used);  se  repaitre  to  feast  upon 
(to  feed). 

NOTE. — Paitre  has  no  Past  Def.  nor  Imperf.  Subj.;  pu  is  little 
used,  but  repaitre  has  a  Past  Part,  and  a  Past.  Def. 

§99 

paraitre  (like  connaitre}  to  appear,  to  seem,  to  be  issued; 
apparaitre  to  appear  (suddenly);  reparaUre  to  reap- 
pear; comparaitre  to  be  summoned,  to  appear  at  court; 
dispar aitre  to  disappear,  to  vanish  out  of  sight. 

§  100 

peindre  (like  craindre)  to  paint,  to  depict;  repeindre  to 
paint  again;  depeindre  to  depict,  to  portray. 

cf . :  faire  le  croquis  d'une  figure  to  sketch  a  figure. 

peindre    en    email  to    enamel;  une    peinture    en    email  enameled 

picture;  peindre  a  I'huile  to  paint  in  oil;  peindre  d'apres  nature 

to  paint  from  nature;  se  faire  peindre  (faire  son  portrait)  to  sit 

for  one's  portrait;  cf. :  poser  pour  son  portrait  (debout,  standing; 

assis  seated);  faire   poser   to   keep   waiting  for  nothing,   to   be 

duped. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING    IN    -RE  355 

§  101 

plaindre  (like  craindre)  to  pity,  to  moan;  n'etre  pas  a 
plaindre  not  to  be  pitied,  to  be  in  good  circumstances; 
se  plaindre  to  complain  of,  to  pity  each  other. 

cf. :  geindre  to  whine;  gemir  to  moan,  to  sigh  over,  to  'groan; 
s'attendrir  sur  to  be  moved  to  pity;  se  lamenter  to  bewail;  pleurer 
(ses  j 'antes)  to  regret;  regretter  to  regret  (lament),  to  be  sorry 
for,  to  miss. 

§  102 

se  plaindre  que,  used  with  Subjunctive;  se  plaindre  que 
used  with  Indicative  when  that  verb  refers  to  a  true 
statement;  se  plaindre  de  ce  que  always  followed  by 
Indicative. 

§103 

plaire  to  please,  to  suit;  deplaire  to  displease;  se  plaire 
a  to  delight  in. 

cf. :  faire  plaisir  d  to  give  pleasure  to;  charmer  to  please;  en- 
chanter to  delight;  ravir  to  enrapture;  etre  content  (de)  to  be  pleased ; 
prendre  plaisir  a  to  be  pleased  in;  etre  enchante  (de)  to  be  delighted 
to ;  se  faire  un  plaisir  de,  faire  ses  delices  de  to  delight  in. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  plais,  plais,  plait,  plaisons,  plaisez,  plaisent. 

Imperf.: 
je  plaisais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 

Past  Def.: 
je  plus,  plus,  plut,  plumes,  plutes,  plurent. 

Future : 
je  plairai,  -as,  -a,  -cms,  -ez,  -imt. 

Condit.: 

je  plairais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 

Imperat.: 

plais,  plaisons,  plaisez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  plaise,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 


356        IRREGULAR  VERBS  ENDING  IN  -RE 

Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  plusse,  -es,  qu'il  plut,  que  nous  plussions,  que  vous  plussiez, 

qu'ils  plussent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

plaisant. 
Past  Part.: 

plu  (only). 

§104 

poindre  no  longer  used  in  the  sense  of:  to  sting;  piquer 
now  replaces  it.  Poindre  (used  in  the  Infinitive  and 
Future)  is  conjugated  \\kejoindre.  §  87. 

§105 

prendre  to  take,  to  provide  one's  self,  to  seize,  to  accept, 
to  catch. 

se  prendre  to  be  taken;  se  prendre  d  to  begin  to;  s'y  prendre  to 
manage  to  do  (a  thing),  to  set  about;  s'en  prendre  d,  to  lay  the 
blame  on;  se  prendre  pour  to  look  upon  one's  self  as;  se  prendre  de 
paroles  to  engage  in  heated  words;  se  prendre  d'amitie  to  take  a 
liking  to. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  prends,  tu  prends,  il  prend,  nous  prenons,  TOUS  prenez,  Us  prennent. 
Imperf. : 

je  prenais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
PastDef.: 

je  pris,  pris,  prit,  primes,  prites,  prirent. 
Future: 

je  prendrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  ont. 
Condit. : 

je  prendrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat.: 

prends,  prenons,  prenez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  prenne,  que  tu  prennes,  qu'il  prenne,  que  n.  prenions,  que  v. 

preniez,  qu'ils  prennent. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING    IN   -RE  357 

Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  prisse,  que  tu  prisses,  qu'il  prit,  que  n.  prissions,  que  v.  prissiez, 

qu'ils  prissent. 
Pres.  Part. : 

prenant. 
Past.  Part.: 

pris,  prise. 
Also:— 

apprendre  to  learn;  desapprendre  to  unlearn;  rapprendre  to  learn 

again;   comprendre  to  understand;    cf.:  entendre   to  understand; 

deprendre  to  loosen;  reprendre   to   retake;   s'eprendre   to  become 

enamored  of;  entreprendre  to  undertake;  se  meprendre  to  mistake; 

surprendre  to    surprise. 

cf.:  mettre  une  chose  sur  le  metier  to  undertake;  trop  entreprendre 

to    overreach;    s' engager    dans    to    undertake    (embark    in);    cf. 

s'engager  (enroler  dans)  to  enlist. 

§106 

produire  (like  conduire)  to  produce,  to  yield,  to  exhibit; 
reproduire  to  produce  again,  to  republish. 

§107 

reduire  (like  conduire)  to  reduce,  to  abate,  to  curtail. 
§108 

resoudre  (resolvant,  resolu,  or  resolue);  also  resous. 
to  resolve,  to  solve,  to  dissolve,  to  settle. 

NOTE. — Other  tenses  like  absoudre;  resous,   refers  exclusively 
to  things. 

§iog 
rire  to  laugh;  sourire  to  smile. 

cf.:  ebaucher  un  sourire   (indiquer  legerement);  pleurer  to   weep; 

se  moquer  de  to  laugh  at. 
Pres.  Ind.: 

je  ris,  ris,  rit,  rions,  riez,  rient. 
Imperf.: 

je  riais,  riais,  riait,  riions,  riiez,  riaient. 


358  IRREGULAR    VERBS   ENDING   IN   -RE 

Past  Def.: 

je  ris,  ris,  rit,  rimes,  rites,  rirent. 
Future: 

je  rirai,  riras,  rira,  rirons,  rirez,  riront. 
Condit.: 

je  rirais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Impera  t . : 

ris,  rions,  riez, 
Pres.  Subj.: 

queje  rie,  que  tu  ries,  qu'il  rie,  que  n.  riions,  que  v.  riiez,  qu'ils  rient. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  risse,  risses,  qu'il  rit,  que  n.  rissions,  que  v.  rissiez,  qu'ils 

rissent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

riant. 
Past  Part.: 

ri  (only). 

§  no 

suffire  (like  confire)  to  suffice,  to  be  equal  to. 
NOTE.— The  Past.  Part,  is  suffi. 
§  in 

sourdre  to  rise  from  the  earth  is  used  only  in  the  Infini- 
tive and  in  the  third  person  Singular  Indicative 
(Academic) . 

NOTE. — une  source,  a  spring,  derives  from  it. 

§  112 

suivre  to  follow,  to  go  next,  to  pursue;  s'ensuivre  (Imper- 
sonal) to  ensue,  to  follow;  pour  suivre  to  pursue,  to 
proceed. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  suis,  tu  suis,  U  suit,  nous  suivons,  vous  suivez,  Us  suivent. 
Imperf. : 
je  suivais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 


IRREGULAR   VERBS    ENDING   IN   -RE  359 

PastDef.: 

je  suivis,  -is,  -it,  -imes,  -lies,  -irent. 
Future : 

je  suivrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  suivrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat.: 

suis,  suivons,  suivez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

que  je  suive,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  suivisse,  -es,  qu'il  suivit,  que  n.  suivissions,  que  v.  suivissiez, 

qu'ils  suivissent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

suivant. 
Past  Part.: 

suivi,  suivie. 

§»3 

taire  (like  plaire)  to  say  nothing  of  (not  to  mention); 
se  taire  to  keep  silent.      Taire  has  no  circumflex. 

8iM 

teindre  (like  craindre)  to  dye,  to  color;  reteindre  to  dye 
again. 

NOTE. — See  page  343,  §  70. 


traduire  (like  conduire}  to  translate,  to  render,  to  denote. 

§116 

traire  to  milk,  to  draw;  abstraire  to  abstract;  distraire 
to  distract;  extraire  to  extract;  soustraire  (subtract). 

cf. :  tirer  to  draw,  to  pull,  to  extricate;  trainer  to  draw,  to  drag 
along,  to  trail. 


360  IRREGULAR    VERBS    ENDING    IN    -RE 

§"7 

tistre  or  litre  to  weave,  is  used  only  in  the  Past.  Part. 
and  compound  tenses;  tisser  is  now  in  use. 

§118 

vainer e  to  conquer,  to  overcome;  se  vainer e  to  conquer 
one's  inclinations;  se  laisser  vaincre  a  to  lead  one's 
self  into;  convaincre  to  convince. 

cf.:  se  persuader  d'une  chose  to  convince  one's  self,  etc. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  vaincs,  vaincs,  vainc,  vainquons,  vainquez,  vainquent. 
Imperf . : 

je  vainquais ,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Past.  Def.: 

je  vainquis,  -is,  -it,  -tmes,  -ties,  -irent. 
Future: 

je  vaincrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  vaincrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat.: 

vaincs,  vainquons,  vainquez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

queje  vainque,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Imperf.  Subj.: 

queje  vainquisse,  -es,  qu'il  vainqutt,  que  n.  vainquis sions,  -iez,  -ent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

vainquant. 
Past  Part.: 

vaincu,  vaincue. 

§119 

vivre  to  live;  savoir  vivre  to  behave  like  a  gentleman; 
revivre  to  come  to  life  again;  survivre  to  survive. 

demeurer  to  reside;  habiter  to  live  in. 

Pres.  Ind.: 

je  vis,  vis,  vit,  vivons,  vivez,  vivent. 


IRREGULAR   VERBS    ENDING    IN   -RE  361 

Imperf . : 

je  vivais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Past  Def.: 

vecus,  -us,  -ut,  -times,  -lites,  -urent. 
Future: 

je  vivrai,  -as,  -a,  -ons,  -ez,  -ont. 
Condit.: 

je  vivrais,  -ais,  -ait,  -ions,  -iez,  -aient. 
Imperat.: 

vis,  vivons,  vivez. 
Pres.  Subj.: 

quejevive,  -es,  -e,  -ions,  iez,  ent. 

Imperf.  Subj.: 

que  je  vecusse,  -es,  qu'il  vec&t,  que  n.  vecussions,  que  v.  vecussiez, 

qu'ils  vecussent. 
Pres.  Part.: 

vivant. 
Past  Part.: 

vecu,  vecue. 

NOTE. — This  verb  is  frequently  active  in  form  only. 


GENERAL  VOCABULARY 

in  French  or  English  for  guidance 

NOTE. — Abbreviations:  (n.)  nom;  (m.)  masculin;  (f.)  feminin;  (adj.) 
adjectif;  (prep.)  preposition;  (pron.)  pronom;  (interj.)  interjection; 
(v.)  verbe;  (p.  p.)  participe  passe;  —  same  word;  numbers  refer  to 
pages;  other  abbreviations  as  in  English  Dictionaries;  to  before 
verbs  often  omitted.  For  convenience  the  correct  division  of 
French  syllables  has  not  always  been  observed. 


a  a  (m.);  -(an,  one)  un  (e)  9,  75 

d  at,  to,  in,  3 

abandon  (v.)  abandonner;  -ment, 

abandon  (m.) 

abase  (v.),  degrader;    s'humilier 
abate,  55,  s'abattre;     diminuer; 

aecroitre 

abattre  (v.),  334,  to  fall 
abbe,  66 
abbey    abbaye    (f.);   abbot  abbe 

(m.),  15 
abbrevi-ate  (v.1)  abreger;  -ation, 

-  (f.) 
abdic-ate  (v.)    abdiquer;    -ation 

—  (f.);    (v.)  renoncer  a,  197 
abdomen  (m.),  19 
abduct  (v.)  ravir,  238 
a  secede  (m.)  I' alphabet,  6 
abed  alite;  au  lit,  148 
aberration  (n.)  —  (f.) ;  anormal,  78 
abhor     (v.)    avoir    en     horreur, 

hair,  detester 
ability,  108,  habilete  (f.),  capacite; 

aptitude  (f.) 

abject,  33,  vil;    meprisable;    has 
abjure  (v.)   abjurer;  renoncer  d, 

341 

ablative  ablatif   (m.),   74    (with 

par,  de) 

ablaze  en  flammes  (f.),  102 
able    (adj.)    capable;    propre    a; 

en  mesure  de;  en  etat  de;   to 

be  —  pouvoir,  329 
able-bodied  (adj.)  robuste;  fort 


ably     (adv.)     avec    habilete     (f.) 

(adresse,  f.) 
aboard  a  bord  (m).;     en  vciture 

(f.),  309 
abode  sejour  (m.);  residence  (f.), 

abol-ish  (v.)  abolir;  mettre  fin  a; 

revoquer;    annuler;     dissoudre, 

345;  abroger;  -ition — (f.) 
abnormal    (adj)    anormal;     irre- 

gulier,  78 
abomin-able  (adj.)  — ;  degoutant, 

115;  -ate  (v.)  avoir  en  horreur 

(f.),    degout    (m.);    hair,    316; 

repugner;  -ation  —  (f.) 
aborig-inal    (m.)    naturels,    258; 

-ines  -enes 
abound    (v.)    etre  en   abondance 

(f.),  109;  abonder  en 
about      (prep.)      environ,      187; 

a     peu     pres;  vers     (time    or 

direction) 
above    (adv.,    prep.)     au-dessus 

(de);    — board,  sans  deguise- 

ment  (m.),  187 

abreast  (adv.)  cote  a  cote  (f.),  193 
abridg-e     (v.)   faire     un    abrege 

(epitome);  -ment  abrege  (m.), 

228,  275 

abroad  d  I'etranger 
abrogate  (v.)  abroger 
abrupt     (adj.)     brusque,     rude; 

(slope)      rapide;      perpendicu- 

laire,  vertical;  declin  (m.);  -ly, 

224;  a  plomb,  perpendiculaire 

(-ment);  -ness  rudesse  (f.) 


363 


364 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


abscess  (n.)  abces  (m.);  infec- 
tion (f.) 

abscond  (v.)  derober;  cocker;  se  — 

absen-ce  (n.),  54,  absence  (f.) 
(lack);  -t,  4,  — ,  (m.);  -tly, 
359;  par  distraction  (f.);  par 
manque  d 'attention;  -t-minded, 
54,  distrait  (adj.);  il  s'absente 
he  often  goes  away 

absolu  (adj.)  perfect,  43 

absolu-te  (adj.)  absolu;  indepen- 
dant;  souverain;  -tely  (adv.) 
absolument;  sans  restriction 
(f.);  purement  et  simplement; 
-tion  —  (f.) 

absolve  (v.)  absoudre,  332 

absorb  (v.)  absorber;  plonger 
(mind);  occuperjortement,  197, 
217;  etre  absorbe;  —  (drink) 
boire,  334;  avaler,  255 

absor-bent  (adj.)  absorbant;  qui 
occupe  entierement;  -ption  — 

abstain  (v.),  322,  s'abstenir  (de); 

s'empecher  (de) 
abstemious      (adj.)      temper  ant; 

sobre  (dans) 
abstract    (n.)    abstrait;   —   (v.) 

isoler,  22?;faire  abstraction  de; 

-ly  isolement 
absurd  (adj).    ridicule:  -ity   -ite 

(f.) ;  stupldite 
abundan-ce  (n.)  abondance  (f.); 

surcrott  (m.),   343;    -t   (adj.) 

abondant;  en  abondance  (f.) 
abuse  (y.)  abuser  (de);  mal  user, 

197;  injurier  (offenser),  165 
abusif,  59,  wrongly  used 
abyss  (n.)    abime   (m.);  gouffre 

(precipice}  (m.),  145,  297 
academ-y,    47,     academic     (f.); 

-ic  (adj.)  -ique 
accede   (v.)    ceder    (a);    se    ren- 

dre  aux  desirs  de;  consentir,  320 
accelera-te    (v.),  343,  accroitre; 

-tion  (n.)  accroissement    (m.), 

228 
accent  (n.),  46,  —  (m.);  pronon- 

ciation  (f.);    tonic  —  /' 'accent 

tonique;  -uate  (v.)  -uer;  mar- 

quer    d'un    — ;     —     (stress) 

—  (f.),  45,  225 
accept    (v.)    28,    accepter;    rece- 


voir,  249;  prendre,  356;  -able, 
28,  agr cable;  -ance  -ation  (f.) 

access  (n.)  acces  (abord)  (m.); 
entree  (f.);  -ible  (adj.)  — ; 
abordable,  215;  -it  (n.)  — ,  33, 
-ory  (n.)  accessoire  (m.),  24 

accident  (n.)  —  (m.),  193;  -al 
(adj.)  -al;  -ally  (adv.)  par 
accident 

accla-im  (v.)  acclamer,  349; 
-ma  tion  —  (f.) 

acclimate  (v.)  acclimater;  s' — ; 
s'habituer  a,  277 

accolade,  5  (brace),  embrasse- 
ment  (m.),  347;  —  (f.) 

accommod-ate  (v.)  accommoder; 
convenir;  etre  content  (de); 
-ation,  104;  amabilite,  com- 
plaisance (f.) 

accompagner  (v.)  accompan-y, 
57;  -ist  (n.)  qui  accompagne; 
358;  -iment  (n.)  accom- 
pagnement  (m.) 

accompli  (adj.)  -shed;  (years) 
reached,  304;  completed;  ef- 
fected; fulfilled;  done;  achiev- 
ed ;  performed ;  carried  out,  238 

accomplish  (v.)  accomplir,  achev- 
er,  remplir;  executer;  realiser, 
238;  -ment  (n.)  accompli sse- 
ment  (m.),  152;  achievement 
(m.);  resolution  (f.);  acquisi- 
tion; agrement,  244 

accord  (n.)  accord  (m.),  59; 
conformite  de  sentiments;  har- 
monie  (f.);  concordance  (f.); 
union  de  sons;  no,  a' accord 
(agreed  upon);  tomber  d' — 
to  agree;  to  be  of  one  mind 
(finally);  59,  s'accorder  to 
agree  (suit) 

accorder  (v.)  to  agree;  etre  en 
accordance  (77,  gr.,  Vadjectif 
s'accorde  avec  le  nom;  on  ac- 
corde  le  verbe  avec  son  sujet) ; 
cf.:  269,  conceder;  mettre  d' ac- 
cord; octroyer;  consentir  (cL 
admettre);  etre  d' accord;  60,  to 
grant  (to  be  of  one  mind) 

accordeur  (de)  tuner 

according  to  selon;  suivant; 
-ly,  169,  en  consequence,  done, 
alors;  see  follow 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


365 


accost     (v.)      accoster,     aborder 
(to  come  alongside);  —  (s'ap- 

procher  aussi  pres  que  possible), 
127,  205 
accouder  (s')  (v.)  to    lean  upon 

one's    elbow   (s)    203;    —  du 

coude  (sur  le  c — ) 
account  (n.)  compte  (m.);    (v.) 

rendre  compte  de;  -able,  respon- 

sable,  268 
decoupler    (v.)     to    couple;      to 

yoke;  s' —  to  pair 
(r)accourcir  (v.)   to  shorten  (the 

way);     342.     une     raccourcie 

short  cut 

accourir,  312,  to  hasten  (run)  to 
accoutrement     --     (m.),      115; 

habillement    bizarre    (peculiar, 

unusual) 
accoutrer  (s')  or:  se  parerde,  323, 

to  bedeck  one's  self  (rig,  etc.) 
accoutume  (a),  277,  accustomed 

(to);  used  to 

accouver  to  set  (a  hen),  345 
accredit  (v.)  -editer,  160;  inspirer 

la    confiance;    s'-er    to    gain 

esteem 
accroc    hitch,    tear,    191;     206, 

-hement   locking  (of  2  teams) ; 

-her    to  hang  (a  hat)    up   or 

upon;  to  catch;  s'-er  to  cling, 

203 
accroire  (faire)  d.  to  make  believe, 

341 ;  s'en  faire  —  to  consider 

one's  self  important,  209 
accroissement    (m.)    increase   of 

(speed) ;      cf . :      ralentissement 

(m.)  slackening 
accroupir  (s')  to  squat  (down), 

203;  se  baisser 
accrue,  343,  accroitre  (s');  aug- 

menter;  cf. :  diminuer,  amoin- 

drir,  165 
accueil  (m.)  reception,  36;    -lir, 

313  (v.)  welcome 
acculer    (contre  le  mur)  to  push 

(to  the  wall) ;  s'adosser  to  lean 

against,   205;   on  le  mil  dans 

I' impossibility  de;he  was  placed 

where  he  could  not  move,  etc. 

(nonplussed) 
accumul-er     (v.)     -ate,     amass; 

entasser  (heap)  pile  up;  mettre 


I'un  surVautre;  231,  amasser; 
amonceler,22g;  r assembler, $1$, 

cueillir     (gather);    faire     une 
collection 

accura-cy  (n.)  precision,  99; 
clarte;  justesse  (f.);  -te,  305, 
exact;  correct,  juste 

accurse  (v.)  maudire,  344 

accu-sateur,  66;  (v.)  accuser  -se; 
(de);  imputer;  reveler  (sins); 
(betray)  —  servir  d'indice; 
indiquer;  faire  ressortir  (to 
bring  out),  321 ;  j' accuse  recep- 
tion de,  268;  s' accuser 

accusatif  accusative;  (ce)  que 
=  that  which  (what) 

accusation  — •  (f.);  imputation 
(f.),  199;  reproche  (m.),  227 

accustom  (v.)  see  accoutumer 

accustom  (v.)  accoutumer  (s'); 
se  faire;  183,  prendre  I' habitude 
a;  avoir  coutume  (de)  to  be 
-ed;  s'habituer  to  get  used  to, 
1 06;  347,  se  faire  a  to  inure 
one's  self 

ace  (n.)  as  (m.) 

acerbe  (adj.)  sharp  (taste); — 
(harsh)  language,  153 

achalandee  (boutique  bien)  well 
patronized  shop  (f.) 

acharne  (adj.)  desperate  (fight); 
bitter 

acharnement  (n.)  fury  (m.); 
s'acharner  a,  98,  to  persist  in 

achat  (m.)  purchase,  310 

ach-e,  mal;  -ing  douleur;  souf- 
france  (f.);  (adj.)  douloureux 

acheminement  (m.)  (forward) 
march  towards;  pr ogres  (m.) 

s'acheminer  to  (speed  along) 
march 

acheter  (v.)  to  buy,  22,  229 

achet-er  purchase;  see  acquerir, 
Irr.  verb;  -eur  buyer 

ach-ever  achieve,  see  finir  (con- 
jugated) ;  terminer;  consommer; 
donner  le  coup  de  grace;  tuer; 
perdre  completement;  -evement 
(m.)  completion;  see  bdtir; 
construire;  eriger 

Achille  (m.),  24;  -s 

acid,  12,  acide  (m.);  (tart)  (adj.) 
—  acide;  -ity  -ite  (f.) 


366 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


acide  (m.)  acid 

acier  (m.)  steel;  —  fondu  cast 
steel;  fit  d'  —  steel  wire 

acknowledg-e  (v.),  339,  recon- 
naitre;  (letter)  accuser  recep- 
tion de  (:  [un]  accuse  de  r  —  ); 
-ment  reconnaissance  (f.);  cf.  : 
ingratitude  (f.) 

acolyte  (m.)  —  ,  14 

acompte,  see  devoir;  10  ]>s.  a 
compte  (on  a/c.) 

acoustics  acousiique  (f.);  cornet 
—  ear  (rubber)  trumpet 

acquaint  renseigner;  (le)  tenir 
au  courant  de,  informer;  to 
get  -ed  faire  la  connaissance 
de,  310 

acquerir  acquire;  acquisition; 
acquereur  purchaser,  29;  cf.  : 
prendre  des  informations  (or: 
demander);  sans  s'  informer 
(make  inquiries)  :  a  —  to  come 
into  possession  of;  s'  —  un 
nom  to  become  celebrated; 
mil  acquis  ill-gotten;  I'  argent  se 
gagne  avec  peine;  contrat  d'ac- 
quisition  deed  of  purchase 

acquiesce  acceder  a  (accede  to) 

acquit,  )  see   devoir,    etc. 


)  see 
\      27 
j    cf. 


5  acquitter,      j    cf.   constater    le 

payement;  to  verify  the  pay- 

ment; -tal  acquittement  (m.) 
acre,  II,  acre  (140  ares  et  demi) 

or    160    sq.    rods,    or    43,560 

sq.  ft. 
acrid    acre;    piquant    (pungent, 

sour,  sharp);  -ity  dcrete  (f.) 
acrobat  -e  (m.)  danseu-r  (-se  de 

corde);     cf.:    clown,    jongleur, 

equilibriste 
across,  see  p.  189 
acrost-iche  -ic  (m.) 
act,    9,    acte    (m.);    action    (f.); 

(v.)    agir  to  —  ;  faire  acte  de 

presence  to  put  in  an  appear- 

ance 
act-e   (n.)   act;  -ion,  33    (deed); 

(v.)  agir  to  act 
acteur  actor,  66 
ac-tif  (adj.)  active;  -tivity  -tivite 

(f.);  verbe  —  transitive  verb; 

la  forme  active   active  form; 


-tivement  -lively;  actif  et  passif 
assets  and  liabilities,  87 

action,  64,  deed  (act) ;  en  —  at 
work;  Jour  d' Action  de  Graces 
Thanksgiving;  -5  shares 
(stock) ;  -naire,  shareholder 

activer  to  expedite  (business); 
(poke)  le  jen 

actualites  (f.)  news  of  the  day 

actuate  (v.)  mouvoir,  327 

actuel  present,  actual;  (real) 
e.iective;  -lement,  56,  now 
(-adays) 

acuite  (f.)  acuteness;  cf.:  aigu, 
pointu  acute,  pointed 

acute  (adj.)  aigu  (-e) 

adage  proverbe  (m.);  maxime 
(f.) 

Adam,  26 

adap-tation  appliance;  adjust- 
ing; fitting;  -ter  to  make 
suitable  (fit) 

add  (v.)  ajouter;  —  up  addi- 
tionner;  -ition  addition  (f.) 

add  (to)  joindre,  augmenter; 
faire  I' addition  (f.);  see  su- 
perfluous 

adder  couleuvre  (f.) 

addicted  to  vice  porte  au  vice 

address  adresse  (f.);  adresser; 
wrong  — ,  —  mal  mise;  s'  ^er 
a  to  apply  to;  adressez-lui  la 
parole  speak  to  him  (her) 

adherer  (v.)  adhere  (cling), 
188 

adhesion  (f.)  consent 

adieu  a  farewell  (quand  on  se 
quitte  at  parting) 

adjacent  — ;  attenant;  contigu 
(-ous);  see  follow 

adjectif  (n.)  adjective,  55 

adjectival  (adj.)  qui  tient  de 
V adjectif  (m.) 

adjoindre  adjoin;  associer  a,  99 
(see  joindre);  -ing,  see  adja- 
cent 

adjoint  (professeur  — )  associate 
professor;  adjunct 

adjudant  adjutant 

adjudicataire  (in  public  con- 
tracts) purchaser  who  is  to 
fulfill  the  agreement  as  per 
contract :  par  adjudication 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


367 


adjuger  (une  entreprise)  to  award 
labor  to  be  performed  as 
above;  —  (un  prix)  to  —  a 
prize 

adjur-er  to  beseech  (implore); 
-ation  —  or  priere  instanie 

adjust  (v.)  joindre;  adapter 

adjuteur  who  helps  (:  as  auxili- 
ary) 

admettre,  351,  admit  (see  mettre); 
recevoir,  comporter  (to  stand); 
accueillir 

adminis-trateur  trustee;  (-trator) 
curator;  -tration  —  (f.);  -ter 
-trer;  conduire;  diriger;  confe- 
rer  (Cath.) 

admirable  — ,  30 

admira-ble  — ;  -bly  admirable- 
menl;  d'une  maniere  admirable, 
parfaite 

admira-teur    admirer;    -tion    - 
(f.) 

admi-re  (v.),  58,  admirer;  consi- 
derer  (avec  etonnement  et  sur- 
prise); -rer  (m.)  admirateur; 
trouver  etrange  to  wonder  at 
(find  it  strange) ;  -ration — (f .) ; 
-rable  — ;  —  deeply  ravir  d' ad- 
miration; charmer  to  delight; 
transpprte  de  joie  (beside  one's 
self)  in  raptures;  in  heaven 
( :  etre  aux  anges) ;  plaire  extreme- 
ment;  fasciner  (to  put  under 
a  spell);  roses  admirables 
wonderful  flowers! 

admirer  (v.)  to  admire,  147 

admissible  — ;  entitled  (worthy) 
to  be  admitted;  allowable 

admission  —  (f.);  admittance; 
no  —  defense  d'entrer 

adonne  (a)  addicted  to;  s'-er  a 
to  give  one's  self  up  to 

adopt-er  un  enfant  to  adopt  a 
child;  il  fait  une  motion  he 
makes  a  motion;  on  I'appuie 
it  is  seconded ;  on  la  fait  — 
it  is  carried ;  meltons  aux  voix  la 
motion  let  us  put  the  motion 
to  vote;  -ion  (f.),  25;  -if  (fils) 
adoptive  child,  28,  79 

adorable  charming  (lovely!) 

adorer  (v.)  to  love  (adore); 
aimer  avec  passion;  cf. :  aimer 


eperdument  to  love  to  dis- 
traction; languir  d' amour  to 
pine  away  for  love;  etre  eprls  d; 
to  be  enamored  with;  se  Her 
avec  (former  une  liaison)  to 
become  acquainted  with;  en- 
tiche  de  infatuated  with,  or: 
en  raffoler  to  be,  etc. ;  cherir  la 
patrie  to  love  the  fatherland; 
prendre  en  amitic,  to  take  a  lik- 
ing to;  to  be  wedded  to  an 
opinion;  s' attacker  fortement 
a  une,  etc.;  il  I'aime  comme  la 
prunelle  de  ses  yeux  he  loves 
her  like  the  apple  of  his  eye; 
s' attacker  a  plaire  to  use  every 
effort  (to  strive)  to  please; 
see  follow 

adorn  orner  (v.);  cf. :  purer  (de); 
embellir;  decorer;  iUustrer; 
-ment  parure  (f.);  ornement 
(m.) 

adosser  to  rest  against;  or: 
appuyer  centre 

adouc-ir  to  sweeten;  cf. :  to  miti- 
gate (soften,  calm,  soothe  and 
appease;  5' — ;  -issement  sweet- 
ening, palliation,  relief:  sou- 
lagement  (m.);  assuaging 

adresse  (f.)  see  address  and 
parler 

adroit  (cf.:  direct)  clever;  plein 
d' esprit,  d' invention;  cf . :  habile 
skillful;  connaisseur  ruse 
(cunning);  -ly  avec  adresse; 
-ness  dexterite  (f.);  se  con- 
naitre  en  to  be  an  expert  in; 
ingenieux 

adula-te  "aduler;  flatter  servile- 
ment;  -tion  flatterie  basse; 
compliment  flatteur;  -tor  flat- 
teur,  louangeur 

adult  adulte 

adulterate  falsifier;  alterer;  adul- 
terer; cette  boisson  est  frelatee 
this  beverage  (drink)  is  ad-ed; 
or:  on  y  met  des  substances 
etrangeres  they  make  it  im- 

?ure  by  admixture  of  a  foreign 
ar  a  baser)  substance 
advance  avancer;  —  (d'un  pas) 
—  one  step;  qui  n'avance  pas 
recule   he    who   does  not  — 


368 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


advance — Continued 

retrogrades;  faire  des  pr ogres 
to  make  progress;  —  (pro- 
ceed) poursuivre;  continuer; 
promouvoir  (promote) ;  what 
is  the  advantage!  la  belle 
avance 

advancement  progres;  avance- 
ment  (d'un  pas)  (m.);  making 
a  step  forward;  elevation  en 
grade  promotion;  ameliora- 
tion (f.)  (improvement) 

advantage  avantage,  profit  (m.); 
-s  (successes) ;  -ous  avantageux 

advenir,  see  venir 

Advent  I'avent  (m.);  Sunday  in 
—  dimanche  de 

adventur-e  aventure  (f.);  entre- 
prise  hasardeuse;  a  I' —  at  all 
hazards;  par  —  (d')  —  by 
chance;  -ous  -eux;  see  s' ex- 
poser,  p.  170;  courir  le  risque 
to  take  the  chance 

adverb  -e  (m.);  mot  invariable, 
59;  -ial  (modifie  le  verbe,  I'ad- 
jectif,  V  expression) ;  locution 
-ale 

advers-ary  adversaire,  rival;  faire 
concurrence  d  (f.)  to  (oppose) 
compete  with  (concourir  pour); 
c —  d  (co-operate);  -ative 
conjunction  —  (f.):  mais  (but), 
quoique  (although) 

advers-e,  la  partie — ;  the  opposi- 
tion (law) ;  fortune  —  ill  for- 
tune; la  mauvaise  chance  le 
poursuit  he  has  a  run  of  bad 
luck ;  -ity  -He  (f . ) ;  infortune  (f ) . ; 
malheur  (m.) 

advertise  (v.)  annoncer;  -ment, 
-ce  (f.);  reclame  (f.);  to  praise 
(loud)  en  faire  I'eloge  (m.); 
see  louer,  p.  213;  mousser  tin 
succes  to  praise  a  successful 
affair  loudly;  battre  la  grosse 
caisse  to  make  a  splurge  over; 
a  big  splurge;  il  claque  son 
fouet  he  cracks  his  own  whip 

advice  (n.)  avis,  conseil  (m.);  see 
follow;  (v.)  donner  avis  to  give 
notice;  donner  (demander)  des 
conseils  to  advise  (to  ask 
for—) 


advisable  (adj.)  prudent;  ban; 
sage  (de);  it  may  not  be  (deem- 
ed) —  on  ne  saurait  recom- 
mander  (a)  de;  convenable  (ex- 
pedient); a  propos  (utile);  cf.: 
to  seek  a  makeshift  chercher  un 
expedient,  or:  recourir  d,  see 
courir;  -ness  utilite  (f.);  *'»- 
struire  (de)  to  be  made  cog- 
nizant of;  il  est  au  courant  de 
(com.)  he  is  well  informed  in 
(grounded) ;  le  tenir  au  c —  de 
to  keep  him  advised  concern- 
ing 

advise  (v.)  conseiller  (de) 
advisedly  d  dessein;   see  expect; 
de  dessein    premedite    design- 
edly 

advisement  consideration  (f.); 
see  devoir;  une  telle  —  le  decida 
(or:  raison  (f.)  motif);  such 
motive  prompted  him;  see 
resoudre  (solve)  or  settle  (a 
point);  determiner  or  faire 
prendre  une  resolution  to  take 
resolve;  se  determiner  d  to  r — 
upon;  cela  le  d —  d  that 
makes  him  take  that  resolve; 
conseiller  de;  resolu  -te;  il  est 
determine  (bold);  les  resoudre 
d  to  prevail  upon  them ;  s' y  r — 
to  make  up  one's  mind  to  do 
it;  colloq.:  il  branle  dans  le 
manche  irresolute;  s'obstiner 
dans;  see  s' opinidtrer ,  p..  204; 
un  parti  pris  foregone  conclu- 
sion ;  resolutely  resolument; 
manquer  de  —  to  lack  — ;  quelle 
resolution  what  a  — !  changer 
de  —  to  change  mind;  see  (v.) 
cut;  qu'ont-ils  arrete  what  has 
been  resolved  on?  il  previent 
(resout)  d'avance  toute  objec- 
tion he  meets  any  —  in 
advance 

afar  (adv.)  au  loin,  96 
affame  (adj.)  famished,  32 
affirm    (v.)    affirmer;    -ation  — 
(f.);    -ative   (adj.)    affirmatif; 
-   (n.);   affirmative    (f.);    -ly 
d'une  maniere  — 
affirmative  (form)  (la  forme) — , 
59 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


369 


affluent  (m.),  188 

affluer  (v.),  188 

afflux,  34  (m.);  —  (med.) 

affreux,  So 

affut  (m.),  13,  gun  carriage;  on 
the  lookout. 

Afrique  (n.,  f.),  192 

age,  3,  age  (m.);  -d  age  de,  304 

agenda  (m.)  memorandum  book, 
18 

agnosticisme  (m.),  22 

agriculteur,  3,  farmer 

at  (avoir),  81 

aid  aide  (f.);  (see  help);  (v.) 
aider  d;  in  —  of  (towards)  au 
profit  (benefice)  de;  to  come 
to  (assist)  aid  venir  en  aide; 
preler  son  contours',  s'aider  de 
—  (with) 

aie  (avoir),  81 

aiel  ouch!  17 

a'ieul,  71 

aigles,  68 

aigu  (-e),  9,  78 

aiguille  (f.)  needle,  switch;  -r  to 
thread  a  — ,  24;  -ur  (m.) 
switchman 

aiguiser  to  sharpen  (whet),  352 

ai/e  (f.)  wing,  4 

a*7/e  etc.  (alter)  Subj. 

ailleurs  elsewhere,  16 

aim  (at),  see  purpose 

aimable,  30,  lovable 

aimer  (v. )  to  like  (love) ,  20 

aine  sr. ;  elder 

atrm*  thus,  46 

atr  (avoir  I'),  56,  to  look;  to  seem 
to  be;  paraitre;  I' air  et  la  chan- 
son (appearance  and  reality) 

air  (n.)  air  (m.),  14;  il fait  del' air, 
348,  there  is  wind;  il  prend 
I'air,  356,  he  goes  out  for  a 
walk;  or:  le  frais  (takes)  the 
air  (-ing);  made  up  stories 
contes  en  I'air;  to  hover  (soar) 
in  the  —  planer  dans  les  airs 

ajouter  to  add,  26 

alarme,  64 

album  (m.)  — ,  21 

alcove  (f.)  alcove,  recess,  12 

Alexandre  (m.)  -er,  34 

allaient  et  venaient,  40,  kept  going 
and  coming 


attant  (en)  while  going  (on  his, 
our,  my,  their,  her  way  to),  40 

Allemand,  5,  German;  A — gne, 
192,  Germany 

alter,  309,  to  go;  s'en  —  to  go 
away 

allez,  30,  go,  309  (Imper.) 

allonger  (v.)  to  lengthen  (pro- 
long) 

allons,  3,  come!  alter,  309 

almanack  (m.)  almanac,  22 

almonds  (burned)  pralines  (f.) 

almost  presque;  d  pen  pres;  the  e 
in  —  elided  in:  presqu'ile 

alors  then,  30 

aloyau  (m.)  sirloin,  14 

alphabet,  6;  alphabet  (m.);  in 
-ical  order  par  ordre  -etique 

already  deja 

Alsace  (f.),  30;  -cien  (-nne  f.) 
Alsacian 

also  aussi;  (likewise;  so)  — 

amaze  (v.)  f  rapper  d'etonnement 
(m.);  see  wonder,  surprise; 
stand  aghast  demeure  ebahi; 
-  inter  dit  speechless;  quel 
ne  fut  point  son  etonnement 
imagine  his  amazement  when; 
imaginez-vous  que  (fancy  or 
just  imagine  or  picture  to 
yourself  .  .  .);  colloq.;  c'est 
renversant  I  am  dazed!  (eton- 
nement profond  great  sur- 
prise!); and  verb  enchanter 
(delight);  enrapture  (v.)  &tre 
sous  le  char  me  de  (spell  of), 
seduire  fascinate  (v.) 

amazone  (f.)  (woman)  rider,  12 

ambassadeur,  66 

ambi-tion  —  (f.);  -tious  ambi- 
tieux;  il  a  de  I'ambition;  see  ex- 
tinguish 

ambulance  (f.)  — ,  19 

dme  (n.  f.)  soul,  3 

amen,  19  (m.) 

amer  (adj.)  bitter,  29 

America  I'Amerique  (f.),  192 

American,  5,  Americain  (m.); 
—  lady,  19,  -e  (f.),  65 

ami  (n.  m.)  friend;  -e  (f.),  3; 
-tie  (f.),  19,  friendship,  12; 
en  amitie  as  a  — 

ammoni-aque  (f.)  -ac,  26 


370 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


amnistie  (f.)  amnesty,  19 

among  entre;  —  parmi 

amont  (m.)   (the  direction  from 

which  a  stream  descends) ; — 

(en),  up  the  river  (from) 
amour,  68;  19 
amputation  (n.)  —  ,  19 
amus-ant  (adj.)  -ing,  32 
amuser  (v.)  to  amuse,  19 
an    (m.)    year,    304;    -nee    (f.) 

(whole)  year 
anabaptisme  (m.)  -m,  28 
anabaptiste  (m.)  -t,  28 
analyse  (f.),  14,  analysis 
ancien,  78 
dne  (m.)  mule,  9 
anglais   5,    English    (language); 

Angleterre,   192,  England 
anguille  (f.)  eel,  24 
animal  (m.)  70 
annales  (f.)  annals,  18 
anneau  (m.)  (plain)  ring,  18 
annee  (f.)  year,  18 
annexe  (f.),  18,  annex;  -r  (v.)  to 

-  (add),  53 

annivers-aire  (m.)  -ary,  27 
annonce  (f.),  27,  advertisement; 

-r  (v.)  to  announce,  58 
annoter  (v.)  to  annotate  (edit), 

18 

annuaire  (m.)  (yearly)  book  re- 
cord, 1 8 
annu-el  -al,  27 
annuit-e  (f.)  -y,  18 
annuler  (v.)   to   cancel  (annul), 

18 
another    un    autre;    encore    un; 

one  —  I'un  I' autre 
answer    (n.)    reponse    (f.);    (v.) 

repondre  (a) 

Ant-echrist  (m.)  -ichrist,  31 
antipath-ie  (f.),  32,  -y 
any,  124,  see  de;  du,  de  I',  de  la, 

des;  — .other  tout  autre;  quel- 

qu' autre 
aout  (m.)  August,   180;  -er  (v.) 

to  reap  in  — 
apart  a  part 
apath-ie  (f.),  33,  -y 
aplomb  (m.)  assurance,  20 
apostrophe   apostrophe   (f.),   57, 

mots  mis  en  —  apostrophized 

words 


apdtre  (m.),  12,  apostle;  faire  le 
ban  —  to  be  a  wolf  in  sheep's 
clothing 

apparaitre  (v.)  (paraitre),  354 
apparent,  57  (adj.)  — 
appartement,  56,  apartment 
appear,  354,  paraitre;  (comets) 
apparaitre ;  sembler  (seem) ; 
-  (publish,  to  be  issued); 
to  —  to  me  only  as  dots  ne  me 
paraitre  que  des  points;  —  be- 
fore the  judges  —  a  la  barre; 
le  soleil  parait  the  sun  -s; 
il  luit  it  shines  or:  brille;  darder 
ses  rayons  to  dart  forth  its 
rays;  eblouir  to  dazzle;  (passer 
or  disparaitre) :  la  beaute  passe; 
just  out!  vient  de  paraitre; 
mettre  au  jour  to  have  (it) 
published;  p —  to  seem  to  be; 
so  it  seems  d  ce  qu'il  parait; 
to  come  in  sight  (sun) 
commencer  d,  p — ;  faire  un 
acte  de  presence  to  put  in  an 
appearance;  p —  (se  faire 
voir);  I'aurore  parut;  I'acteur 
fit  son  debut  (appeared  on  the 
scene)  for  the  first  time;  p — 
comme  temoin  to  —  as  a  wit- 
ness; before  courts  of  justice 
(comparaitre)  en  justice;  le 
mandat  de  comparution  sum- 
mons to  — ;  he  was  sued  at 
law  on  I'appela  en  justice;  si 
vous  etes  fdche,  ne  le  laissez 
point  paraitre  if  you  are  angry 
do  not  show  it;  p —  pour  la 
derniere  fois  to  make  his  last 
a — ;  aimer  abien  p — ,  to  like  to 
make  a  good  appearance ;  faire 
P —  to  write  (books);  faites 
paraitre  le  coupable  have  the 
guilty  one  brought  in ;  il  par  ait 
que  ...  it  seems  as  if  .  .  . ; 
il  n'y  parait  pas  there  are  no 
signs  of  it;  il  y  parait  it  seems 
so  (:*/  y  a  toute  apparence); 
il  lui  semble  qu'on  le  Voit  he 
thinks  (fancies)  that  they  see 
him;  cela  lui  semble  ainsi 
so  it  seems  to  him ;  selon  toute 
apparence  in  all  probability; 
dispel  the  clouds faireais —  (or: 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


371 


appear — Continued 

dissiper)  les  nuages;  cf. :  dissi- 
per  (squander)  son  bien  (for- 
tune) :  (le  manger);  il  a  Vair  et 
la  chanson;  see  air;  appari- 
tion (astro.);  en  apparence 
[la  recolte  sera  bonne  apparently 
the  harvest  will  be  good]  — 
judging  from  what  we  see; 
ces  lignes  sont  apparemment  de 
M.  X.  apparently  those  lines 
are  from  Mr.  B.;  les  appa- 
rences  sont  pour  eux  probabili- 
ties favor  their  case;  il  fera 
cela  pour  les  apparences  he 
will  do  that  for  show;  le  ble  a 
une  belle  apparence  that  wheat 
promises  well;  sauvez  les  ap- 
parences (dehors)  save  ap- 
pearances; sont-ce  des  plaintes 
apparentes?  are  those  com- 
plaints feigned?  pas  la  moindre 
apparence  de  verite  not  the 
least  sign  of  truth;  cf.:  il  est 
bien  de  figure  good-looking; 
ette  a  bonne  mine  she  looks 
well;  en  peinture  in  appear- 
ance 

appeler  to  call,  229 

appendice  (m.)  appendix,  18 

applic-able  can  be  applied ;  -ation, 
56 

apply  (to)  s'adresser  a 

apporter    (v.)    to  bring    (fetch), 
156 

apprendre  (see  prendre),  356-7, 
to  learn 

appris  p.  p.  of  apprendre,  356,  28 

approuve,   192 

appui  (m.)  support,  46 

appuyer  (v.)  to  lay  stress  (on, 
upon) 

apres  after;  d' —  according,  56 

April,  180  (m.),  avril 

aquat-ique  (adj.)  -ic,  28 

aquilin  (nez)  (adj.)  Roman  nose 

aquilon  (m.)  north  wind,  29 

arbre  (m.),  55,  tree 

arc,  1 1 ;  —  en-ciel  (m.),  112 

archeologie  (f.)  archaeology 

archeyeque  archbishop 

archiduc  archduke 

archidiacre  (m.)  archdeacon,  24 


architect-e  (m.)  architect,  24,  40; 
-ure  (f.)  — 

ardent  burning,  37,  42 

are  (see:/o  be  (v.) 

argent  (m.),  3,  money  (silver) 

argile,  65 

arguer  (v.)  (law)  to  accuse  (of), 
24 

aride  (adj.),  12,  arid 

aristocra-te  (m.),  32,  -t;  -tie  (f.)  -cy 

Aristophanes  (of  Byzantium) 
Aristophane  (de  Byzance) 

aritkmetique  (f.)  arithmetic,  24 

arm,  65,  to  -s  aux  armes!  to 
take  up  -s  prendre  les  armes; 
he  has  long  — •  il  a  des  bras 
longs;  -ed  (with)  arme  (muni) 
de  or:  ayant 

armoire,  65 

army,  1 1 ,  armee  (f . ) ;  see  follow 

arome  (f.)  aroma,  12 

arret  (m.),  n,  stop;  decree  (deci- 
sion), 53 

arreter  (v.)  to  stop;  5' —  to  make 
a  stop 

arrive,  3,  arrived,  194 

arriv-e  (v.)  at -river;  -alarrivee  (f.) 

—  at  (reach)  -er,  38 

arroser  (v.)  to  water  (sprinkle), 

T3 

arrow  (n.)  fleche  (f.);  see  traire, 
etc. 

art  (m.),  33,  — 

artere,  65 

article  (m.),  54 

articulate  articuler  (un  son) 

articuler  (v.)  to  articulate 

artiste,  66 

as  —  as  aussi  (si)  que,  167; 
comme  (just)  —  de  meme  que 
[see  comparative];  as  comme, 
en  qualite  de;  as  an  example 

—  exemple;  such  as  tel  que;  as 
well  as  aussi  bien;  as  if  dead 
(en  quelque  faqon)  comme  mart; 
as    a    teacher    en    qualite   de 
maitre;  cf. :  comme  il  est  drole 
how  funny  he  acts !  as  he  was 
entering  comme  il  entrait  (au 
moment  ou);  comme  il  est  votre 
parrain   as    he    is   your  god- 
father; cf. :  parce  que  because; 
puisque  since  (as);  see  follow 


372 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


aseend-ance  (f.),  30,  -ency 

ascension  (f.)  — ,  30 

Ash    Wednesday    mercredi    des 

cendres 

aside  de  cote;  a  I'ecart  (aloof) 
Asie  (f.)  Asia,  192 
ask    (v.)   demander   (a    M.   de); 

—  after  —  des   nouvelles  de 
la  sante  de 

aspect  (m.)f  33,  — 
ass  dne  (m.),  227 
assembly,  3,  assemblee;  reunion 

(f.)     ' 
asseyez-vous ,    15    (s'asseoir)    sit 

down,  324 
assez,  253 

assister  (a)  to  attend,  31 
Ass-omption  (f.)  -umption,  28 
assurance  de  ma  (noire)  parfaite 

consideration  (:  letter- writing) 

or:    ...  consideration   distin- 

guce  (see  expression) 
asterisk,  5,  asterisque  (m.) 
asthme  (m.)  asthma,  24 
astrono-mique,  37;  -mie  (f.)  -my 
at  a;  —  rest  en  repos;  —  home 

chez  moi  (lui,  die,  eux,  ettes) 
athee  (m.),  33,  atheist 
Athenes  (f.)  Athens 
athlete  (m.),  33,  — 
atlas  (m.),  30 
atome  (m.),  12,  atom 
atonique,  12,  atonic 
atout  (m.)  trump,  16 
dtre  (f.),  11,  hearth 
attend  (v.)  (a  meeting),  assister 

(d   une   reunion);   see  .follow; 

—  (take    care    of)    soigner; 
-ance  (large)   nombreux  audi- 
toire  (m.) 

attend  (on),  42  (we,  they,  etc.), 
are  waiting 

attendant,  38,  meanwhile;  while 
waiting  (en),  38,  in  the  mean- 
time 

attendre  to  wait  (for) ;  expect 

atlendu  considering,  192 

attentat  (m.),  40,  attack;  attempt 
(at  crime) 

attente  (salle  d')  waiting-room 

attenti-f  (adj.)  -ve,  33 

attribute  (n.),  59,  attribut  (m.); 
(v.)  —  attribuer;  (gr.)  I' attribut 


(le  predicat)  est  le  troisieme 
terme  de  la  proposition  the  pre- 
dicate is  the  third  term  of  a 
proposition 

au,  124,  to  the 

aucun  (m.),  119  (pron.indef.),  no 

augmenter  (v.)  increase,  15 

aujourd'hui  to-day,  54 

auquel,  135 

aurore  (f.)  aurora,  15 

aussi,  55,  also,  too,  3,  95 

aussi  (bien  .  .  .  que)  as  (well 
as),  53 

aussitdt  que  as  soon  as,  167 

austere  austere,  15 

autant,  253,  as  much  (many); 
pas  —  not  so  much  (many) 

auteur,  67,  author 

autocra-tie  (f.),  32,  -cy 

automne,  64 

autre  other,  40;  -ment  que,  59, 
different  from 

autres  (a  d'),  54  (to),  others; 
tell  it (colloq.) 

avais  (avoir),  81,  had 

aval  (m.),  11  (security);  donner 
son  —  to  indorse  (note); 
—  down  en  —  (a  stream); 
le  cote  vers  lequel  descend 
une  riviere  the  direction  in 
which  a  river  descends;  cf.: 
amont 

avant  before  (time);  56;  —  que, 
60,  before; 

avant-dernier  last  but   one,    the 

penult 
-  -hier  (adv.),  33 

avec  with  (prep.),  23 

avertir  to  warn,  41 

avis  (m.),  39,  notice:  271 

aviser  (v.)  to  advise  (let  know) 

avocat  (m.),  9,  lawyer 

avoir,  81,  to  have 

avril  (m.)  April,  25 

axe  (f.)  axis,  34 

axiome  (m.),  12,  axiom,  34 

ayant  (p.  part.,  avoir),  85 

ayons  (imperative)  avoir,  85 

B 

babil  (m.)  chatter,  25 
Babylone  (f.)  Babylon 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


373 


bac  (m.)  ferry  (boat),  u 

bachelier,  31 , es-Lettres  Bache- 
lor in  Literature 

bacill  e  (m.)  -us,  25 

bague  (f.),  9,  ring;  anneau  (plain) 
ring  (m.) 

bailleur,  66 

bait  (n.)  appdt  (m.)  (see  hook) 

bal  (m.)  ball,  1 1 

balafre  (f.)  scar,  1 1 

balbutie  (f.)  lisping,  32;  (v.)  -r 
to  stammer 

balbutier,  225 

£a//<?  (f.)  ball;  see  pelote  (f.) 
(hand)  — 

balle  (f.)  bullet,  25 

balsam-ique  (adj.)  -ic,  30 

6awc  (m.)  bench,  18 

banque  (£.),  30,  bank 

bapteme  (m.),  64,  baptism,  28 

baptiser  to  baptize,  28 

baptism-al,  -e,  -aux  (adj.),  28 

baptistaire  (m.)  birth  (certifi- 
cate), 28 

Bapt-iste  (m.)  -ist  (Jean),  28 

baptis-tere  (m.)  -tery,  28 

bargain  marche  (m.);  good  — 
(faire  un)  nt —  avantageux; 
current  price  m —  au  comptant; 

—  sales  occasions  (f.);   (mar- 
chandises  au  rabais:  solde  (f.)) ; 
(v.)  marchander;  il  n'y  a  pas 
a  —  !   now  (decide)  make  a 
decision;  profitez  des  occasions; 
see  opportunity;  you  will  not 
come  down  on  your  price  vous 
ne  rabattez  rien  de  volre  prix; 
vente    (f.)    au    rabais   sale   at 
reduced      prices;      solde     de 
merchandises  (f.)  —  sales 

baril  (m.),  25,  barrel 

bas  (adj.),  78;  (n.  m.)  stocking 

base  (f.),  ii,  base;  basis;  se  -r 

( —  fonder) 

basket  (n.)  panier  (m.) 
bastion  (m.)  — ,  33 
bat  (m.),  9,  pack  saddle;  Prov. 

savoir  (stntir)  ou  le  —  blesse 

to  (know)  feel  where  the  shoe 

pinches 

(to)  be,  291,  etre;  exister;  y  avoir; 
—  out  Stre  sorti; in 

—  rentre; a  part  of  fair  e 


Partie   de;    -       -    equal    etre 

egal;  —  make  —   rendre  egal 
beau  (bel),  79 
beaucoup,  253;  hard,  39 
beautiful   beau  ;  -ly  admirable- 

ment;      avoir     beau    in     vain 

{with  verb),  21 1 
beauty  beaute  (f.) 
Beaux-Arts  Fine  Arts,  53 
become,  323,  devenir;  (to  grow) 

—  small  —  petit;  what  has  — 
of  him  qu'est-il  devenu? 

before     (prep.)     avant     (time); 

—  devant  (in  front  of),  142 
beg  (v.)  mendier;  -gar  mendiant; 

see   request:  prier   (pray)    — ; 
see  urge 

begin  (v.)  commencer;  se  mettre 
a;  se  prendre  a,  356;  351 ;  -ner 
commenc,ant;  -ning  commence- 
ment (m.) 

behind  derricre  (see  follow) 

beige    (bis),    15,   laine    (f.);    - 
undyed  wool 

belier,  67 

believe  (v.)  croire,  341;  penser 
(think);  avoir  la  foi  en;  s'ima- 
giner;  juger;  ci  en  juger  par 
( —  judge  by);  se  croire;  lui 
faire  croire  to  make  him  — 

belle  (adj.),  79 

belong  (v.)  appartenir,  322;  etre  a 

benzine  (n.)  —  (f.),  19;  (essence, 
f.) 

berceau  (m.)  cradle 

bercer  (v.)  to  rock  (lull) 

berceuse  (f.)  rocker,  15 

berger,  65 

beseech  (v.)  supplier;  see  request, 
beg.  entreat;  -ing  supplication 

(f.) 
beset  poursuivre;  see  follow;  see 

rompre  (3d  group) 
bestial  (adj.),  71,  —  ,  33 
betail  (m.)  cattle,  71 
bete  (f.),  9,  beast;  —  de  somme 

—  of  burden;  —  (adj.)  stupid 
Bethleem,  26,  Bethlehem 
between    (prep.)    entre;    —    us 

three  a  nous  trois 
beurre   (m.),   16,  butter;   (v.)  -r 
to  —  ,29;  battre  du  —  to  churn 
the  cream,  333 


374 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


beware  (of)  (v.)  prendre  garde, 
172 

bible  (f.),  12 

biceps  (m.),  101 

biche,  67 

bien,  95,  well;  mieux  better;  le  — 
the  good;  38,  property;  assez 
—  fairly  well,  309;  pas  trap  — 
not  very  well,  19;  —  plus 
much  more,  253;  en  plus,  31; 
in  addition  ( :  par  surcroit,  342) 

bill  (m.)  —  (Parl.),  25 

billard  (m.)  billiard,  25 

bille  (f.)  billiard-ball,  25 

billet  (m.)  note;  ticket,  25 

birth  (n.)  naissance  (f.)  (naitre); 

fete(f.);  — day  fete  den- 
bis,  30 

bis  (adj.)  brown  (bread) 

Biscay  (Bay  of)  Biscaye 

biscuit  (m.),  33,  — 

bizarre  odd,  1 1 

blade  lame  (f.);  —  trancnante 
(not  dull)  keen  edged;  see  cut 

blague  (f.)  pouch;  hoax,  24 

blaguer  (v.)  to  hoax,  24 

blanc,  78  (-he);  -hir,  99,  236 

ble  (m.)  wheat,  n 

bleu,  70;  —  clair  light  blue,  56 

bloc  (m.)  (de  marbre),  12,  block 
(of  marble) 

blocus  (m.),  30,  blockade 

blunder  (see  commit)  erreur; 
see  mistake  (oversight)  bevue 
or  erreur  grossiere;  a  big  — 
lourde  meprise;  par  inadver- 
tence inadvertently 

boa  (m.)  —  ,17 

boeuf  (m.)  beef,  ox,  31,  15,  24 

boire  (v.)  to  drink,  334 

bois  (v.),  334 

bois  (m.),  59,  woods  (forest) 

bol  (m.)  bowl,  12 

ban  good,  78;  (n.  m.)  ticket 

bond  (m.)  bound  (hop),  20 

bonheur  (m.)  happiness,  43 

bonhomme,  73 

bonnet  (m.)  cap,  53 

bonte,  65 

oorax  (m.)  borax,  34 

borrow  (v.)  emprunter  (a);  -ed 
by,  270,  emprunte  par 

bosquet  (n.  m.),  13,  grove 


bos-se  (n.)  bump,  13;  -su  hunch- 
back 

bosseler  (v.),  229,  to  emboss 

botte  (f.),  65 

bouc  (m.),  67,  he-goat 

bouche  (f.)  mouth;  gueule  (f.) 
(of  tigers,  etc.);  -er  (v.)  to 
stop  (gap),  1 6 

boucher  (n.  m.)  butcher,  29 

0ow<?  (n.  f.)  mud,  64,  348 

bouillir  (v.)  to  boil,  312 

bouillon  (m.)  broth,  25 

boulanger  (n.)  baker,  39 

boule  (f.),  16,  bowl 

bouquet  (n.),  33 

hour  be  (f.),  64 

oowrg  (m.)  hamlet,  37;  -e0«,  16 

bourse  (f.)  purse;  scholarship,  16 

POM/  (m.)  end  (top),  tip,  29,  8; 
a — ir  to  come  to  an  end 

brake  (n.)  frein  (m.);  apply  the 
—  serrez  le  — 

bras  (m.)  arm,  n 

bread  pain  (m.);  cuire  le  p—  to 
bake  bread;  —  in  the  oven 
p —  au  four;  new  —  du  pain 
frais;  fresh  —  du  pain  tendre; 
stale  —  du  pain  dur  (rassis); 
brown  —  du  p —  bis;  home- 
made —  pain  de  menage;  little 
rolls  des  petits  pains;  crois- 
sants (m.)  crescent  rolls;  see 
crochet 

break  (v.),  271,  briser;  (out,  in; 
up) 

breath  souffle  (m.);  respiration 
(f.) 

breathe  (v.)  respirer  (—  in); 
respirer  encore  still  alive  (to 
be);  le  temps  de  r —  un  moment 
just  a  chance  to  breathe!  y 
respirer  un  ban  air  to  breathe 
(therein,  —  to)  a  pure  air; 
respirer  (au  visage)  la  sante 
to  be  the  picture  of  health; 
see  traire,  etc. ;  un  ouvrage  de 
longue  haleine  a  work  requir- 
ing much  time 

brebis,  65 

'  breed  (good)  de  bonne  race;  see 
follow;  (v.)  engendrer 

breeze  brise  (f-) 

brief  court;  brej;  -ly  bref,en  un  mot 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


375 


brigade  (f.),  36 

broad  large;  -ening  extension  (f.) 

broche     (f.),     12,    brooch;     spit 

(cook.),  343 
bronze  (m.)  bronze,  20 
brosse  (f.),  13,  brush;  (v.)  brosser 

to  — 
brother  frere;  —  -in-law  beau- 

frere;  -ly  en  frere;  fraternel 
brouillard  (m.)  fog,  348 
bru  (f.),  67,  daughter-in-law 
brume  (f.)  (thick)  fog,  13,  348 
brut  raw,  33 
Bruxelles,  34,  Brussels 
buche  (f.),  I3,^log 
build    (v.)    bdtir;   construire;   se 

faire  —   to   have  built;    une 

maison  quil  se  fait  construire 

he  is  having  a  house  built; 

-ing    bdtiment     (m.);    edifice; 

de  haute  construction  high  — 
buis  (m.),  30,  boxwood 
bulbe  (f.)  bulb 
burn  bruler;  (n.)  brulure  (f.) 
burst  (v.)  crever;   see  rtre;    -ing 

explosion    (f.);    /aire    e —    to 

explode 

bury  ensevelir,  enterrer;  see  extract 
business  affaires  (f.) 
ftwste  (m.)  bust,  13 
but  mais;  —  (only)  ne  .  .  .   que; 

seulement;  (v.  doubt)  que 
butte  (f.),  9  (small  hill)  hillock, 

or  colltne  (f.);  32,  &re  ew  butte 

a  to  be  exposed  to 
buveur,  66  (v.  &0m>,  334) 
buy  (v.)  acheter;  —  (shop)  faire 

des  achats  (m.) 
by   par,   de,   a;  followed   —   it 

(qui)  en  est  suivi 


fd,  9,  there;  —  el  la  (hither  and 

thither)  here  and  there 
(a  =  (cela)  colloq. :  that  (it) ;  c'est 

—  !  that's  it!  fa  ira,  46,  it  will 

go  (do,  etc.) 
cabane  (f.)  hut,  n 
cabinet  (m.)  (de  lecture)  (reading-) 

room,  33 
cdbl  -e  (m.) — ,  ();corde  (f.)  (rope) ; 


-ogramme  (m.)  depeche  tele- 
graphique  par  un  cable 

cacao  (m.),  13,  cacao  (:  to  make 
cocoa  and  chocolate) 

cafe,  (m.),  11,  coffee 

calcul  (m.)  calculation,  25;  (v.) 
-er  to  compute 

call  (v.)  appeler;  to  be  called 
s'appeler;  se  nommer;  — •  on 
passer  chez — ; — again  repasser; 
—  your  attention  to  attirer 
(appeler)  •  votre  attention  sur; 
(see  direct);  -ed  dit;  so-called 
soi-disant;  call  the  roll  faire 
I'appel  (m.);  proclaim  their 
names  proclamez  les  noms; 
Lecture- Hall  50 lie  dcs  confe- 
rences (f.);  to  give  a  lecture 
faire  une  conference;  lecture 
him  finely  chantez-lui  sa 
gamme;  lui  en  remontrer  to 
teach  him  (by  irony);  keep 
on  reading  continuez  a  lire;  — 
up  your  —  continuez  de  lire 

calm,  3,  calme;  tranquille;  to  — 
se  calmer 

calomnie  (f.)  slander;  -r  to  — ,26 

calvitie  (f.)  baldness,  32 

Camille,  25 

camp  (m.)  — ,  38;  -er  (v.)  to  — 

campagne  (f.)  country 

Canada  (m.)  Dominion  of,  la 
Puissance  du  Canada 

canard,  67 

candidat  (m.),  53,  -e 

canne  (f.)  cane,  18 

canon  (m.),  8 

cantatrice,  66 

caoutchouc  (m.)  rubber  (shoes), 
23 

cap  (m.)  Cape  (Cod),  u 

capable  habile;  propre  a;  —  sus- 
ceptible (de)  or:  liable  to 

caper  (v.)  faire  des  cabrioles; 
sauter  gaiement  et  vivement 

capital  (n.)  capitale  (f.);  capitale, 
5;  chef-lieu  (m.);  —  dinner fier 
diner 

capre  (f.),  n,  caper 

capt-ieux  (adj.),  80,  -ious,  33 

car  (conj.)  for,  n;  cf.  parce  que, 
126,  because 

carafe,  64 


376 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


car  of  on,  64 

cardinal  points  les  points  cardi- 

naux,  64 
care  (in  —  of)  aux  soins  de;  soin 

(m.);  to  take  —  avoir  soin  de; 

(to  see  to)  s'en  charger,  — 

occuper;  to   keep   an   eye  on 

y  veiller 
career  (see  profession)   (n.)  car- 

riere  (f.);  cours  (n.)  de  la  vie; 

embrasser   la   c —   des   armes; 

see  follow;   donner   c —   d   to 

give  free  rein  to,  or:   pleine 

liberte  free  scope 
caress  (v.)  caresser,  227 
caressante,  3 
cargo  (m.)  — ,  8 
carnaval  (m.),  36,  carnival 
carnivo-re   (adj.).  58,  -rous  ani- 
mal 

carre  (m.)  square;  (adj.),  53 
carreau    (m.)    diamond    (card); 

II,  pane;  —  (tailor's  goose) ; 

little  square;  demeurer  (rester) 

sur  le  —  to  be  killed  on  the 

spot 

carve  decouper;  see  to  cut 
cas  (ad)  (m.)  case  (when),  53,  59 
cascade  (f.),  35 
case,  30,  cas  (m.);  in  —  (see  p. 

163)  au   (en)  —  que;  in  most 

-s  dans  la  plupart  des  cas 
case  (f.)  (Uncle  Tom's),  1 1,  cabin; 

pigeon-hole;  il  est  case  he  has 

settled  down;  (v.)  -r  to  secure 

a  position  for 
catalogue    (m.)    catalog;    (v.)     -r 

to  make  (write  upon)  a  — 
cathedrale,  64 
cathpl-icisme,    6,  Catholicism;  -ic 

-ique 

cave  (f.),  11,  cellar 
ce  (c')t  132,  175 
cede  yields  to,  29 
ceder  (v.)  to  yield,  29 
cedilla,  7,  cedille  (f.) 
celle  (-s)  that,  etc.,  130 
celui  (celle),  130 
cent  (one)  hundred,  303-5;  35 
centime  (m.),  305;  }/$  sou;  5  c.= 

I  ct. 

centimet-re  (m.),  33,  -er 
century  (dge)  siecle  (m.) 


cep  (f.)  (vine)  stock,  28 
ce  qui  (que)  what,  131 
cercueil  (m.)  coffin  (bier),  25 
cerf  (m.)  stag,  67 
cerf-volant  (m.)  kite,  24 

cerise  (f.),  5,  cherry;  -ier tree 

certain  (adj.),  no,  — 

ces,    129,    these    (those)     (dem. 

adj.),  129 

c'est-d-dire  that  is  to  say,  5 
c'est  que,  5,  why 
c'est  que,  1 13 
cesur-e  (f.)  -a  (pause),  45 
cet  (-te),  129 
ceux  (celui)  those,  130 
chacun,  III  (pron.  indef.),  57 
chair,  65 

chaise  (f.)  chair,  14 
chaleur,  64 
chambre  (f.)  room,  56 
chameau  (m.)  camel,  3 
champ  (m.)  field,  28 
champagne,  9,  334;  la  — 
change   se   modifier    (its   form); 

—  changer  (de);  ex—  echanger, 

faire  un  echange  (troc),  59 
chanson  (f.)  song,  66 
chant  (m.),  26,  singing;  54,  airs 
chanter  (v.)  to  sing,  n 
chanteur,  66 
chaos  (m.),  24 
chapeau  (m.),  13,  hat 
chapelier  (m.)  hatter 
chapitre  (m.)  chapter,  27 
chaque,  59,  each 

Charles-Quint  Charles  the  Fifth 
charm-ant  (adj.)  -ing,  40 
charmer,  40 

chasse  (f.)  hunt;  -r  to  chase,  24 
chasseur,  66 
chasuble  (f.),  13,  chasuble  (outer 

vestment) 
chat,  67 

chateau  (m.),  13 
chatte  (f.),  24 

chaud,  121,  warm,  heat,  36 
chaux,  65 
cheap    (a)    bon    marche;   -er,   a 

meilleur  —  (m.) 
chef  d'ozuvre  (m.),  24 
chef-lieu,  36,  chief  town 
chemise  (f.)  shirt;  see  bargain 
chene  (m.)  oak 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


377 


chenil  (m.)  kennel,  25 
cheptel  (m.)  lease  of  cattle,  28 
cher,  9,  dear  (expensive);  chere- 

ment  -ly 
chercher  (v.)  to  seek  (look  for), 

cherry  ceris-e  (f.);  —  -tree  -ier 
(m.) 

cheval  (m.)  horse,  70 

cheven  (x)  (m.)  hair 

chevre,  67 

c/tez  (prep.)  at  (the  house  of) 
home,  122 

chien  (m.)  dog,  41 

chiffre  (m.)  figure  (cipher);  see 
dechiffrer  decipher 

child  enfant  (m.,  f.) 

chimere  (f.)  chimera,  24 

Chine  (f.)  China,  20,  192 

chiourme  (f.)  convicts'  gang 
(crew),  17 

chiromancie  (f.)  palmistry,  24 

chirurgie  (f.)  surgery,  24;  -n 
surgeon,  24 

chceur  (m.)  choir;  chorus,  16,  26 

cAoix  (m.),  16,  choice;  (v.)  choisir 
to  select 

chok-e  (v.)  etouffer  (see  riVe) ; 
stifle  — ;  smother;  suffocate; 
il  ne  petit  (plus)  respirer  he 
can  hardly  breathe;  -ing 
etouffement  (m.);  intercepter 
I' air  to  check  the  air;  eteindre 
une  revolte  to  suppress  — 

cholera  (m.)  — ,  22 

chomage  (m.)  loafing,  12 

chomer  (v.),  12,  to  be  idle;  to 
celebrate 

chorus  (m.)  — ,  30 

chose  (f.),  3,  thing,  70 

chretien  (m.)  Christian,  33 

Christ,  22,  le  Christ;  Jesus-Christ, 
31;  -mas  Noel;  la  — 

christianisme,  64 

chrome  (m.)  chromium,  12 

chuintant  (like  cA,  j),  23;  frica- 
tive 

efarf/33 

cie/,  71 

czgwe  (f.)  hemlock,  7 

ci-inclus,  192 

ci-joint,  192 

c»7  (m.)  eyelash,  25 


ctng  five;  -uieme  fifth,  303 

cinquante  fifty,  303 

circumflex  circonflexe  (m.) 

are  (f.)  wax,  12;  -r  to  wax  (pol- 
ish) 

cireur  de  bottes  bootblack 

cite  (f.)  local  precincts,  43;  or: 
cir conscription  locale;  eminent 
city;  oldest  part  of  London 
die,  de  Londres;  la  cite  sainte 
the  Holy  City  or  Jerusalem 

clair  (adj.)  clear;  light,  56;  5,  -ly 

clarte  (f.)  clearness 

class  classe  (f.) 

classical  Latin,  latin  classiquc 

classics  les  classiques  (m.) 

classification  tableau;  classemenl 
(m.);  (sorting)  distribution  (f.); 
-fy  (v.)  classer,  56 

classique  (adj.),  59,  classical 

de  (clef)  (f.),  65 

clear  (adj.)  clair;  limpide;  -ness 
clarte,  precision  (f.);  -ly  claire- 
ment;  —  out  (v.)  vider  les 
lieuxl 

clerc  (m.)  choir  boy  (Fr.);  (law- 
yer's) clerk;  pas  de  —  un- 
successful step,  23 

close  (v.)  fermer;  clore,  336; 
(adv.)  tout  pres;  it  smells  close 
qa  sent  le  renfermc;  (see  shut); 
clore  la  seance  to  —  the  meet- 
ing; la  fenetre  clot  mal  the 
window  does  not  —  firmly; 
hermetiquement  hermetically 
closed;  clore  un  marche  to  — 
a  bargain;  arreter  un  compte 
to  —  an  account ;  a  huis  clos  be- 
hind closed  doors;  on  demande 
le  huis  clos  the  public  is  re- 
quested to  leave  the  room ;  clos 
(m.)  (or:  enclos)  a  small  tract 
of  land  or:  enclosure;  a  fleur 
de  Ier  re  close  to  the  ground; 
—  up  ranks  serrons  les  rangs; 
I'hiver  est  sur  son  declin  winter 
is  drawing  near  its  end;  il 
trouva  visage  de  bois  he  found 
(the  door  closed)  no  one;  see 
(past  part.)  ci-inclus;  il  a  la 
bouche  close  (is  mum);  rap- 
procher  to  bring  (nearer) 
closer;  serrez-vous!  stand  close; 


378 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


close — Continued 

toucher  au  terme  de  to  draw 
near  the  close  of  the  term; 
la  fin  du  jour  (s')  approche  it 
grows  towards  the  close  of 
the  day;  resserrer  to  tie  again, 
to  draw  closer;  fermer  a  double 
tour  to  double  lock;  close  lines 
les  lignes  serrees;  les  poursuivre 
I'epee  dans  les  reins  to  pursue 
them  closely;  etre  sous  les 
verrous  (bolt)  to  be  in  jail; 
(colloq.)  coucher  au  violon  to 
be  locked  up;  pres  (proche) 
de  near,  close  to;  aupres  de 
beside;  see  enclore;  enfermez 
le  chien  dans  le  chenil  put  the 
dog  in  the  kennel;  renfermez- 
le  shut  him  in;  entourer  (de) 
to  surround;  to  be  -ed;  —  de 
soins  to  be  well  attended;  en- 
vironner  la  ville  to  encompass 
the  city ;  envelopper  to  wrap  up ; 
etre  -e  to  be  hemmed  in;  cerner 
de  toutes  parts  to  encircle; 
rock-bound  entoure  de  rockers 
(m.);  &tre  en  tele  a  tele  avec  le 
medecin  to  be  closeted  with 
the  doctor;  il  les  garde  sous 
clef  he  keeps  them  locked  up ; 
sous  bande  under  wrapper; 
bras  de  mer  (resserre  entre 
deux  terres)  an  arm  of  the  sea 

club  (m.),  i$,ferme  (exclusive)  — 

coch-er  (-ere  f.)  coachman,  29 

codic-ille  (m.)  -il,  25 

cceur  (m.)  heart,  courage,  16 

caff  re  (m.)  chest,  12;  —  -fort  safe 

cognation  (f.)  — ,  24 

cognats  (m.)  cognates,  24 

cognition  (f.)  act  of  knowing, 
24 

coiffeur  (m.)  hairdresser,  16 

coincident,  188 

coincider  (v.),  188 

coing  (m.)  quince,  24 

col  (m.)  crest  (hill),  \2\faux-col 
collar  (man) 

cold  (n.,  adj.)  froid  (m.),  121, 
318;  to  have  a  —  avoir  un 
rhume;  to  catch  —  s'enrhu- 
mer;  348,  to  suffer  from  a  — 
avoir  des  atteintes  de  froid; 


benumb  with  —  transi  de 
—  or  pris  de  — ;  he  caught 
a  —  there  il  y  a  gagne  un 
rhume;  -ness  froideur  (f.); 
-ly  froidement  (avec  froideur) 

colis  (m.)  parcel,  30 

collation  (f.)  — ,  25 

colle  (f.)  glue;  -r  to  glue,  25 

collect  (v.)  faire  la  collecte 
(quete);  see  follow;  cueillir  or 
ramasser  des  chiffons  dans  la 
boite  a  ordures  to  —  rags  from 
the  waste-box;  recueillir  des 
olives  to  harvest,  etc. ;  recueillir 
des  idees  (:  se  recueillir)  to  — 
one's  thoughts;  colliger  des 
limes  rares  to  make  a  —  of, 
etc. 

collect-if  (adj.)  -ive,  58,  26 

college  (m.)  college,  25 

collier  (m.)  collar,  25 

colliger  to  make  a  collection 
(libr.),26 

colline  (f.)  hill,  25 

collocation  (f.)  —  (classification), 

26 
I  collo-que  (m.)  -quy,  26 

collusion  (f.)  deceit,  26 

colon:  deux  points  (:) 

coloris,  30,  hue  (coloring) 

combat    (n.    m.),    n,    fight;    - 
lutte  (f.)  struggle 

combattre,  see  battre,  234 

combien,  38,  how  much  (many), 

253. 

combine    (v.)     reunir,    meler    d 

(avec) 

combustion  (f.)  — ,  33 
come!  allons;  (v.)  venir;  to  have 

just    come    venir   de;    to    - 

across    (meet)    rencontrer;   — 

over  (side  with)  se  ranger  a; 

see  follow;  —  down!  descendez; 

•  —  (price)  rabattre 
comma  virgule  (f.);  signe  (trait 

un  peu  courbe  a  gauche)  (m.) 
comme,  94,  55,  as  (like),  12;  126, 

how! 

commemoratif ,  79,  26 
commen-cement  (m.)  — ,  56;  (v.) 

-cer  to  begin 
commensal  (m.)  eating  at  same 

table,  26 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


379 


comment  how?  20 
commentaire,  113 
commet,  4  (v.  351) 
commis  (m.)  clerk;  —  voyageur 

traveling  salesman 
commiseration  (f.)  — ,  26 
commit  (v.)  commettre  (see  mettre, 
351);  she  made  a  blunder  e//e 
commit  une  erreur;  faire  une 
faute  to  make  a  mistake 
common  noun  nom  commun  (m.) 
commotion  (f.)  — ,  26 
commu-able  -taole,  26 
commun  (adj.)  common,  88 
compagnon,  66 

comparaison  (f.),  92,  comparison 
comparatifs,  59,  92  (see  positif) 
compare  (v.)  comparer  (a),  5,  330 
comparison  comparaison  (f.) 
complement,  53,  as  adjunct;  obj. 

case,  57 

complet,  79;  —  (n.)  (full)  suit 
complete     (v.)     completer;     see 
superfluous:  and  achieve  orfinir 
complique,  59,  complicated,  intri- 
cate 
comporter,  53,   to  have  to  deal 

with 

comp-ose    (v.)  composer;   ecrire, 
rediger,  53 ;  se  composer  (word) 
de;  faire  un  devoir;  -osition,  53, 
—  (f.) ;  (gr.)  «y'«f  a  developper; 
-oser  compositeur  (m.) 
compound  (adj.)  compose,  54 
comprendre  (prendre),  53,  356 
compris  (p.  p.)  (v),  56,  included; 

356 
comptab-le  accountan-t,  28;  -iWe 

-cy,  28;  bookkeeping 
comptant  cash,  28 
compte  (m.)  account;  -r  (v.)  to 

count,  28 

compteur  (m.)  register  (gas),  28 
comptoir  (m.)   (:  rayon)  depart- 
ment, 28 
comte,  66 
concert,  33 
concordance   (f.)    58,   —   (agree-   ! 

ment)  of  words  as  per  rules 
concourir  (courir)  to  compete,  312   | 
concours  (m.)  competition,  53 
condamner  (v.)  to  condemn,  26 
conditionnel,  58 


conduit  (se)  behaves,  38,  337 
;  conduit  (conduire,  337),  38,  takes 
(drives) 

conduite  (f.)  conduct;  pipe 

cone  (m.)  cone,  12 

confesser  (v.)  to  confess,  31,  332 

confier  (v.)  to  confide 

confire  (v.)  to  preserve,  338 

confiserie  (f.)  confectionery 

confitures  (f.),  53,  preserves 

conformably  conformement;  see 
follow 

confu-se  confondre  avec;  -sion 
-(f.) 

conge  (m.)  day  off;  leave,  28; 
-  (pour  prendre)  p.  p.  c. 
=  to  take  leave,  28 

congres  (m.),  30 

conjonctif  (pronom),  1 20;  as  sub- 
ject, as  dir.  obj.,  as  indir. 
obj.,  156 

conjonction,  58 

conjuga-te  (v.)  conjuguer;  -tion 
conjugaison  (f.) 

connaissance  (f.)  knowledge,  56; 
acquaintance 

connaitre  (v.)  to  know,  339 

connect  (bind,  join)  Her;  propo- 
sitions liees  entre  elles  proposi- 
tions being  related  to  each 
other  (par  le  sens  from  the 
context);  avoir  les  pieds  et 
poings  lies  to  have  tied  hands 
and  feet;  joindre  les  mains  to 
clasp  hands;  joindre  I' interest 
au  capital  to  add  the  interest 
to  the  capital;  il  saute  a  pieds 
joints  sur  le  sable  he  jumps 
upon  the  sand;  joindre  les 
deux  wagons  to  couple  the  two 
cars;  joindre  I'utile  et  I'agre- 
able  (meler  I'utile  a  I'agreable) 
to  combine  utility  with  pleas- 
ure; melez-vous  de  vos  affaires 
mind  your  own  business!  col- 
loq.:  il  ne  s'y  frottera  pas! 
he  will  not  meddle  with  it; 
sa  boutique  joint  la  votre  his 
shop  is  adjacent  to  yours; 
Her;  joindre;  unir  (a);  -ion 
rapport  (m.);  liaison  (f.); 
vousvousjoindrez  a  nous,  n'est- 
ce  pas?  you  -will  join  us,  will 


380 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


connect — Continued 

you  not?  cf.:  serez-vous  des 
notres?  will  you  join  (:  be 
with)  us?  joindre  (to  add) 
requires  d;  joindre  (to  com- 
bine) requires  d  or  avec;  joints 
bien  fails  well-made  joints; 
il  joint  a  peine  les  deux  bouts 
he  hardly  makes  both  ends 
meet,  la  jointure  du  genou 
ci-joint;  see  p.  part.  Various 
examples:  le  besoin  rapproche 
les  homines  necessity  brings  (re- 
conciles) men  together;  Us  lie- 
rent  amitie  avec  lui  they  became 
intimate  friends  of  his;  Us  ont 
le  jeu  serre  (close)  they  play 
most  cautiously;  sans  serrer 
(to  clasp)  la  main  without 
shaking  hands;  resserrer  les 
liens  de  I' amitie  to  bring  closer 
the  bonds  of  friendship;  Us 
renouerent  amitie  they  re- 
newed their  friendship  or: 
they  were  friends  again;  ne 
nous  meltons  pas  au  jeu  do 
not  mix  ourselves  in  it;  que 
diable  allait-il  faire  dans  cette 
galere  (Moliere)  what  business 
had  he  there?  pourquoi  s'est-il 
mdle  a  eux?  why  did  he  mix 
with  them?  or:  s'est-il  mele 
dans  cette  affaire?  did  he  take 
part  (or:  mix)  in  that  affair? 
rattachez  cette  question  aux 
autres  connect  this  question 
with  the  others;  cela  ne  vous 
engage  a  rien  that  binds  you 
to  nothing;  les  beaux  esprits  se 
rencontrent  great  wits  (jump 
together)  run  in  the  same 
channel;  leurs  idees  se  ren- 
contrent their  ideas  coincide; 
les  extremes  se  touchent  ex- 
tremes meet;  ces  maisons  se 
touchent  these  houses  adjoin; 
Us  s'entendent  pour  me  nuire 
they  work  together  to  injure 
me;  il  ira  vous  joindre  he  will 
go  and  meet  you;  Us  se  melent 
ensemble  they  commingle;  de 
quoi  vous  melez-vous?  what 
business  is  that  of  yours? 


mele-toi  (melez-vous)  de  tes 
(vos)  affaires;  deux  teles  dans 
un  bonnet  they  are  hand  and 
glove  together;  ajoutez  a  cell 
add  to  this  (added  to  this); 
bout  a  bout  or:  I'un  ajoute  a 
I'autre  one  (being)  added  to 
the  other;  ce  passage  a  ete 
ajoute  a  cette  page  this  passage 
is  an  interpolation;  il  fron$a 
le  sourcil  he  knit  his  brows; 
ces  rues  se  coupent  a  angle 
droit  those  streets  meet  at 
right  angle;  la  rue  aboutit  a 
I'avenue  X.  the  street  (leads 
to)  meets  Avenue  X.;  il  m'a 
aborde  dans  la  rue  he  accosted 
me  in  the  street;  on  ne  pourra 
les  rejoindre  they  will  be  out 
of  reach;  il  ne  faut  pas  leur 
marcher  sur  le  pied  one  must 
not  step  (tread)  on  their  feet 
(they  are  thin-skinned) ;  I'em- 
boiture  des  os  the  juncture 
of  the  bones;  Us  nous  rejoin- 
dront  they  will  rejoin  us;  ces 
deux  rues  se  rejoignent  (meet) ; 
la  Saone  debouche  dans  le 
Rhone  the  Saone  river  falls 
into  the  Rhone;  la  Seine  se 
jette  dans  la  Manche  the  Seine 
river  falls  (flows)  into  the 
English  Channel;  debander  to 
disband;  to  unbind;  d  la  de- 
bandade  in  the  confusion  (dis- 
order) 

conquer,  310,  conquerir;  see  van- 
quish; -or  conquer -ant  (m.) 

conquiert,  see  acquerir,  310 

conscience,  31 

conseil,  53,  Board  (m.) 

consider er,  45,  to  take  into  con- 
sideration 

consist  (v.)  se  composer  de; 
former  de;  etre  compose  de; 
consister  dans  (en),  46 

consister  (v.),  46 

consonant  consonne  (f.) 

conspirer,  31 

const-ance  (I.) ,  65;  constant  (adj.) 
— ;  -amment  -antly  (adv.), 

19 

constitut-if  (adj.),  56,  -ive 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


381 


construct,    340    (v.),    construire; 
bdtir    (build);    see   materiaux; 
(produce)    —    un    poeme;   — 
(draw)      in     geom.;     -  -     les 
phrases  (sentences);  or:  faire  j 
la  construction  de  (to  arrange   ' 
and  connect  the  words) ;  se  — 
(to    —    for);    American-built 
ship  un  vaisseau  de  c —  ameri- 
caine;  shipyard  la  cale  de  c — ; 
dry  dock  la  cale  seche;  house- 
builder  construcleur  de  maison; 
demolir     to     demolish      (tear 
down) 

construction  (f.),  53,  —  arrange- 
ment and  connection 

construire  (v.),  340 

conslruit  p.  p.  of  construire,  340 

contact,  33,  contact,  choc  (m.) 

content  (adj.)  content,  27 

confer  (v.)  to  tell  (relate),  27 

cont ester  (v.),  59,  to  dispute 
(oppose) 

conticnnent   (tenir),  322,  contain 

consent  (tenir),  322,  contains 

continu  e  (v.)  continuer;  ne  cesser 
(de);  (to  resume:  poursuivre, 
continuer  a);  (to  keep  up  read- 
ing: continuer  de  lire);  -ation 
la  suite;  to  be  -ed  a  suivre;  see 
end  or  follow 

contract  (v.)  se  contracter,  se 
crisper;  -ion  contraction  (f.) 

contradiction  (f.),  54;  see  dire,  344 

contraire  (m.)  opposite;  cf. :  je 
sais  le  —  I  know  better 

contredire  (dire),  344,  to  contra- 
dict 

contributions  directes  direct  taxes 

converger,  etc.,  188 

converser,  31,  to  converse 

convient  (venir),  55,  323 

convince  (v.)  convaincre  (see 
vanquish),  360;  conviction  pro- 
fonde  deep  (firm)  — ;  preuve 
evidente  clear  proof;  certitude 
raisonnee  persuasion  by  argu- 
ment ;  see  croire 

copie  (f.),  56 

copier  to  copy 

coq  (m.)  rooster;  —  d'Inde,  67 

coque  (f.)  shell;  ceuf  a  la  —  boiled 
egg 


coquille  (f.)   shell    (mollusk),   29 

corps  (m.)  body,  12 

correct  (adj.),  33,  correct;  en 
regie;  exact  (juste) 

correct  (v.)  corriger;  -ion,  29,  cor- 
rection (f.);  -ed  corrige  (-e); 
-ly  correctement,  5,  80 

correspondance  (f.)  sequence,  58 

corro-borer  (v.)  -borate,  29 

corrosi-f  (m.)  -ve,  29 

corruption  (f.)  — ,  28 

cote  (m.)   side,  direction;    (each 

went  his  own  way),  57 
!  cote  (f.)  coast;  rib;  -lette  cutlet 
!  counsel  (v.)  conseiller;  see  advise 
(deliberate),  tenir  conseil  or 
deliberer;  cf. :  dissuader  (de- 
tourner);  si  jeunesse  savait,  et 
si  vietilesse  pouvait  if  only 
youth  knew  (wisdom),  if  only 
old  age  could  apply  it  or:  la 
jeunesse  manque  de  sagesse 
pour  deliberer  et  la  vieillesse 
de  puissance  pour  executer 

( — lacks  wisdom  in  -s; 

power  in  execution) ;  see  con- 
sult 

I   country  pays  (m.);  patrie,  region 
(f.);  in  the  —  d  la  campagne; 

—  house  (see  villa) 
coupe  (f.)  cup;  cut,  i^ 
couper  (v.)  to  cut,  44 
courir,  irreg.,  312 
courrai  (courir),  312,  29 
course  (n.),  30,  cours  (m.)  (river, 

evolution,  length  of  a  stream) ; 
streamlet  —  d'eau;  duration 
cycle,  cours;  to  give  vent  to 
donner  —  a;  French  —  cours 
de  fran^ais;  cette  piece  de 
monnaie  a  cours  that  coin  is 
in  circulation;  rate  (at  the 
Bourse  or  Stock  Exchange) 
cours;  see  course,  coureur, 
courant,  coutir 
court  (adj.),  16,  short,  brief; 

—  vetu  —  dress,  56 
cousin,  66 
couteau,  63 

coutil  (m.)  ticking,  25 
couvent  (m.)  convent,  27 
corner  (v.)  to  set  (hens),  27 
coward  lache 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


crac   (m.),    11,  crack   (pop);  — 
in  no  time!  le  voild  parti  he 
was  off,  320 

crackle  (v.)  croquer;  see  crochet 

craindre  (v.)  to  fear,  341 

crains  (craindre),  59 

crainte  (f.)  fear,  19 

crdne  (m.),9,  cranium;  quel  air 
— !  how  determined  he  looks! 
d'une  crdnerie  how  bold !  (col- 
loq.) 

crayon,  63 

cree  (p.  p.),  230 

creep  (v.)  ramper;  —  (along) 
or  walk  with  difficulty  se 
trainer  pesamment;  that  makes 
my  flesh  —  cela  me  donne  la 
chair  de  poule  (gooseflesh) 

creer  (v.)  to  create,  10 

crescent  (n.)  Csee  crottre,  342); 
croissant;  —  (rolls)  — 

eric  (m.)  (screw)  jack,  23 

eric!  (  —  crac!)  creaking  (noise), 
23,  accompanied  by  breaking 
(tearing) 

crier  a  (fut.  of  crier);  (he)  will 
shout,  10 

crime  (m.),  4 

croc  cf.:  croc  (m.)  tusk,  fang, 
hook,  23;  moustache  en  croc  — 
with  turned  up  ends;  croquer 
to  crackle;  faire  croquer  sous 
la  dent  to  crackle  between  the 
teeth;  croquer  des  pralines  to 
eat  burned  almonds;  croquer 
le  pain  sec  to  crunch  dry  bread 
with,  etc.;  cf. :  accroc  (n.)  a 
tear;  hitch;  accrocher  to  hook 
(hang);  decrocher  to  unhook 
(take  down) ;  (snatch)  or  win 

crochet  (m.),  2;  (v.)  broder  au 
crochet  to  knit  with  a  —  needle 
or  hook 

croix  (f.),  65,  cross 

croute  (f.)  crust,  16 

croyait  (croire),  125,  341,  thought 
(believed) 

cru  (p.  p.  of  croire,  341),  believed 
(thought) 

cru  (p.p.  of  crottre,  342),  grown 
(increased) 

crucifix  (m.)  — ,  34 

crunch  (v.)  croquer;  (see  crochet) 


crush  (v.)  ecraser,  274 

cuiller,  65 

cuir  (m.)  leather,  16 

cuire  (v.)  to  cook,  etc.,  343 

cuisine  (f.)  kitchen,  20 

cuivre  (m.)  copper,  16 

cultivat-e  (v.)  cultiver;  -ion  la 
culture;  sugar  cane  —  la- 
de la  canne  a  sucre;  to  —  rea- 
soning powers  cultiver  la  rai- 
son;  —  friendship  (entretenir 
des  relations  assidues  avec): 
cultiver  ses  amies;  bee  culture 
la  culture  des  abeilles;  to  de- 
vote one's  self  to  se  livrer  d, 
s'adonner  d;  -ed  ground  terrain 
cultive  (:  que  I' on  cultive);  il 
prend  des  soins  pour  rendre 
utiles  des  productions  de  la 
terre  he  takes  pains  to  im- 
prove the  products  of  the 
ground 

cure  (m.)  curate,  priest,  8,  321 

cut  (v.)  couper;  seemoudre,  352; 

—  up  a  fowl  depecer  une  vo- 
latile; to  carve  decouper;  (ran- 
cher to  slice;  to  cut  out  work 
for  lui  tailler  de  la   besogne; 

donner  du  fil  d  retordre; 

to  the  quick  couper  (trancher} 
dans  le  vifor:  to  work  in  earn- 
est;   to    skin    (fleece)    tondre; 

—  a  flint  / —  sur  un  ceuf;  split 
fendu;  remove  (trouble)  tran- 
'cher  la  difficulte;  voild  le  hie! 
or:  la   d —  there  is  the  rub! 
partager  le  differend   to   split 
the    difference;    sharpen    the 
appetite  ouvrir  I'appetit  (m.); 
se  frayer  un  chemin  to  make 
way     (to     cut     through:    to 
succeed);  cutting  answer  une 
reponse  mordante;  see  rompre; 
fin  comme  un  rasoir  sharp  as 
a  needle 

cyclone  (m.)  — ,  14 

cynique  (m.)  cynic;  (adj.)  -al,  14 


d'abord,  5,  first  (at  — );  from  the 

first,  304 
dagger,  5,  poignard  (m.) 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


383 


daim  (m.)  deer,  20 

dalle    (f.),   ii,    slab;    flagstone; 

-r  (v.)  to  pave  with  f — 
dam   (m.)  (eternal)  punishment, 

19 

dame,  65 

damner  (v.)  to  doom,  19 
dans  in,  into,  within 
dense  (f.)  dance,  18;  -r  (v.)  to  — 
dtinseur,  66 

dart  (y.),  see  traire,  etc. 
dash  tiret;  elan  (m.) 
date  (n.),  54,  da/e  (£.);  echcance 

(expiration)    (f.);   out  of    — ; 

passe  de  mode  (suranne,  vieilli, 

demode);   dated    (under   date 

of)  en  date  de  (datee  du);  to 

date  (v.)  dater,  mettre  la  date; 

to  date  as  far  as  remonter  a; 

to  bear  the  date  porter  la  date; 

undated  sans  date 
datif  (m.)    dative;     (ce)   a   quoi 

(that)  of  (to)  which,  74 
day  jour  (m.);  good  —  bonjour; 

I  wish  you  good  —  (morning) 

je    vous    souhaite    le    bonjour; 

he  bids  you  good  —  il  vous  dit 

bonjour;  —  (long)  journee  (f.) 
de,  74,  of  (from) ;  103;  125,  some 

(any);  176, 253-254 
dead    (died)   mart   (n.   or  adj.); 

-e  (f.),  318 
debris  (m.),  72 
decembre,  180,  December 
decimer  (v.)  decimate,  305 
deccuvert  (p.  p.  decouvrir,  320) 
deccmerte  (f.)  (v.  decouvrir,  320) 
defendeur,  66 

dffendre  (v.),  59,  to  prohibit 
defense,  64 

defi  (m.)  challenge,  12 
deficit  (m.),  54 
defier  (de)  (v.)  to  challenge 
defunt  (m.)   (defunct)  deceased, 

21 

degre  (m.),  55 

dejd,  56,  already;  so  soon! 

dejeuner  (m.)  breakfast  (lunch), 

15 
delay  (n.)  retard,  delai   (m.);  to 

—  -etarder;  see  drag 
deliberate    (see     resolve)     (adj.) 

libre,   aise;   -ly   a   (avec)    des- 


sein  (de  propos  delibere) ;  on  I'a 
fait  expres  it  was  done  pur- 
posely; see  counsel 

delicatesse  (f.),  58;  delicate  point 

delice,  70;  355 

demander  (v.)  to  ask,  4;  (a) 
+  de  (with  Inf.),  226 

demandeur,  66 

demangeaison  (f.),  itching,  15 

demi  (adj.)  half,  36;  m...|  =  i 
deux  demis  valent  un  entier,  330 

demi-unite  (f.)  =  une  demie  one 
half 

democratic  (f.),  32,  democracy 

demonstrati-f  (adj.),  57,  -ve 

denote  indiquer,  denoter,  marquer 

dent,  65 

dentiste  dentist 

depend  (see  follow)  on;  (v.)  de- 
pendre  de;  —  (or:  rest  with; 
relever  de  to  be  amenable  to), 
53 

depens,  72 

depense.  64 

depot  (m.)  (mil.)  depot;  ware- 
house; (railroad)  station  (U. 
S.A.),  12 

depuis,  118 

derivation  derive  (m.) 

derive  (v.)  venir  (tirer  son  ori- 
gine)  de,  pro-uenir  (due  to)  de 

derives  (temps)  see  p.  81 

dernier,  79,  last;  5,  final 

des,  124,  256 

descendre,  296 

desespcrer,  59,  to  despair 

design  dessein;  cf. :  dessin  (m.); 
—  delibere  firm  — ;  accomplir 
un  acte  to  perform  an  action 
(act);  his  mother's  wish  / 'in- 
tention de  sa  mere;  see  vouloir; 
in  honor  of:  a  I' intention  de; 
la  bonne  volonte  or  I' intention 
est  reputee  pour  le  fait  the  will 
is  as  good  as  the  deed;  c'est 
positif!  it  is  a  fact 

designa-te  (v.),  53,  designer,  in- 
diquer, fixer;  cf. :  54,  53,  to 
refer;  -lion  (f.),  56 

designer,  53 

desinence  (f.)  (suffix)  ending, 
^46 

des  que,  167 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


destination  (n.)  —  (f.);  (letter) 
d    sa   —    as   addressed;    (au 
destinataire    to    whom    it    is 
directed);   ce  d   quoi   die   est 
destinee  the  purpose  for  which 
it  was  intended ;  to  destine :  on 
l'a  destine  d  exercer  le  metier 
des  armes  he  was  made  to  be 
in  the  army  ( :  a  soldier) ;  a  qui 
destinez-vous  (reserver)  ce  bien 
to   whom   do  you  intend   to 
give  that  property? 
destiny  des  tin  (m.);  la  deesse  dn 
destin  the  goddess  of  — ;  lot; 
doom;  fate;  fortune;  le  destin 
est  irrevocable;  la  destinee  de 
I'homme  (le  sort  auquel  il  est 
reserve)  the  course  of  human 
life  (to  be  pursued  by  him) :  the 
fate  to  which  he  is  destined: 
le  parti  en  est  pris:  le  sort  en 
est  jete  the  die  is  cast;  elle  se 
plaint  de  son  sort  she  bewails 
her   fate;    choisi   par   le   sort 
selected     by     chance     (good 
fortune);  par  un  heureux  ha- 
sard   by    lucky   chance;   voue 
d     la     perdition     (mine,     au 
desastre)    doomed !    chdtiment 
merite  deserved    punishment; 
*/   accomplira   sa   destinee   he 
will  fulfill  (meet)  his  — 
desuetude  (f.),  30,  disuse  (law) 
determinatif,  74  (n.),  (m. ;  or  adj.) 
deter -mi-ncr  (v.)  to  -ne 
detruire  (see  conduire),  337 
dctruit  (p.  p.),  337 
deux  two ;  both ;  -ieme  second,  303 
devant,  55,  before  ( :  in  front  of) 
devenu  (venir)  become,  322 
devez  owe  (v.  devoir,  267),  27 
deviate    (v.)    changer   de  direc- 
tion; detourner;   se  detourner; 
se  departir  de 
devinette  (f.)  riddle 
devineur,  66 

devot  (m.),  78,  devout  person 
devra,  59  (devoir,  266),  must 
diaeresis  trema  (m.),  7 
diagnos-tique  (f.)  -tics,  24 
dictee  (f.)  dictation,  55 
dieter  (v.),  55,  to  dictate 
dictionary  dictionnaire  (m.),  48 


Dieu,  4,  God;  66,  les  dieux  the 
gods 

difference  (f.)  — ,  56,  33 

differend  (n.)  divergence  of  opin- 
ion, 1 8 

differ en-t  (adj.)  — ,  188;  (v.)  -tier 
to  -tiate,  33 

difficile  (adj.),  59,  difficult 

digne,  22,  worthy;  dignite  (f.) 
dignity 

dilemme  (m.)  dilemma,  19 

dimanche,  6,  Sunday;  le  — ,  on  — 

dindon,  67 

diocese  (m.)  diocese,  II ;  desservir 
to  officiate  in,  321 

diph-thong  -tongue  (f.) 

diploma-te  (m.)  -t,  32 

diploma- tie  (f.)  -cy,  32 

dirais  (Condit.)  of  diret  344,  3 

direct  (adj.),  33,  direct;  en  ligne 
-e  or  droite:  straight  line;  direct 
(v.)  diriger,  conduire,  surveil- 
ler,  mener;  —  (steps)  diriger 
ses  pas,  se  —  vers;  —  (atten- 
tion) —  I' attention  de .  .  .sur; 
-ion  —  (f.);  (suivre)  la  — ; 
conduite  (f.)  (assume);  ad 
ministration  (f.); (direc- 
tor's office);  -ly  directement; 
il  va  —  d  New-  York  he  goes 
straight  to  N.  Y.;  I  go  — j'y 
vais  tout  de  suite  or  de  ce  pas; 
-or  directeur;  cf.  guiding 
plan  plan  directeur;  by  the 
most  direct  road  par  la  voie  la 
plus  directe  (rail,  etc.) 

dis  (d're,  344)  say,  3;  —  le,  7, 
say  it  (so) 

disait  (dire,  344)  said 

disappear,  354  (v.),  disparattre; 
(flee)  —  s'echappcr,  se  dero- 
ber;  -ance  disparition  (f.) 

disconnect  (see,  349,  joindre  or 
follow) 

discourir,  312 

discours  (m.),  32,  speech,  312 

dish  plat  (m.) ;  —  pan  bassine  (f.) 

disjunctives  or:  formes  toniques: 
moi,  tot,  etc. 

disorder  desordre  (m.) ;  tout  traine 
chez  lui  his  house  is  in  — 

disposition,  53,  arrangement  (pro- 
vision) 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


3*5 


distance  —  (f.) ;  at  a  —  de  loin 

distant  lointain;  eloigne;  see  far 

distiller  (v.)  to  distill,  25 

distinct  different,  33;  clair 

distinguer,  57 

distin  guish  separer,  etablir  la 
difference;  discerner;  —  one's 
self  se  distinguer  par,  se  signa- 
ler; se  faire  remarquer;  -ction 
difference;  division;  separa- 
tion; -ctly  distinctement ;  d'une 
maniere  distincte;  -guished  dis- 
tingue; refined  manners  des 
manieres  -ees;  cf.  savoir  dis- 
tinguer: to  be  able  to  tell 
which  is  which 

dit  (dire)  said,  344 

dites  (dire)  say  (tell),  344 

diurne  (adj.),  "3 

divergent,  188 

divers,  1 1 1 ;  -He  (f.),  58,  variety 

divide  (v.)  diviser;  (share)  par- 
tager;  separer  par  parties  (into 
sections);  partager  en  parties 
egales  to  —  into  equal  parts; 
to  create  division  desunir;  to 
spread  discord  semer  la  dis- 
corde  (division);  cf.:  repartir, 
disposer,  distribuer 

divin,  divine,  43 

division  (f.)  — 

dix  (10),  303;  -ieme  doth) 

dix-sept  (17),  303 

dix-huit  (18),  303 

dix-neuf(ig),  303 

dizain  (m.)  (rosary)  beads 

dizaine  (f.),  304,  about  ten;  some 
ten 

docte  (m.),  12,  scholar  (erudite 
person) 

dog  chien  (m.);  see  follow;  — 
house  chenil  (m.);  see  close 

doge,  66 

dogm-e  (m.)  -a,  12 

dois  (v.  devoir,  264)  owe,  must, 
am  to 

dome  (m.)  — ,  12 

dominer  (v.)  to  lord  (overlook), 

43 

domino  (m.),  12 
dompt-er  (v.)  to  tame,  etc.;  -able 

-able,  28;  -eur  tamer,  28 
don  (m.)  gift  (donation) 


done  then,  therefore,  20,  35 

donner  (v.)  to  give,  12 

dont  (rel.  pron.)  of  whom,  etc., 
136 

dors  (v.  dormir)  sleep,  314 

dot  point  (m.) ;  —  your  i's  mettez 
les  points  sur  les  i;  -ted  with 
mistakes  crible  de  fautes  (f.) 

dot  (f.)  dowry,  65 

douairiere  (f.)  dowager,  15 

doucement,  3,  slowly,  '80 

douceur  (f.),  58,  gentleness 

douter  (v.),  59,  to  doubt;  se  — 
de  to  suspect 

douteux  doubtful,  59 

doux,  79 

doyen  (m.)  dean 

drachme  (m.)  drachma,  23 

draft  traits  (f.) 

drag  (along)  tirer;  trainer;  — 
into  it  y  entramer;  —  on  trai- 
ner en  longueur 

drap  (m.)  cloth,  38 

draught  horses,  see  traire;  be- 
tween two  -s  entre  deux  airs; 
un  courant  d'air  — ;  (chimney 
cheminee  f.)  avoir  du  tirage 
or  tirer  (to  draw) 

draw  (v.)  tracer  une  ligne  (line); 
des  larmes  (tears);  tirer  une 
loterie  (lottery  number);  tire 
du  latin  borrowed  from  Latin ; 

—  son  origine  (its  origin)  or 
provenir  de;  see  silence;  colloq. 
to  pump  tirer  les  vers  du  nez; 

—  dessiner 

drole  (adj.)  funny,  12 

du  (see  article),  124 

du  (p.  p.  devoir),  266 

due,  66 

dune  (f.)  — ,  13;  sand  dune 

duo  (m.)  duet,  73 

dur  hard,  13 

duree  (f.)  duration,  13 

durer  (v.)  to  last 

dye  (v.)  teindre,  359;  —  la 
facade  en  noir  to  have  the 
facade  black ,  bon  (grand)  teint 
fast  color  (dye);  avoir  le  teint 
pale  to  look  pale;  mauvais 
(faux  or  petit)  teint  poor  -ing; 
-ing  establishment  teinturerie 
(f.);  -r  teinturier  (-ere,  i.); 


386 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


dye — Continued 

-ing  teinture  (f.);  une  t —  de 
I'ecole  superficial  knowledge 
(from  school);  teinturier  de- 
graisseur,  scourer 

dynamo  (m.)  dynamo,  13 

dynas-tie  (f.)  -ty,  20 


ear-ly   de   bonne  heure;   -Her  de 

meilleure  — ;  as  —  as  des  1919; 

—  riser  matinal  (adj.) 
easy  (adj.)  facile;  he  takes  it  easy ; 

-going  il  ne  se  fait  pas  de  bile 

(si.)  (f.),  ne  pas  se  tottrmenter; 

-ily  facilement,  aisement 
eat  (v.)  manger;  (feed)  donner  d  — 
eau  (f.)  water,  13 
eblouir  (v.)  to  dazzle,  17 
cchec  (m.)  reverse,  23 
echecs  (m.)  chess,  31 
echo  (m.),  12,  echo;  au  loin  I' — 

resonne  afar  the  —  is  heard 
echouer  (v.)  to  fail;  to  shipwreck 
eclair  (f.)  lightning,  14,  348 
eclat  (m.)  pomp  (splendor),  39 
eclatanl  (adj.),  39,  brilliant  (color) 
ecol-e  (f.),  3,  school;  -ier  —  boy 
econome  (m.)  bursar  (steward); 

(adj.)  saving  (thrifty),  12 
ecossais  (m.)  Scotchman 
Ecosse  (f.)  Scotland,  192 
ecrasant  (adj.)  crushing,  37 
ecraser,  9,  to  crush 
ecrit  (ecrire)  written,  345;  to  be 

— ,  55:  -ure  (f-)  writing 
ecrivain,  67 
Eden,  26 
edit     (v.)     publier,     354;    faire 

paraitre;  rediger;  -ion  edition 

(f.)f  54;  -or  in  chief  redacteur- 

en-chef;  -or  (publisher)  editeur 
Edmond  (m.),  23,  Edmund 
Edouard  Edward,  23 
efface,  see  213:  erase,  strike  out; 

gomme    (f.)    a   effacer   eraser; 

rayer;  biffer;  raturer;  s'effacer 

to   bow  down   before   talent; 

s'incliner 
effect    (n.)    effet    (m.),    33;    see 

follow 
effort,  47,  pressure 


egalite  (f.)  equality  (see  corn- 
par atif,  91) 

egoiste  selfish 

Egypte  (f.)  Egypt,  192 

eight  huit,  303 

either  ...  or:  ou  (soil)  ...  ou 
(soil);  see  Subj.;  soil  dans  — 
soit  dans  — ;  —  one  I'un  ou 
I'autre;  vaincre  ou  mourir  to 
conquer  or  die 

electeur  (m.)  elector 

ekction  (f.),  43;  (v.  elire),  349 

elementaire,  54 

eleve  (m.,  f.)  pupil 

elevc,  55,  high;  (v.)  clever  to  raise 

elide  (v.)  elider;  faire  une  elision 

elision   (n.)   elision,   suppression 

elle,  81,  she;  her(s),  99,  129 

ellips-e  (f.),  56,  -is 

eloquence  (f.),  32 

eloquent,  42 

embar-quement  (m.)  -king,  29 

embarquer  (v.)  to  embark,  29 

embleme  (m.)  emblem,  19 

embrace  (n.)  accolade ;etreinte  (f.) ; 
embrassement  (m.);  to  —  (v.) 
embrasser 

embroider  (v.)  broder;  or:  (em- 
bellish); -y  broderie  (f.);  see 
crochet 

emmagasiner  to  store  (ware- 
house), 1 8 

emmener  (v.),  18,  to  take  (lead) 
away,  229 

empecher  (v.)  to  prevent,  55 

empereur  (m.),  66 

empire  (m.)  — ,  19 

emplo-i  (m.),  53,  use;  -yment 

emploie  (Subj.  employer,  230) 

employer  (v.),  55,  (to  employ) 
use 

emprunte  (d),  54,  borrowed  from, 
19 

emprunter  (a),  54,  to  borrow 
(from) 

en  (prep.),  4,  in,  74,  181 

en  (pron.),  120,  253,  156 

s'en  with  oiler,  204 

en  ce  que,  59,  from  the  fact  that 

enchanteur  (m.),  66 

encre  (f.)  ink,  26 

encrier  (m.)  inkwell,  26 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


387 


end  fin  (f.);  bout  (tip,  top)  (m.); 
terme  (m.);  —  (y.)  finir,  ter- 
miner,  achever;  -ing  terminal- 
son  (f.) ;  —  in : se  terminant  par; 
(that  the  word  is  not  finished) 
que  le  mot  n'est  pas  fini  et  qu'il 
continue  a  la  ligne  suivante 
(but  is  continued  on  the  next 
line) ;  see  follow 
endormi asleep  (dormir),  314 
endormir  (s')  to  fall  asleep,  47, 

3H. 

endroit  (m.)  place,  position,  29 

enemy  ennemi  (m.) 

enfant,  3,  child,  68 

Enghien,  24 

English  A  nglais;  -man  — ;  -wo- 
man Anglaise;  —  language 
anglais  (m.) 

enivre-r  (v.)  to  intoxica-te,  18; 
-ment  (m.)  -tion 

enjoy  (see  relax)  :  jouir  d'une 
bonne  sante  —  good  health; 
goiiter  la  musique  —  music; 
il  s' amuse  he  is  having  a  good 
time;  savourer  les  auteurs 
enjoy  (relish)  the  authors; 
-ment  la  jouissance;  la  posses- 
sion 

ennemi  (m.)  enemy;  inimical,  27 

ennoblir  (v.)  to  ennoble,  18 

ennui  (m.)  vexation,  18 

ennuyer  (v.)  to  tire  (bore),  18 

enorgueillir  (v.)  to  make  proud, 
18 

enseigne  (f.)  ensign,  53;  sign 

enseignement  (m.),  53 

enseigner  to  teach,  5,  115,  223 

ensemble,  34 

ensue  (see  follow) 

ensuite,  5,  afterwards 

entail  (v.)  entrainer;  amener;  see 
beg,  urge 

entendre  to  hear,  38;  entendu, 
53 

entente  (f.) 

enti-er,  79;  -erement  entirely 
(wholly) 

entourage  (m.)  (company)  rela- 
tion, 45 

entourer  (v.)  to  surround  (de) 

entreat  (v.)  conjurer  (de) 

entre-croiser    (croiser    en    divers 


sens),  57,  to  cross  in  various 
ways 

entrer  (v.)  (dans)  to  enter  (into) ; 
54,  incorporated 

entresol  (m.)  suite  of  low  rooms 
between  the  ground  floor  and 
the  first  floor 

entr'ourrir  (v.  ouvrir),  320,  to 
half  open 

envers,  103 

envoie  (see  envoyer) ,  309 

epais,  78,  thick 

cpaisseur  (f.)  thickness 

cpigramme  (f.)  epigram 

epigramme,  65;  witty  thought 

epigraphe,  65 

epine  (f.),  12,  thorn;  —  dor  sale 
spinal  cord 

episode  (n.  m.)  • — 

epithe-te(i.),  59,  -t 

epitre  (f.)  epistle,  12 

epoque  (f.),  12,  epoch;  faire  — • 
to  mark  an  era,  347 

epouvantable,  37,  frightful,  46 

epreuve  (f.),  53,  test 

equal  egal;  — -to  — •  a  (equivalent 
a);  see  egaler  under  to  be; 
-ly  egalement;  -ity  egalite  (f .) ; 
-ize  (v.)  egaliser 

Equateur  (m.)  Ecuador,  24 

equation  (f.)  — ,  24 

equestre  equestrian  (adj.),  28 

equilibre  equilibrium,  25 

equivalent  to:  valant  (being 
worth,  330);  188,  / 'equivalent 
de:  qui  equivaut  a,  58;  [equi- 
valoir]  (irreg.),  330 

equivoque,  65 

erase  (see  efface)  effacer 

errant  (adj.)  wandering,  188 

errer  (v.)  to  err  (wander),  29 

erreur  (f.)  error  (with:commettre) 

erron-e  (adj.)  -eous,  29 

es  (in  the),  30;  B—  -cs-L—. 

escarps  (adj.)  steep,  35 

escort  (chaperon)  escorter /(see fol- 
low) ;  accompagner  pour  prote- 
ger;  -e  d'un  agent  accompanied 
by  a  policeman ;  trainer  avec  elle 
des  valets  to  be  accompanied  by 
a  retinue  of  servants ;  surveiller 
to  watch  closely;  to  supervise 
(direct) ;  see  conduire 


388 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


escroc  (m.),  36,  crook 
esperance  (f.)  hope,  24 
esperer  (v.),  228 
cspoir  (m.),  37 
esprit  (m.)  mind,  wit,  35 
essai  (m.)  essay 
essayer  (v.),  58,  to  try 
essence  (£.),  31 
essenti-el  (adj.)  -al,  33 
est  (n.)  east,  64 

etf,  120 

estime,  42,  esteemed 

estomac  (m.)  stomach,  23 

eJ  (conj.)  and,  3 

etablir  (v.),  57,  to  establish 

ctait,  291,  was  (were),  3 

etang  (m.)  pond,  24 

etant  being  (v.  &re),  291 

etat  condition  (m.),    58;    Etats- 

Unis  (m.)  the  United  States 
ete,  29 1 ,  been 
ete,  64 

etendre  (v.)  to  stretch,  47 
g/M,  3  (291,  tire},  are 
Etienne  Stephen,  18 
etiqu-eter  (v.)  to  label,  29;  -eite 

(f.)  — ,  29 

etoffe  (f.)  material  (cloth),  12 
etre  (v.),  291,  to  be;  (n.)  being; 

peut-etre     perhaps;      bien-Hre 

(m.)   welfare 
etrier   (m.)   stirrup;   a  franc  — 

at  full  speed 
etude,  65 

etudiant  (m.)   student,  40   (col- 
lege) 

etudier  (v.)  to  study,  40 
etymolog-ie  (f.)  -y,  14 
ew  (p.  p.  avoir) ,  8 1 ,  had 
eumes  had  (avoir),  82 
euphon-y  -t'e  (f.);  -ic  (al)  eupho- 

nique 

Europ-e  (f.),  192;  -eew  (m.),  20 
eusse  (quei'),  (avoir),  85 
ed/«  had  (avoir),  82 
evening  soir  (m.);  soiree  (f.) 
m/er  (v.),  59,  to  avoid,  164 
exact,  33  (adj.),  — 
examen  (m.),  53 
example,  22,  exemple  (m.);   for 

—  par  — ,  55 
excellent  (adj.  or  v.),  188 
except    (prep.)   excepte;    hormis, 


22;    -ion,    54,  exception;   -ally 

par  — 
except-e,  192;  -er  (v.)  to  except, 

28 

exception  (f.)  —  34;  -nel  -al,  37 
exceptionnel,  37;  unusual 
«ce*j  (m.),34 
excessif  (adj.),  34 
exciter  (v.)  to  incite,  34 
exclamation  (f.),  4 
exclamer  (s')  (v.)  exclaim 
exclnre  (v.)  to  exclude,  336 
e#ea/,  73,  leave  (eccl.)  of  absence 
execr-er  (v.)  -ate,  34 
exemplaire  (adj.)  excellent;  (n.), 

54,  —  (m.)  copy 
exempt  (adj.)  free  from;  — ;  (v.) 

-er  to  exempt,  28 
exerci-ce  (m.)  -se,  34 
exhaust  (v.)  epuiser;  -ed  with 

fatigue  epuise  de  fatigue  (f.); 

(cf. :  rendu,  ereinte  done  up) 
exiger  (v.),   56,  to  demand   (re- 
quire) 
exit    (m.)    -e;    -er   (v.)   to   exile, 

25 

exister  (v.)  to  exist,  55 
exod-e  (m.)  -us,  22 
expect  (v.)  attendre,  99;  compter 

(penser);  s'attendre  a;  (partir) 

dans  le  dessein  de  (to    leave) 

in  (with)  the  expectation  of; 

avoir  I' intent  ion  de  to  intend; 

see  purpose;  goal;  aim 
expedient  (m.)  — ,  26,  188 
expedier  (v.)  to  forward  (goods), 

1 88 

expedition  (f.),  74 
experience,  (f.)  — ,  54 
expert,  40 

explication  (f.)  explanation,  57 
expliquer  to  explain,  57 
exposer  (v.),  55,  to  be  exposed 
expres,  99 
express  (v.)  exprimer,  346;  mani- 

fester  ses  pensees,  etc;  les  faire 

connattre;  enoncer  un  axiome; 

-ive  expressif;  langue  -ive;  see 

translate 
—  (train)  le  rapide,  I' express  (m.) ; 

train  express;  bateau  express 

—   cz   que   I'on    con$oit    bien, 

s'enonce  clairement 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


389 


express —  Continued 

"  —  et  les  mots  pour  le  dire  ar- 
tivent  aisement  " 

expression,  55,  expression;  mani- 
ere  de  s'exprimer;  phrase  (£.), 
mot  (m.);  locution  (f.j;  en 
termes  expres  precise  words 

expression  collective  (f . ) ,  59,  c — 

expression  (/')  (letter  ending) 
de  mes  (nos)  sentiments  distin- 
gues  (or:  respectueux  hom- 
mages) ;  54,  Respectfully  yours 
(see  assurance  or  veuillezagreer) 

extase,  65 

extend  (v.)  etendre  (enlarge, 
expand  surface,  influence, 
etc.)'  to  hold  out  tendre  (La 
mam:  hand);  presenter  (offrir] 
des  condoleances  (or:  temoigner 
des  sentiments  de  regrets  (sym- 
pathie)  a  la  douleur  d'autrui) 
-  sympathy;  nostrils 
expand  les  narines  se  dilatent; 

—  rise  in  price  augmenter  de 
prix;  atteindre reach  (age) ;  (s) 
accroitre    (vice);    s' etendre    or 
atteindre:  (illness;;    augmenter 
le  volume  d'un  corps  to  increase, 
etc.;  elargir    (to  broaden)    to 
enlarge;    se  developper  (to  in- 
crease)    to     develop;     croitre 
to  grow  (up) ;  to  thrive;  length- 
en   (days);     outgrow    devenir 
trap  petit;  to  gain  in;  to  rise 
(water) ;  grown-up  man  homme 
fait;  see  increase 

extension:     see      stretch     (-ing); 

—  du    bras    arm    extension; 

—  (growth)  of  business  • —  des 
affaires  (f.);  see  extend 

extent  etendue  (f.);  s' etendre  to 
stretch  one's  self;  to  lie 
down  (at  full  length)  upon;  to 
dwell  —  sur  un  sujet  (de  com- 
position) ;  etendu  stretched 
(arms);  of  great  area  de 
grande  etendue;  des  connais- 
sances  profondes  (-ues)  wide 
(extensive)  knowledge;  vaste 
etendue  des  mers  wide  ex- 
panse of  the  sea  (s);  ailes 
deployees  (-ues)  wings  spread 
out;  il  se  coucha  de  tout  son 


long  he  laid  down  full  length; 
eparpillerto  scatter  (to  spread) 
or  disperser  (repandre) ;  a  sa 
portee  within  his  reach;  d'une 
cerlaine  etendue  of  some  extent 

exterieur  (n.  and  adj.),  80 

extinguish,  346  (v.),  eteindre 
(put  or  go  out) ;  le  feu  s'est 
eteint  the  lire  went  out;  le  feu 
est  eteint  the  fire  is  out;  (check 
it)  :  on  a  arrete  I'incendie  (m.) 
they  have  the  fire  under 
control;  (subdue):  e —  I' ambi- 
tion; elle  s'est  eteint  Li  voix 
she  lost  her  voice;  calmer  li 
soif  to  quench  thirst;  no! re 
soif  est  eteinte  our  thirst  has 
been  quenched;  reteindre  to 
put  out  again;  cf. :  il  n'a  pas 
invente  la  poudre  he  will  never 
set  a  river  on  fire;  le  soleil 
eteint  les  couleurs  the  sun  soft- 
ens clown,  etc.;  il  s'eteignit 
le  31  mat  he  died  peacefully, 
etc.;  il  a  la  voix  eteinte  his 
voice  is  scarcely  audible;  yeux 
eteints  dull  eyes 

extraire  (see  traire,  359);  arra- 
cher  to  extract;  (extirpate) 
extirper;  exterminer  (destroy) 
or  detruire;  (uproot)  deraciner; 
un  extrait  (bouillon);  tirer  de 
la  terre  (extract  from  the 
earth);  retirer  to  pull  out 
(see  withdraw);  la  partie  qui 
vient  en  terre  the  part  (root) 
growing  in  the  soil;  see  croitre; 
objet  enfoui  dans  le  sol  object 
sunken  in  the  earth  (buried 
under);  avaler  d'un  trait  to 
swallow  at  a  gulp;  faire  le 
trajet  d'un  —  (tout  d'une 
haleine:  (traite)  to  make  the 
trip  at  a  stretch  (without 
stopping) ;  partir  comme  un  — 
to  dart  off  like  an  arrow; 
trait  or  train  des  bateaux  train 
of  boats;  une  traite  a  draft; 
un  traite  a  treatise;  trailer  to 
treat;  a  fond  de  train  at  full 
speed  (gallop);  la  traite  des 
noirs  slave  trade 

eye  ceil  (m.);    yeux  -s;    sore  — 


390 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


eye —  Continued 

mat  a  I'ceil  ( —  aux  yeux  eyes) ; 
les  objets  frappent  ma  vue  the 
objects  strike  my  eyes 


fable,  5,  fable  (f.);  conte  (ra.) 

fabliau  (m.)  short  fable,  17 

fabrique  (f.),  1 88;  -r  (v.),  29,  to 
make 

fabulist  fabuliste  (m.) 

face  (f.)  — ,  9;  to  —  donner  sur 
(to  look  into) 

f  acetic  (f.),  32,  jest  (joke) 

facile  (adj.),  59,  easy 

faqon,  65 

facultatif,  56,  optional 

faculte  de  droit  law  school 

faible  (adj.)  feeble,  weak,  16 

faiblir  (v.)  to  weaken 

fail  (v. )  faillir^  3 1 4- 1 5 ;  /e  caeur  lui 
a  failli  his  (her)  heart  failed; 
elle  a  failli  tomber  she  came 
near  falling;  cf. :  2tre  sur  le 
point  de  or  manquer  de;  le 
cceur  lui  a  manque  (defailli); 
une  affaire  faillie  an  unsuccess- 
ful dealing;  ce  commerqant  a 
failli;  c'est  un'failli;  that  mer- 
chant failed;  a  bankrupt; 
cf. :  faire  faillite  to  become 
bankrupt;  Us  ont  fait  faillite; 
Us  sont  en  faillite  they  became 
bankrupt ;  they  are  bankrupts ; 
cf . :  deposer  son  bilan  to  stop 
payment  (to  become  bank- 
rupt) ;  on  a  vu  le  moment  qu'elle 
allait  mourir  we  came  near 
seeing  her  die;  toujours  pret 
never  failing;  je  me  sens  de- 
faillir  I  feel  myself  sinking; 
elle  se  sentit  defaillir  she  felt 
she  was  going  to  faint;  ses  plans 
echouerent  his  plans  failed; 
il  fit  faux  bond  he  failed  to 
come;  il  a  manque  au  rendez- 
vous he  failed  to  keep  his  ap- 
pointment; des  artistes  man- 
ques  failures  as  artists;  il  en  a 
etc  quitte  pour  la  peur  he  got 
off  with  a  fright;  il  est  sujel 
a  manquer  he  is  liable  to  fail 
(or :  to  be  mistaken) ;  manquer 


le  train  to  miss  the  train; 
manquer  a  I'appel  not  to 
answer  the  roll-call;  il  manque 
deux  eleves  two  pupils  are 
wanting  (:  absent);  spnt-ils 
absents?  are  they  missing? 
un  temoin  fait  defaut  one  wit- 
ness is  wanting;  elle  a  manque 
de  se  noyer  she  came  near 
being  drowned ;  manquer  a  un 
engagement  to  fail  to  keep  an 
appointment;  le  fusil  a  man- 
que (rate)  the  gun  missed 
fire;  manquer  une  occasion 
to  lose  an  opportunity;  cf.: 
profitez  toujours  des  occasions 
avail  yourself  (-ves)  of  oppor- 
tunities (:  bargain  sales); 
ne  manquez  pas  de  repasser 
do  not  fail  to  call  again; 
je  n'y  manquer ai  pas  I  shall 
not  fail  to  do  so;  manque-t-il 
d' argent?  is  he  short  of  money? 
depourvu  de  chases  necessaires 
to  be  destitute;  dans  le  besoin 
(la  misere)  or  a  Vetroit:  in 
need  (poverty)  or  in  narrow 
(straightened)  circumstances^; 
viser  (to  aim  at) :  il  a  donne  a 
cote  he  missed  the  mark  or:  il  a 
manque  son  coup  he  missed  his 
aim;  il  n'y  a  si  ban  cheval  qui 
ne  bronche  it  is  a  good  horse 
that  never  stumbles;  la  raison, 
de  meme  que  I'homme,  trebuche 
souvent  reason,  like  man,  often 
has  its  failures;  on  ne  peut  s'en 
passer  (to  do  without)  we 
can't  dispense  with  it  (him, 
etc.);  c'est  sa  faute  or  il  ne 
pourra  s'en  prendre  qu'a  lui 
it's  his  own  fault  ( :  he  alone  to 
blame);  jouer  de  malheur  to 
have  a  run  of  ill-luck;  il  paie 
(paye)  d' ingratitude  he  lacks 
gratitude;  a  defaut  de  cela 
failing  that;  to  miss:  il  me 
manque  I  miss  him;  elle  me 
manque  I  miss  her;  ses  amis 
lui  manquent  he  (she)  misses 
his  (her)  etc. ;  tous  ses  amis  le 
regrettent  all  his  friends  miss 
him;  impersonally:  il  me 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


391 


fail — Continued 

manque  deux  limes  I  miss  two 
books;  il  m'en  manque  un  I 
miss  one;  il  ne  m'en  manque 
que  trois  I  miss  but  three; 
je  manque  a  ma  sceur  my  sis- 
ter misses  me;  il  s'en  manque 
d'un  pen  just  a  little  more 
(measurement) ;  see  falloir, 
vouloir;  il  ne  manquerait  plus 
que  cela  that  would  be  the 
last;  il  s'endormit  sur  son 
ouvrage  he  was  slack  about 
his  work;  (he  was  wanting  in, 
etc.) ;  faute  de  parler  on  meurt 
sans  confession  spare  to  sp  eak 
and  spare  to  speed ;  il  ne  rcus- 
sit  en  rien  he  is  a  complete 
failure;  il  manque  de  courage 
or  le  courage  lui  manque  he 
lacks  courage;  rien  ne  lui 
manquera  ( :  il  ne  lui  manquera 
rien)  he  shall  want  for  nothing 
or:  he  will  have  all  he  wants; 
il  I1  a  manque  belle  I  he  missed 
a  fine  opportunity !  ( :  occasion 
f.);  cf. :  on  ne  vous  voit  plus! 
we  miss  you;  or:  vous  devenez 
rare  (comme  les  beaux  jours) 
you  are  a  stranger 

faim  (f.)  hunger,  65 

faire  (v.)  to  do  (make),  347 

faisan,  66 

faisant  see  faire,  347 

faisons  see  faire,  347 

fait  (m.),  8, fact;  (p.  p. of  v.  faire) 
makes  (causes  to),  176;  fait 
partie,  55,  forms  a  part 

faites  (or fats),  347,  do  (make) 

faith  foi  (f.);  croyance  (f.);  -ful 
fidele;  -es  (church) ;  -ness  fide- 
lite  ({.)-, -f \dlyfidelement 

falloir  (s'en)  see  want,  or  require; 
peu  s'en  estfallu  qu'il  ne  tombdt 
or:  il  s'en  estfallu  de  peu  qu', 
etc. ;  il  s'en  faut  de  beaucoup 
qu'il  soil  aussi  savant  que  M. 
X.,  he  is  far  less  learned  than 
M.  B.;  il  ne  s'en  est  fallu 
guere  qu'il  ne  mourut  he  came 
very  near  dying ;  cf . :  il  a  failli 
mourir  (il  fut  sur  le  point  de 
mourir);  il  s'en  faut  I'epaisseur 


d'un  cheveu  it  comes  within 
a  hair's  breadth;  de  combien 
s'en  faut-il?  how  much  is 
wanting?  il  s'en  faut  de  peu 
little  is  wanting;  cf. :  il  ne 
tient  qu'a  un  cheveu  it  hangs  on 
a  thread;  il  s'en  fallut  de  bien 
peu  it  was  a  narrow  shave! 
cf . :  il  I'a  echappe  belle  (narrow 
escape);  il  s'en  est  fallu  de 
peu  qu'elle  ne  tombdt;  tant  s'en 
faut  far  from  it;  il  m'en  faut 
un  I  want  (need)  one;  il  lui 
faut  $i  she  (he)  needs  $i; 
il  leur  faut  $i  they  need  $i; 
il  nous  faut  $i  we  need  $i ;  il 
me  faut  etudier  or:  il  faut 
que  j'ctudie  I  must  study ;  dc 
plus,  il  faut  remarquer  one 
must  observe,  moreover;  c'est 
la  plume  qu'il  faut  it  is  the 
right  pen;  ce  n'est  pas  la 
plume,  etc.  the  wrong  pen;  il 
faut  s' entr' aider ,  s'il  le  faut 
it  is  necessary  to  help  one 
another,  if  need  be;  combien 
vous  (en)  faut-il?  how  much 
(many)  do  you  want?  ilfaudra 
leur  en  passer  you  will  have  to 
hand  them  some;  se  passer  de 
to  dispense  with;  il  faudra 
vous  en  passer  you  will  have 
to  dispense  with  it;  il  faut  y 
passer  a  tout  prix  no  escape 
from  it ;  il  vous  faudra  y  passer 
you'll  have  to  go  through  it; 
il  nous  faut  en  passer  par  Id, 
it  must  be  borne  (endured); 
de  deux  maux,  il  faut  choisir  le 
moindre  of  two  evils,  choose 
the  lesser;  il  m'a  fallu  un 
mois  pour  le  faire  it  took  me 
a  month  to  do  it;  il  a  I' air 
comme  il  faut  he  looks  like  a 
gentleman ;  elles  ont  I' air  comme 
il  faut  very  ladylike;  il  ne  faut 
pas  regarder  de  si  pres  (so 
closely)  one  must  not  be  so 
particular;  il  ne  lui  faut  plus 
rien,  or:  il  a  ce  qu'il  lui  faut, 
or:  il  a  ce  dont  il  a  besoin  he 
has  all  he  needs;  il  ne  manque 
de  rien  he  wants  for  nothing; 


392 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


falloir— Continued 

ne  leur  manque-t-il  rien?  have 
they  all  they  want?  avez-vous 
tout  ce  qu'il  faut  pour  ecrire? 
or :  avez  vous  de  quoi  ecrire? 
have  you  all  you  need  for 
writing?  plus  qu'il  n'en  faut 
more  than  enough;  die  n'a 
besoin  de  rien  she  wants  (needs) 
nothing;  il  lui  en  faut  deux 
he  (she)  must  have  two;  comme 
il  faut  in  style;  elle  ne  dit  que 
ce  qu'il  faut  dire  she  says  only 
what  is  necessary  (to  say);  il 
fallait  done  le  dire!  you  ought 
to  have  said  so  (sooner) ;  il  ne 
faut  pas  eyeiller  le  chat  qui  dort 
let  sleeping  dogs  lie  (or:  re- 
veiller,  etc.);  une  phrase  tournee 
comme  il  faut  or:  une  phrase 
bien  tournee  a  well-turned 
sentence;  un  jeune  homme 
comme  il  faut  a  well-bred 
young  man;  ilfaut  que  jeunesse 
se  passe  he  is  sowing  his  wild 
pats;  a  I'heure  qu'il  fallait 
in  the  nick  of  time;  ce  n'est 
pas  Id  ce  qu'il  faut  that  is  not 
the  right  thing;  il  faut  des 
livres  a  eel  enfant  that  child 
must  have  books;  il  n'a  que 
ce  qu'il  faut  pour  vivre  he  has 
enough  to  live  on;  vous  en 
faut-il  deux  de  plus?  do  you 
need  two  more?  il  ne  m'en 
faut  que  trois  de  plus  I  need 
only  three  more;  je  croyais 
qu'il  vous  en  fallait  un  I 
thought  you  were  in  need  of 
one;  j'en  avais  plus  qu'il  ne 
m'en  fallait  I  had  more  than 
I  needed;  see  NE;  que  faut-il 
faire?  what  is  to  be  done? 
il  ne  faut  pas  lui  ma  "-fier  sur 
le  pied  he  is  quick-tempered 
or:  see  tread;  il  me  faut  aller 
a  Boston  I  have  to  (or:  I  must) 
go  to  Boston;  que  after  il  faut, 
il  fallait,  etc.,  calls  for  the 
Subj.;  il  fallait  bien  que  je 
sois  Id  I  had  to  be  (come)  here; 
il  fallait  qu'il  sortit  tous  les 
jours  it  was  necessary  for  him  I 


to  go  put  every  day;  il  me 
faudrait  y  aller  I  ought  to  go 
there. 

NOTE. — Imperf.of  the  Subj. 
thus  avoided  in  conversation: 
il  lui  faut  y  aller  he  has  to 
go  there.  Observe:  when 
addressing  oneself  or  others, 
one  may  omit  se,  me,  le,  lui, 
etc. ;  il  faut  ouvrir  (you  or  I, 
etc.)  someone  must  open  the 
door;  il  faut  savoir  ce  qu'il 
veut  you  (we)  must  know 
what  he  wants;  il  faut  y  aller 
you  (we,  someone  else)  must 
go;  partons,  puisqu'il  le  faut 
let  us  depart  then;  faites-le 
comme  il  faut  do  it  properly ; 
voild,  I'homme  qu'il  me  faut 
the  very  man  I  need;  cf. :  il 
n'y  a  que  lui  pour  cela  he  is 
the  very  man  needed;  il  fait 
mon  affaire  he  (it)  suits  me; 
voild  mon  affaire  ( —  mon  fait) 
just  what  I  want  ( —  was  look- 
ing, for)!  pourquoi  faut-il  que 
why  is  it  that  .  .  .  ?  Obs.:  —  il 
faut  que  may  mean:  it  may 
be  (it  is  to  be  supposed,  one 
would  think)  (:  on  dirait  que) 
in:  ilfaut  qu'il  soil  maladehe 
must  be  ill  ( :  perhaps  he  is  ill) ; 
s'il  fallait  qu'il  mourut,  elle 
en  mourrait  (should  he  die) 
if  he  should  die,  she  would 
die  also.  In  exclamations  of 
surprise,  regret,  irony,  admira- 
tion, etc. :  ilfaut  voir!  il  fallait 
voirl  il  faut  le  voir  d  Vaeuvre! 
you  should  see  him  at  work! 
il  fallait  la  voir  danserl  you 
should  have  seen  her  dance! 
faut-il  voir  tant  de  politiciens 
au  pouvoir  what  a  pity  to  see 
so  many  politicians  in  power! 
il  faudra  voir  comment  il  s'y 
prend!  let  us  see  how  he  will 
do  it!  (well!  let  us  wait  for 
results!);  s 'en  falloir  beaucoup; 
de  beaucoup  (by  far)  ;  a  beau- 
coup  pres  by  a  great  deal;  s'en 
falloir  peu  (de  peu,  tres  pen)  to 
come  near,  little  is  wanting; 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


393 


falloir — Continued 

ne  s'en  falloir  guere  (de  guere) 
to  be  wanting  but  little.  Obs.: 
Used  negatively,  interroga- 
tively, or  with  pen,  s'en  falloir 
calls  for  que  and  ne  in  the  sub- 
ordinate clause  (in  the  Subj.), 
even  when  the  sense  may 
not  be  construed  negatively. 
Various  expressions:  j'ai  af- 
faire a  lui  I  want  to  speak 
to  him;  il  desire  se  faire  cou- 
per  les  cheveux  he  wants  to 
have  his  hair  cut;  presse  d' ar- 
gent in  urgent  need  of  money ; 
qui  s 'excuse,  s'accusesee  Reflex- 
ive (gr.);  faute  de  for  lack  of; 
faule  d'un  point  Martin  perdit 
son  dne  for  want  of  a  nail  the 
shoe  was  lost  (or:  a  miss  is 
as  good  as  a  mile) ;  il  ne  sefera 
pas  faute  d'y  aller  or:  il  ne 
manquera  pas  d'y  aller  he  shall 
not  fail  to  be  there;  de  plus, 
je  vous  ferai  observer  more- 
over, I  shall  point  out  to  you; 

sans  faute  without  fail; s 

mistakes;  il  a  faute  or  manque 
de  tout  he  is  in  want  of  every- 
thing; connaitre  la  gene  to 
know  what  want  is;  Us  ne  se 
le  laisseront  pas  dire  deux  fois 
they  will  not  need  to  be  told 
twice;  au  besoin  if  need  be 
(s'il  lefaut);  a  bon  vin  point 
d'enseigne  good  wine  needs  no 
bush;  on  ne  doit  pas  se  gener 
entre  camarades  there  is  no 
need  of  ceremony  among 
comrades;  j'  en  avais  de  trap 
(de  reste)  more  than  I  needed; 
cf . :  il  en  a  plus  besoin  que  vous 
he  needs  it  more  than  you; 
il  n'en  est  pas  besoin  no  neces- 
sity for  it;  a  sotte  demande 
point  de  reponse  a  silly  ques- 
tion needs  no  answer;  deman- 
der  une  jeune  fille  en  mariage 
to  solicit  the  hand  of  a,  etc.; 
il  demande  a  la  dame  he  asks 
of  the  lady;  elle  demande  ou 
il  demeure  she  enquires  about 
his  residence;  on  demande  qu'il 


sorte  it  is  required  of  him  to 
go  out;  elle  voulait  vous  voir 
she  wanted,  etc. 

famille  (f.)  family,  55 

fanfare,  48;  (sonner  sa)  —  to 
strike  up  a  flourish 

fang  (birds)  serre;  griffe  (f.) 
claw;  see  crochet 

fantome  (m.)  phantom,  12 

faon  (m.)  doe,  fawn,  14 

far  loin;  -ther  plus  loin;  very  — 
bien  loin;  (distant)  lointain 

farmer  agriculteur,  fermier  (m.) 

fasse  preuve,  58;  (show);  see 
faire,  347 

fatalite  (f.)  or: 

fate  sort  (m.);  see  destiny 

father  pere;  grand —  grand-pere 
(m.) 

fatherland  patrie  (f.) 

f  aligner  (v.),  54,  to  tire 

faubourg  (m.)  suburb,  24 

faubourgs  in  Paris  city  proper 

faudrait  (falloir,  326),  it  would 
be  necessary 

faut  (falloir,  326),  140  (imper- 
sonal) 

faut  (s'en),  59;  see  (tient  a)  falloir, 
326;  pen  s'en  est  fallu  qu'il 
ne  tombdt  or:  il  s'en  est  fallu 
de  peu  qu'il  etc.  he  came  near 
(very  near)  falling;  il  s'en 
faut  de  beaucoup  much  is 
wanting;  far  from  it 

faute  (f.),  53,  mistake;  —  de  for 
want  of 

faut-il,  p.  5,  must  I  (speak  more 
plainly) ;  see  falloir 

faux,  79;  chanter  —  to  sing  out 
of  tune 

fau(l)x  (f.)  scythe,  65 
favor    (esteemed)    honoree    (f.); 
see  honoree;  javeur  (f.);  to  ask 
a  —  demander  une  — 
feast  fete  (f.) ;  regal,  festin  (m.) 
features  traits  (m.) ;  see  traire  etc. 
February  fevrier  (m.),  180 

femelle  (f.)  female 

feminin  (n.  and  adj.),  10,  femi- 
nine 

femme  (f.)  wife,  woman,  26 

fenctre  (f.)  window,  10 

fer  iron,  9;  —  shoe  (see  horse) 


394 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


ferai  (fut.  of  faire)  etc.;  I'll  not 
do  that,  10 ;  347 

fermer,  5,  336 

fete  (f.),  7,  feast,  celebration,  54; 
—  de  naissance  birthday,  352 

feu  (m.)  fire;  au  —  /   15 

feu,  56,  the  late 

feuille,  65;  -ter 

fever  fievre  (f.);  to  be  -ish  avoir 
la  fievre  (etre  fievreux) ;  he  had 
a  return  of  —  la  fievre  I'a 
repris 

fidele,  10,  faithful 

fidele  faithful;  fidelite  f— ness; 
les  -es  the  congregation 

fier  (adj.)  proud,  29 

fier  (se)  d  (v.)  to  trust,  157 

figure  (f.)  —  ;  -r  (v.)  to  appear 

figurer  (v.)  to  appear,  58,  354; 

fievre  (f.)  fever,  4 

fit  (m.)  thread;  (v.)  -er  to  spin 

fille  (f.)  daughter 

filleul  godson 

filleule  goddaughter 

fits  (m.)  son,  23 

M  65 

find  (v.)  trouver,  se  rencontrer 

finesse  (f.)  fine  point,  60 

finir  (v.)  to  end,  203 

first  (adv.)  d'abord;  premier  e- 
ment;  at  —  d'abord;  au  com- 
mencement; from  the  very  — ; 
des  le  debut;  the  —  (one)  le 
premier;  unieme;  in  the  - 
place  en  premier  lieu 

fixed  fixe;  immuable  (not  liable  to 
change) 

flageolet  (m.)  — ,  15 

flashes  (of  wit)  traits d 'esprit  (m.) ; 
etinceler  d  'indignation  flash 
with  indignation;  see  luire 
(shine) 

flatter  (v.)  flatter;  se  flatter  de 
to  boast ;  to  glory  in ;  -y  flat- 
terie  (f.);  -er  flatteur  (m.) 

fleur  (f.)  flower,  16;  -ir  to  blos- 
som, 315  • 

fleuve  (m.)  river  (large),  15 

flexible  (adj.),  34.  — 

fling  (v.)  lancer;  see  traire,  etc. 

flourish  (see  traire);  fleurir,  315 

flute  (f.),  231 

flux  (m.),  114 


foi  (f.)  faith 

fois  (f.),  65,  time;  une  —  once; 
deux  —  twice,  306;  toutes  les 
fois  que,  58,  every  time 
M  79 

folie  (f.),  10,  madness 
folle  (f.)  | mad j  insane,  71 
follow    (v.)    suivre;    (escort)  — ; 

—  closely  —  de  pres;  —  (his 
bent)     --    son    penchant    (se 
laisser  aller  a);  cf. :  —  sa  voca- 
tion; cf. :  est-ce  a  dire  que  does 
it  —  that?  une  question  n'at- 
tendait  pas  I'autre  one  ques- 
tion   followed    another;    lew 
maison  louche  d  la  notre  their 
house  is    next   to    ours;    qui 
m'aime  me  suive  peril  proves 
who  dearly  loves;  quelle  pro- 
fession   suit-il?    what    is    his 
profession;    or:    what    career 
is    he    about    to    enter?    cf. : 
entrer  dans  la  carriere  to  begin 
a   career    (difficult   undertak- 
ing);  il   exerce   le   metier   des 
armes  he  is  (in  the  army)  a 
soldier;  faire   suivre   forward 
(letters);  —  un  conseil  —  an 
advice;   —   de   loin   —   at  a 
distance;  a  suivre  to  be  con- 
tinued; (adhere  to)  suivre  les 
opinions  de;  se  ranger  d  son 
avis  to  come  over  to  his  opin- 
ion; —  marts  et  il  les  a  suivis 

—  dead  and  now  he  is  gone; 
listen   well  to  me  suivez-moi 
bien;  il  n'est  pas  present  d  la 
conversation  he  is  not  listen- 
ing (to,  etc.);  s —  un  cours  to 
attend    a    course;    suis    ton 
chemin  go  your  way;  poursui- 
vons  notre  ch —  let  us  go  our 
way;  s —  des  yeux  jusqu'a  la 
gare  f —  with  the  eyes  as  far 
as  the  station;  comme  (ainsi 
qu')  il  suit  as  follows;  s —  les 
pr ogres  to  observe  the  — ss; 
idee  qui  le  pour  suit  (:  obses- 
sion)   idea   which   (besets   or 
dominates)    haunts    him;    il 
tend  (va)  d  ses  fins  he  pursues 
his    point;    bo n    chien    chasse 
de  race  a  chip  of  the  old  block; 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


395 


follow — Continued 

suivre  le  fil  de  I'eau  to  go  with 
the  stream;  pour —  en  justice 
to  prosecute  at  law;  cf. :  in- 
tenter  des  poursuites  or  un 
proces  to  institute  proceedings ; 
il  suit  de  la  que  vous  avez 
raison  then  it  follows  you 
are  right;  il  ne  s'ensuit  pas 
qu'il  ait  tort  (see  Subj.  — ); 
ce  n'est  pas  une  raison  plau- 
sible that  reason  does  not 
follow  logically;  il  ne  faut  pas 
inferer  de  Id  que  or:  ce  n'est 
pas  a  dire  it  does  not  follow 
that;  la  suite  continuation; 
ainsi  de  suite  and  so  forth  (on) ; 
faites-le  tout  de  suite  do  it  at 
once;  la  suite  au  prochciin 
numero  the  continuation  in 
the  next  number;  marcher  a 
la  suite  des  soldats  to  walk 
behind  the  soldiers;  chapitres 
(m.)  sans  suite  disconnected 
chapters;  donner  suite  a  un 
projet  to  pursue  a  project; 
cf.:  relancer,  99,  or  le  pour- 
suivre  pour  obtenir  quelque 
chose  to  importune  him  for 
something;  ensuite  or  quoi 
encore  what  next?  mettez-les 
de  suite  put  them  one  after 
the  other;  a  la  suite  d'une 
tongue  maladie  after  a  pro- 
longed illness;  telles  furent  les 
suites  de  sa  maladie  such  were 
the  effects  of  his,  etc.;  une 
belle  suite  de  timbres-poste 
a  beautiful  collection  of  post- 
age-stamps; par  suite  d'un 
malentendu  on  account  of  a 
misunderstanding;  attendez 
la  suite  wait  for  what  comes 
next;  le  jour  suivant  the  next 
day;  le  lendemain  de  sa  fete 
the  day  after  his  birthday; 
suivant  according  to;  —  leurs 
progres  in  proportion  to  their 
progress;  cf. :  conformement 
d  ce  litre  conformably  to  that 
title;  d  vous  en  croire  (a  vous 
entendre)  according  to  you; 
d'apres  votre  sentiment  (:  a 


votre  avis)  according  to  you; 
suivant  le  dire  de  or  au  compte 
de  M.  X.  according  to  Mr.  B. 
selon  lui  in  his  opinion;  c'esl 
selon  it  depends;  selon  I' exi- 
gence du  cas  as  occasion 
requires;  suivant  qu'il  est  heu- 
reux  ou  malheureux  as  he  is 
fortunate  or  unfortunate;  on 
vous  ecoute,  poursuivez  we 
are  listening,  proceed ;  le  re- 
mords  le  poursuivra  remorse 
will  torment  him;  Us  les  ont 
poursuivis  they  pursued  them; 
cf. :  il  est  a  ses  trousses  he  is 
after  him;  courir  apres  lui 
to  run  after  him;  etre  aux 
trousses  de  I'ennemi  to  be 
upon  the  enemy's  heels;  ne 
marchez  point  sur  mes  talons 
do  not  follow  me  too  near 
(tread  upon  my  heels);  a  I' in- 
star  des  poetes  by  imitating 
the  poets;  ce  me  semble  or  a 
man  avis  in  my  opinion 
follower  disciple(m.) ;  apotre(m.) ; 

lesfideles  (faithful) 
following  suivant  (e);  see  follow 
fondateur  founder;  fondation  (f.) 

foundation 

fonder  (v.),  10,  to  found  (estab- 
lish) 

fontmake  (are,  27)  (v.),faire,  347 
fool,  79;  it's  -ish  de  lafolie 
for  (prep.)  pour;  —  (since)  de- 
puis;  but  —  sans;  —  (conj.) 
car  (parce  que  because) 
force  (f.)  strength,  35;  (coercion), 

58 

foret,  65 
form  (v.),  55,  former;  composer; 

organiser 

formal  (adj.)  formel,  precis 
formation  (du  pluriel),  70,  77 
(the)  former,  133,   celui-ld;  I'an- 
cien;  -ly   anciennement,  autre- 
fois,  anterieurement 
formes  atones  (see  personal  pro- 
nouns,   156-157);  —  toniques, 
moi,  lui,  etc. 

fort  (adj.),  33}  fort  (adv.— very; 
fort  (se  faire)  to  take  upon 
oneself;  to  undertake  to,  55; 


396 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


fort — Continued 

se  faire  forte  (f.)  d'une  chose 
to  derive  advantage  from  it 

fortunate  heureux;  (happy)  — 

fortune  (f.);  see  (v.)  smile;  for- 
tune, 58 

forward!  en  avant;  —  (send) 
faire  suivre  (on  letters) ;  expe- 
dier  (send  off) 

fosse  (f.)  ditch  (grave),  13 

fougueux  spirited,  impetuous, 
24 

fouille  (f.)  excavation,  17 

fouine  (f.)  martin,  17 

Joule  (f.),  1 6,  crowd,  196 

four  quatre;  -th  quatrieme;  (>£) 
le  quart,  304 

four  (m.)  oven 

fourchette  (f.)  fork 

fournil  (m.)  bakehouse,  25 

frais,  79 

frais  (m.);  see  air,  348 

f  raise  (f.)  strawberry 

/rawc  (n.)  de  port,  56,  post-paid, 

305 

franc  (adj.),  79;  -hement  -kly 
fran$ais  (m.)  French  (language) 
fran$ais,   5,   77;  -f  (f.)  French 

woman,  210 
France,  192 
jratern-el  (adj.)  -al 
//•em  (m.),  64  (see  brake) 
French,  77,  franqais  (e);  le  fran- 
fais  (language);  — man  Fran- 
qais;  — woman  -e,  220 
frequent    (adj.)   frequent;    nom- 
breux;    -ly    souvent,   frequem- 
ment;  to   —   (v.)    -er;   visiter, 
hanter 

frere  (m.)  brother,  9 
friction,  32;  -ner,  to  rub,  354 
friend  ami  (m.);  amie  (f.) 
froid  (n.;  adj.)  cold,  348 
froler  (v.)  to  touch  (lightly),  29 
frotte-r  (v.)  to  rub;  -ment  rubbing; 
354,  oindre  to  anoint ;  friction- 
ner  un  membre  or  faire  une 
friction  to  rub  a  limb ;  friction 
(f.)    or   nettoyage    (m.)    de   la 
tete  shampooing;  onguent  salve; 
bouchonner  to  rub  down  (horse) 
fruit  (m.),  55 
fuir  (v.)  to  flee,  315 


fun  (n.)  plaisir  (m.);  par  plai- 
santerie  for  fun;  see  rire;  -ny 
drole 

fusil  (m.)  gun,  37 
/M/  (m.)  cask  (wine),  13 
/«/  (past  def.)  of  etre,  291 
futaie  (f.)  timber  trees,  15 


gageure  (f.)  wager,  13 

gat  (adj.)  merry  (cheerful),  14 

garantie  (f.),  32;  271 

garqon,  65,  boy;  waiter;  toujours 
—  still  a  bachelor 

garde  (-r),  5,  keep,  172 

garni  (m.)  (see  live  in  a),  12 

gars  (:  garqon),  9,  boy;  colloq.: 
rude  —  hardy  youth 

gdter  (v.),  59,  to  spoil  (decay) 

gather,  313,  cueillir;  se  reunir 

Gaule  (f.)  Gaul,  192 

gaulois  (m.)  gallic,  16 

gaz  (m.)  gas,  u 

geai  (m.)  jay,  15 

gemme  (f.)  any  precious  stone,  26 

gendre,  67 

g£ne  (f.)  embarrassment;  daws 
/a  —  in  need;  ne  vous  genez 
point  do  not  stand  on  cere- 
mony; -r  to  pinch 

general,  3,  70  (n.  and  adj.),  54 

generally  en  general ;generalement; 
d'une  maniere  generate 

Geneva  Geneve  (f.),  n 

genisse,  67 

genitif  (m.),  74,  genitive;  (ce) 
dont:  (that)  of  which 

genre  (m.)  gender;  kind,  53 

gens,  54 

gentil,  99;  — homme,  73 

gentle  dow*;  sweet  d — ;  mild; 
soft  tempere;  -y  doucement; 
slowly;  -ness  douceur  (f.) 
indulgence  (f.);  less  severe 
towards  plus  doux  envers 

gentle-man  monsieur;  the  —  le 
— ;  -men  messieurs 

geol-e  (f.),  15,  gaol  (jail);  -ier 
(m.),  15,  jailer 

German  allemand;  —  lady  -e; 
-y  I'Allemagne  (f.) 

gestion  (f.)  — ,  33;  management 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


397 


get  out  of  my  way  otez-vous  de 
man  passage;  to  get  (obtain) 
avoir,  obtenir 

ghetto  (m.)  — ,  24 

gilet  (m.)  vest  (waistcoat),  24 

give  (v.)  donner;  offrir;  presenter 

good  (adj.)  ban  (f.  bonne); 
(adv.)  bien  (well);  as  —  as 
aussi  bon  (bien)  que 

good!  (interj.)  c'est  tres  bien! 
bon! 

goujon  (m.)  gudgeon,  24 

gouverneur,  66 

glace  (f.)  ice;  mirror,  272 

glacer  (v.)  to  ice;  47,  chilled 

globe  (m.)  — ,  12 

glory,  3,  gloire  (f.) 

gnome  (m.),  12,  gnome,  22 

gnost-ique,  22  -ic 

goal  (n.)  but  (m.);  (jrapper  au 
to  aim  at);  see  purpose; 
la  fin  qu'il  se  propose  the  end 
he  has  in  view;  de  —  en  blanc 
brusquely 

go  (v.)  aller;  —  away  s'en  aller; 
s'eloigner;  se  retirer.  How  are 
you  comment  allez-vous?  Very 
well,  thank  you,  and  how 
are  you?  Tres  bien,  merci,  et 
vous?  Fairly  well  assez  bien; 
not  very  well  pas  trap  bien; 
better  and  better  de  mieux  en 
mieux;  from  bad  to  worse 
de  mat  en  pis.  How  is  business? 
comment  vont  les  affaires? 
rather  quietly  tout  doucement; 
comment  $a  va?  how  goes  it? 
fine!  a  mer-veille;  go  and  dine 
aller  diner;  —  for  aller  cher- 
cher;  —  back  reculer;  to  let 
go  reldcher;  let  drop  laisser 
tomber;  go  ahead  aller  de 
I'avant;  —  —  (first)  prendre 
les  devants;  —  —  and  meet 
aller  au  devant  de;  —  a  la 
rencontre  de;  —  astray  s'egarer; 
-  to  sleep  s'endormir;  - 
backwards  reculer;  —  back 
and  forth  aller  et  venir;  — 
beyond  (aller  trop  loin)  de- 
passer;  —  by  (pass);  —  for- 
ward avancer;  —  (leave)  partir 
de,  quitter;  go  on  continuer  (a); 


avancer  (steps);  —  down  de- 
scendre;  — out  sortir;  s'eteindre 
(fire);  —  over  (through)  pas- 
ser; —  up  monter;  ^ascend) 
remonter;  —  in  all  directions 
courir  de  tous  cotes;  —  —  up 
to  aborder;  —  with  accom- 
pagner  (de);  —  without  se 
passer  de;  —  with  (follow); 
go  your  way  (see  follow} 

golfe  (m.)  gulf,  12 

gondole  (f.)  gondola 

Goth  (m.),  25 

grace  (a  vous),  9,  thanks  to  you; 
par  la  —  de  Dieu,  332,  by"  the 
grace  of  God;  Grace!  Mercy 
(upon) ;  dire  ses  -s,  344,  to 
say  grace;  de  bonne  —  readily, 
331;  with  a  good  —  ;  il  est 
en  —  aupres  de  he  is  in  the 
good  -s  of;  s'insinuer  dans  les 
bonnes  —  de  to  grow  into  (his, 
etc.)  favor;  Jour  (d' Actions) 
de  Graces  Thanksgiving  day; 
coup  de  —  the  last  blow; 
demander  en  —  to  implore 
urgently;  -fully  avec  grace; 
on  lui  fit  grace  he  was  par 
doned;  se  pourvoir  en  —  to 
make  a  petition  for  mercy 
(a  commutation  of  a  sen- 
tence) 

grammar,     5,     grammaire     (f.); 
-ian  grammairien,  19 

grammatic  (al)  — ;  de  grammaire, 
19 

grammatiste    (m.)    poor    gram- 
marian, 19 

gramme  (m.)  (15=  grains),  19 

grand    (adj.)    great,    77;    -ir   to 
grow  tall 

grand-father  —  -pere,  73 

grand-mother  grand'mere  (f.),  73 

gras  (-se),  78,  fat 

grasseyer  (v.)  to  roll  the  r,  29 

gratis,  30 

gratuit  (adj.).  32  -ous 

grave   (adj.),  65,  grave,  serious, 
60,  9 

Grec   (n.)  Greek,   79;  Grece  (f.) 
Greece,  192 

grenouille  (f.)  frog 

gresil  (m.)  sleet,  348 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


gril  (m.),  25,  gridiron 

grimper  (v.)  to  climb  (up),  47 

gros  (-se  f.)  big  (fat);  (v.)  -sir, 
342 

groseille  (f.)  gooseberry,  53 

group  groupe  (m.);  reunion  (f.); 
-ing  groupement  (m.);  —  (v.) 
mettre  en  groupe;  grouper;  to 
gather  in  — (s)  reunir  en  — ; 
agr0tt/>er 

grow  (up),  342  (v.),  crottre;  to 
thrive  pousser;  (see  extend, 
increase),  les  jours  commencent 
a  c—  days  begin  to  lengthen; 
a  dccroitre  (decrease);  c — 
trap  rapidement  too  rapidly 

guenon,  67 

guer-re  (f.)  war;  -rier  -rior,  36 

guest  (n.)  hole  (m.) 

gwett*  (m.  adj.)  (wretchedly) 
poor,  24 

gui  (m.)  mistletoe,  24 

guide,  67-8,  24 

guider  (v.)  to  guide,  24,  337 

guillemet  (m.),  5  (Fr.),  quotation 
mark,  5 

guillotine  (f.),  24 

guitare  (n.)  guitar,  17 

gulp  /rai<  (m.)  —  see  traire,  etc. 

gymnas-e  (m.),  14,  -ium,  24; 
-ftgwe  (f.)  gymnastics,  20 


1! 


habile  (adj.)  clever;  -te  (f.)  -ness, 

habits  (m.)  clothes,  53;  —  war- 
row  maroon,  56 

habitude,  65 

handed  (word)  down  to  us  mot 
qui  nous  vient  de 

hang  (v.)  pendre;  —  up  accro- 
cher;  —  (in  the  air)  suspendre; 
-ing  en  suspendant;  see  hook 

haine  (f.)  hatred,  20 

haineux  full  of  hatred,  20 

hair  cheveu  (m.);  to  have  a  — 
cut  (trimmed)  se  faire  tailler 
les  -x;  il  porte  la  barbe  rase 
he  shaves  close;  —  (clip) 
rafratchir  les  cheveux;  se 
faire  couper  les  — ;  see  to  cut 


hair  (v.)  to  hate,  7;  haine  (f.) 
hatred;  -neux,  316,  full  of 
resentment 

happ-y  heiireux;  -iness  bonheur 
(m.);    -ily    heureusement;    par 
bonheur  (luck) 

hareng  (m.)  herring,  24 

harnacher  to  put  on  the  harness 

harnais  (m.)  harness,  16 

hate  (f.),  ii,  haste;  se  -r  (de)  to 
hasten  to,  204 

hate,  316,  hair,  detester;  mepriser; 
en  vouloir  a;  meprisable,  -ful 
haineux 

hatred  haine  (f.) 

haunt  (obsess)  poursuivre;  see 
follow;  cf. :  dis-moi  qui  tu 
hantes  et  je  te  dirai  qui  tu  es 
(tell  me  with  whom  you  keep 
company  and  I  shall  tell  you 
who  you  are) 

haut,  77,  305 

hauteur,  305 

he,  1 1 6,  il;  lui;  cf.:  he,  himself 
lui-meme;  (as  intensive  pro- 
noun) ;  celui  qui  he  who  (that), 
any  one,  etc.;  he  and  she  lui 
et  elle;  (as  disjunctives) :  sera-ce 
lui  can  he  be  the  one? 

head  tete  (f.);  -ache  mal  a  la 
tete  (—  de  —);  —  first  la  — 
la  premiere 

health  sante  (f.);  Board  of 
Health  Bureau  (m.)  de  Sante 
(f.);  -y  sain;  salubre;  salu- 
taire  (pour  la  sante)  whole- 
some; cf.:  sain  et  sauf;  see  p. 
89;  sound  body  corps  sain 
(m.);  of  a  sound  mind  sain 
d' esprit;  cf . :  troubler  par  aucune 
maladie  not  to  be  disturbed 
by  any  illness;  en  bonne  sante 
in  good  — ;  porter  une  sante 
to  present  a  toast;  maisnn  de 
sante  private  hospital;  to 
your  —  a  votre  sante 

heel  (n.)  talon  (m.);  see  follow 

helas!  alas!  30 

Helene  (f.)  Helen 

help!  an  secours  (a  moil)  ;  — 
aide;  assistance  (f.) ;  to  give  — 
porter  secours;  —  main  forte; 
—  one  another  s'entr'aider; 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


399 


help — Continued 

aider,  secourir,  assister;  pub- 
lic -  -  assistance  publique; 
with  the  —  of  d  I'aide  de; 
(ayant)  or  muni  or  arme  or 
pourvu  de 

hennir  (v.)  to  neigh;  (see  nasals);   \ 
-issement   (m.)   neighing 

her,  118;  see  poss.  adj.;  -s,  etc. 

Hercule  (m.)  -s,  35 

here  id  (la);  —  is  (are)  void; 
—  and  there  id  et  la;  un  peu 
partout 

herewith  sous  ce  pli;  see  p.  part. 

heroine  (f.)  heroine 

her os  (m.)  hero,  24 

herseltelle-meme;  se  (in  Refl.  v.); 
by  —  toute  seule;  sans  aide 

heure  (f.)  hour;  time,  305 

heureu-x,  80;  -se  annce,  10,  happy 
New  Year;  (adv.)  -semen  t 
happily,  fortunately 

hexamet-re  (m.)  -er,  34 

hiatus  (m.),  44 

hideux  (adj.)  hideous,  22 

hier,  99 

hippodrome   (m.),   12 

histoire  (f.),  65,  history,  story 

hiver  (m.),  64;  -ner  (v.)  hiber- 
nate 

homme  man,  4 

homonyme  (m.),  -ym,  14 

honorable  (adj.)  — ,  42 

honoree  (f.)  (<*«):  (letter)  or 
kind  letter 

hook  (crochet)  crochet  (m.); 
hamegon  (m.);  (v.)  accrocher; 
see  crochet;  mordre  a  I'hameqon 
to  nibble  at  the  bait;  qa  mord 
it  bites;  fa  we  word  pas  or 
il  ne  se  laisse  pas  prendre  he 
is  not  easily  duped 

hopital  (m.),  73 

horloge,  65 

horreur  (f.),  88;  horrible  (adj.),  29 

horse  cheval  (m.);  — shoe  /er  d 

cheval   (m.);  — dealer  maqui- 

gnon;  on  — back  a  cheval    (to 

ride  monter) 

hospice    (m.)    (Cath.)    hospital; 

almshouse 

hospital  (n.)  hopital,  hospice, 
Hotel-Dieu  (m.) 


Aote,  66,  host,  guest,  12 

//o/e/  (m.)  hotel 

houille  (f.)  (gisements  de,  m.  316), 
coal-beds,  17 

how  comment?  comme  (qu')  il 
fait  chaud,  126,  how  warm  it 
is!  — ever  ce  pendant,  d'ailleurs: 
il  parait  cependant  difficile  de 
it  seems  difficult  however  to 

huche  (f.)  (bread)  board;  —  d 
Pain  (bread)  box;  -r  (hunt.) 
to  whistle,  47 

huile,  65 

huit  eight ;  -ieme  -h ;  le  — •  on  the 
8th;  d'aujourd'hui  en  • — •  in  a 
week  from  to  day,  303 

huitre  (f.)  oyster,  33 

hum-din  (adj.),  33  -an 

humble  humble,  21 

humbug  (m.)  — ,  21 

hundred  (one)  cent;  about 

une  centaine  de,  303 

hussard  (m.),  hussar,  13 

hyene  (f.)  hyena,  17 

hymen  (m.),  19 

hymne,  69 

hyphen  trait  (m.)  d'union  (f.),  7 


I  jfe;  mot 

id  here,  12;  foici  —  is  (are); 
voila  there  is  (are),  127 

idea  idee  (f.);  see  follow  and 
s/n'&e 

idem,  26 

idiome  (m.)  idiom,  12 

tdo/e,  65 

if  «';  whether  si 

igne  igneous,  24 

ignorance  (f.)  — ,  55;  Par  — 
(blunder) 

ignorer,  55,  243 

il  (pron.)  he;  it,  25 

ill  (sick)  malade  (see  patient); 
-ness  maladie  (f.) ;  ill  +  adj.  = 
mal;  also:  un  or  dis  as  pre- 
fixes 

illumin-er  (v.)  to  -ate,  25 

illustr-e  illustrious;  -e  -ated,  25 

image,  65,  picture  (book);  litre 
d  — s 

imitation  (f.),  32, — 


400 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


immangeable    unfit    to    eat,    20 

immanquable  sure  to  happen 
(occur),  20 

immediate,  20,  immediat;  -ly 
immediatement;  tout  de  suite 

immesurable  unmeasurable,  20 

immeuble  (m.),  20,  real  estate; 
apt.  house,  26 

immortel  (adj.)  immortal,  20 

imparfait,  58 

imperalrice,  66 

imperitie  (f.)  unfitness,  32 

implore  (v.)  implorer  une  grace 
(pardon)  ;  see  6eg  or  request 
or  wrge;  demander  humblement 
et  avec  instance  to  call  upon 
(for)  in  supplication;  see  be- 
seech 

import  il  importe  (see  Subj.), 
162;  il  est  important  de  (or 
with  Subj.);  il  y  a  grande 
urgence  a  ce  que  (and  Subj.): 
it  is  very  urgent,  etc. ;  see  urge 

importance  (f.)  — 

important,  40 

importune  (v.)  importuner,  fati- 
guer,  incommoder,  assaillir; 
solliciteur  canvasser;  see  follow 

impossible  impossible,  20 

impromptu,  28 

in  en;  dans  (in,  into,  after, 
within) 

inattendu  (adj.)  unexpected,  36 

incertitude  (f.),  55,  doubt 

inclus,  192 

increase  (v.)  accroitre  (fortune); 
s'accroitre,  342  (see  extend); 
to  a  certain  extent  jusqu'd  un 
certain  point;  allonger  une 
table  (lengthen  a  table) ;  aussi 
loin  que  la  vue  s'ctend  as  far 
as  the  eyes  can  reach 

indefini  (adj.)  -te,  57,  211 

indem ne  unscathed,  18 

index  (m.)  — 

indication  (f.),  37,  — ,  sign,  mark 

indifferemment,  equally,   53 

indifferent  (adj.)  — 

indiquer,  53,  to  denote,  59, 
enumerate;  to  mention,  55; 
to  show,  55 

indirect  indirect;  see  direct;  con- 
tributions -es  indirect  taxes; 


[proposition  completive  indi- 
recte  explanatory  clause];  -ly 
indirectement;  d'une  maniere 
detournee  in  an  —  way 

indispensable  indispensable;  see 
pass 

industr-ie  (f.)  -y 

industry  Industrie  (f.);  chevalier 
d'industrie  (vit  d  'expedients 
lives  on  his  wits) ;  —  agricole, 
manufacturiere  agricultural, 
manufacturing  — ;  man  of  — 
homme  (laborieux)  industri- 
eux;  -al  center  centre  industriel 
(m.);  cela  concerne  I'industrie 
it  relates  to  — ;  cf.  dexteritc, 
intelligence,  adresse  (f.);  tra- 
vailler  beaucoup  to  work  dili- 
gently; recherches  laborieuses 
laborious  researches;  couter 
beaucoup  de  peine  to  cost 
much  labor 

inep-tie  (f.),  32,  -tness 

inert  (adj.),  32,  — ;  -ie  (f.)  -ia 

inex-act  (adj.)  —,  20 

-auce    (adj.),    34,    ungranted 

-citable  unexci  table 

-cusable,  34 

-ecute  unexecuted,   34 

-erce,  34,  untrained,  34 

-igible  not  exacted,  34 

-istant  not  existing,  34 

-arable  — ,  34 

-perience  (f.)  — ,  34 

-piable  (adj.)  unatonable,  34 

-pie  (adj.)  unatoned  for,  34 

-plicable  (adj.)  — ,  34 

-ploite  (adj.)  untilled,  un  worked 
(mine),  34 

-plore  (adj.)  unexplored,  34 

-pressif  (adj.)  -ve,  34 

-primable  (adj.)  inexpressible,  34 

-pugnable  (adj.)  — ,  24 

-pugnable  (adj.)  impregnable,  34 

-tensible  (adj.)  — ,  34 

-tricable  (adj.)  — ,  34 

infer  (v.)  inferer;  see  follow,  337 

inferieur,  80 

inferiorite  (f.) ;  see  comparatif,  92 

infinitif  (m.) ,  59 

inflect  varier;  flechir  (bend), 
moduler;  (gr.)  decliner  (noun); 
conjuguer 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


401 


in-folio,  20 

ingrat  (n.),  n,  ingrate;  -itude  (f.) 

inhumain  (adj.)  inhuman,  20 
initial  (adj.)  — ,  33 
initier  (v.)  to  initiate,  33 
innocence  (f.)  innocence,  22 
innocent  (n.,  adj.)  innocent,  20 
innombrable  numberless,  20 
innomme  unnamed,  27 
innover  (v.)  to  innovate,  20 
innovation  (f.)  — ,  20 
inquiet,    80;    -etude    (f.)    unrest, 

29 

Inquisition  (f.),  25. 
insatiable  (adj.),  33,  — 
insensibilite  (f.),  22,  unconscious- 
ness 
insister    (v.)    to    insist;    to    lay 

stress,  46 

instance  (for)  £ar  exemple  (m.) 
instant  (loth):  (letter)  </M  10  ct. 

(:  courant) 
instar  (a  I')  de  by  imitating  the 

(poets) 

instinct  (m.)  instinct 
institute   (n.)   institut  (m.);  395 
instituteur,  66 
instruction     (f.),     53,     — ;      (v. 

instruire,  349) 

instru-it  (v.  instruire,  349),  -cted 
instrument  (m.)  — ,  22 
intelli-gent  (adj.),  36;  -gence  (f.) 

— ,  60 
inten  d  -tion;  see  expect,  design; 

count  upon  (contemplate) 
intenter  (see  follow) 
interessant,  35 
interet  (m.)  interest,  20 
interim  (m.)  — ,  20 
intermission    (theat.)     entr'acte; 

(m.) ;    inter  mede;    interruption 

(f.);    no   performance    reldche 

(m.) 

interrogat-if,  59;  119  (-«<e  f.) 
interrogation,  4 
interroger  (v.)  to  question  (quiz), 

29 

interruption,  see  rompre,  275 
intervalle,  64 

into  dans;  —  one  ew  wn  sew/ 
intransitii,   59;   293    (o«   neutre) 

(adj.) 
26 


introduce,  337,  introduire;  — 
(show  in)  — 

introduction  introduction  (f.) 

introduire  (see  conduire),  337 

inutile  (adj.)  useless,  22 

invaria-ble  (adj.),  55;  -bly  invari- 
ablement,  toujours 

invent  (v.)  inventer;  -ion  —  (f.); 
-or  inventeur;  see  extinguish 

ionique  (adj.)  Ionic  order 

«>a*  (v.  aller),  309,  will  (shall)  go 

irez  (fut.  of  a//er)  will  go;  qa  ira, 
46,  it  will  go  (do) 

irreguli-er  (adj.)  irregular,  307, 
79;  -erement  irregularly,  29 

irriter  (v.)  to  irritate,  29 

isthm-e  (m.)  -us,  24 

it,  \^,il;elle(L);le(m.);la(L}; 
lui  (m.,  f.);  en;  ce;  cela  ('.a); 
(pers.  pron.)  -self  lui-meme; 
elle-meme;  (eux or  elles)-memes; 
— •  la  bontc  meme  kindness  it- 
self; cf.  to  go  smoothly  (all  by 
itself)  aller  tout  seul;  its  use  was 
far  from  being  general  / 'usage 
etait  loin  d'en  etre  general 

Italian,  55,  Italien  (m.),  (-ne,  f.); 
—  language  I'italien 

Italic,  192  ;-n,  55 

Italy  I' Italic,  192 

item  (m.),  19 

itiner-aire  (m.) ;  -ary,  33 


J 


Jacques,  9,  James 

jadis  (adv.)  formerly  (yore),  25 

jalap  (m.)  — ,  28 

Jamaique  (f.)  Jamaica,  12 

jamaisl  never,  119 

Janvier  (m.),  180,  January 

jardin  (n.)  garden;  -ier  -er 

jars,  67 

je  I,  117 

/eaw  John;  -ne  Jane,  18 

Je   n'en   sais   rien,    10,    I    know 

nothing  of  it  (about  it);  see 

savoir 

jest  plaisanterie  (f.) ;  see  rire,  358 
(a)  jeun  on  an  empty  stomach 
jeune  (adj.),  15,  young;  -we  (f.) 

youth 


402 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


jeune  (m.)  fasting;  -r  to  fast,  15 
je  vais  mettre  une  lettre  a  la  paste 

I  am  going  to  mail  a  letter 

(post-office);  see  filler 
joindre    (v.)    to    join,    349;    to 

connect 
joint  added   to,   56;   se  joint  a, 

46>  349 

joke  plaisanterie  (f.) ;  see  rire,  358 

jolt,  77,  pretty 

jonc  (m.)  rush,  20 

jonqu-ille  (f.)  -il,  26 

jouer  (v.)  to  play,  19 

jouerai  (fut.  of  jouer),  10,  I  will 
play,  175 

jpug  (m.)  yoke,  37 

joui  (p.  p.  jouir)  d'une  bonne 
sante  enjoys  good  health 

jouir  (v.)  enjoy  (de),  17 

jpuissance  (f.)  enjoyment,  17 

jour  (m.)  day,  3 

jpurnee,  64 

jpyeusement,  80,  joyfully 

joyeux  joyful 

juger  (v.)  to  judg-e,  67;  -ment 
jugement  (m.) 

jfttt-/  (-PC,  f.)  Jew  (-ess),  16 

julep  (m.),  28 

July,  i8o,jitillet  (m.) 

jument  (f.)  mare 

junction  jonc/j'on  (f.) 

June,  iSo,juin  (m.) 

jungle  (f.),  21 

jftt/>e  (f.)  skirt,  13 

>s  (m.),  346 

jusque,  187 

just  (fair)  jws/e,  13;  impartial; 
after  adding:  right!  apres 
I' addition:  c'est  juste  I 

justice  (n.)  justice  (£.);  avec 
equite  (f.)  with  fairness,  47; 
il  a  la  justice  de  son  cote  justice 
is  on  his  side,  justice  favors 
him ;  faire  —  a  to  redress  the 
wrong  to;  faire  —  de,  99,  to 
treat  him  as  he  deserves;  ilfaut 
reparer  le  tort  fait  a  one  must 
repair  a  wrong  done  to;  y  re- 
medier  to  remedy  it. 
justify,  54,  (v.)  justifier;  il  - 
sa  conduite  he  proves  his  in- 
nocence; cf.  demontrer;  prou- 
ver;  legitimer;  rendre  juste;  se 


j — ,  (Refl.);  la  fin  justifie  les 
moyens  (the  evening  crowns 
the  day);  rien  ne  ntotive  cette 
opinion  nothing  justifies  that 
opinion;  show  cause  faites 
valoir  vos  motifs;  vos  motifs 
sont  bans  well  grounded 


K 


kermesse  (f.);  kermis  (-mess),  25 
(Danemark,  etc.),  festival  and 
fair 

kilo  (m.)  (=  2  Ibs.)  25 
kilogramme  (m.)  kilogram,  25 
kind  genre  (m.);  espece  (f.) 
king  (n.)  roi  (m.);  -dom  royaume 

(m.) 

kiosque  (m.)  kiosk,  25 
kirsch  (m.)  — ,  25 


la,  63,  the;  it,  her,  120,  155;  9 
la  there,  130;  see  voila,  118;  cf. 

monsieur    n'est    point  la   (the 

gentleman  is  not  here?) 
lac  (m.)  lake,  n 
Idche,  9,  coward;  -te  (f.)  -ice 
Idcher  (v.)  to  let  go 
La  Haye  (f.)  the  Hague,  192 
laie,  67 
laisser  (par  ne  rien  — )   (v.),  5, 

to  leave  (nothing) ;  s'etre  laisse 

prendre,    59,    to    allow    one's 

self  to  be  deprived  (of) 
lait  (m.)  milk,  14 
lame    (f.),    9,    blade;    see    cut; 

(vague)     wave 
lance   (f.)    lance,    8;    -r    (v.)    to 

launch;    309;    to   issue    (send 

out);  -ment  -ing,  340 
langage  (m.),  58 
langouste  (f.)  (spiny)  lobster,  16 
langue  (f.),  220 
lapis  (m.),  30 
laquelle  (d1  apres),  58  (according 

to),  following  which,  135 
larynx  (m.),  34,  — 
las   (-se)    (adj.)    tired,    47;    (v.) 

lasser 
last  (adj.)  dernier;  —  night  hier 

soir 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


403 


late  tard;  -r  plus  tard;  to  be  — 
fare  en  retard;  see  p.  100;  it  was 
only  later  ce  n'est  que  plus 
tard  que 

laugh  (n.)  rire  (m.) ;  (v.)  rire,  358; 
tel  chante  qui  ne  rit  pas  a  heart 
may  be  sad  though  the  face 
be  gay;  to  burst  out  -ing 
partir  (eclater)  de  rire;  on  dit 
souvent  la  verite  en  riant  many 
a  true  word  is  spoken  in  jest; 
il  tourne  tout  en  raillerie  he 
makes  a  jest  of  everything; 
il  entend  raillerie  he  takes  a 
jest;  il  entend  la  raillerie  he 
jokes  well;  r —  aux  eclats  to 
-  loud;  pouffer  de  r —  to 
buist  out  1 — ;  etouffer  — 
to  choke  with  1 — ;  pour  rire 
(plaisanter)  for  fun;  colloq.: 
lui  faire  un  pied  de  nez  (se 
moguer  de  lui)  to  1 —  at  him ; 
il  se  moque,  sans  doute  he  is 
jesting,  no  doubt;  r —  a  gorge 
deployee  to  roar  with  1 — ;  etre 
le  jouet  de  la  fortune  to  be  the 
sport  of  fortune;  il  veut  rire 
he  is  jesting;  r —  a  ses  depens 
(expense)  to  ridicule  him; 
toujours  le  mot  pour  r —  ready 
wit;  se  tenir  les  cotes  de  r — 
to  shake  sides  with  1 — ;  en 
faire  des  gorges  chaudes  to 
'chuckle  over  it  or  :  se  tordre 
de  r — ;  rire  de  ses  menaces 
not  to  mind  threat;  en  rire 
to  jeer  at  him  (etc.);  do  not 
laugh  at  that  :  (nothing  to  1 — 
at  in  that)  il  n'y  a  pas  la  de 
quoi  rire;  rire  comme  un  bossu 
(hunchback)  to  split  one's 
sides  with  1 — ;  radiate  with 
joy  rayonner  de  joie  (f.); 
r —  sous  cape  1 —  in  his  sleeve; 
r —  dans  sa  barbe;  et  tout  le 
monde  d'en  rire  and  everybody 
began  to  laugh;  il  n'y  a  pas 
de  quoi  rire  this  is  a  serious 
matter;  r — jaune  (d'une  mani- 
tre  contrainte)  his  (her)  smile 
is  forced ;  se  mettre  (se  prendre) 
a  rire  to  begin  (start)  to  1 — ; 
exciter  La  risee  to  move  to  1 — ; 


faire  r —  aux  eclats  (pamer  de 
r — )  that  set  us  in  a  roar;  ne 
pouvoir  garder  son  serieux 
impossible  not  to  1 —  (keep 
his  countenance) ;  il  prend  son 
serieux  he  grows  serious;  cela 

.  passe  le  jeu  that's  beyond  a 
joke;  c'est  a  mourir  de  rire  to 
die  with  1 — ;  r —  aux  larmes 
(eclats)  to  roar  with  1—;  r — 
du  bout  des  dents  forced  smile; 
crever  de  r —  to  die  laughing; 
on  n'y  trouve  pas  le  moindre 
mot  pour  r —  there  is  nothing 
amusing  in  that  or  here;  il  me 
fait  r —  he  makes  me  1 — ;  rira 
bien  qui  rira  le  dernier  he  who 
laughs  kst  laughs  best;  il 
nous  pretait  a  r —  he  was  a 
subject  for  1 —  to  us;  appreter 
a  rire  to  make  oneself  laugh- 
able; se  moque-t-il  de  nous? 
Is  he  joking?  on  le  tourna  en 
'ridicule  they  made  a  fool  of 
him;  il  en  riait  he  1 — ed  at  it; 
r —  du  bout  des  dents  to  1 — •  on 
the  other  side  of  the  mouth; 
de  bon  cceur  heartily;  anecdote 
(f.)  pour  rire  laughable  — ; 
tel  qui  rit  vendredi,  dimanche 
pleurera  laughter  is  akin  to 
tears;  il  a  le  r —  facile  he  1 — s 
easily;  un  fou  rire  uncontrol- 
lable laugh;  —  ris  moqueur  it 
was  a  mocking  laugh;  la  risee 
the  laughing-stock;  de  grands 
eclats  de  rire  great  shouts  of 
1 — ter;  plus  on  est  de  fous, 
plus  on  rit  the  more  the 
merrier 

law  loi  (f.);  see  follow 

I'  (=le,  la)  it,  him;  her,  120,  155 

le  (invariable),  120  (b.),  254 

le  (variable),  63,  the;  it  (him), 
120,  155 

league  (n.)  ligue  (union)  (f.); 
(v.)  liguer 

learned  (p.  p.)  appris,  357;  (n.) 
—  (man)  savant;  bien-instruit, 
109 

leave  (v.)  laisser;  quitter;  320 
-    (to  take) :  ^p.  p.  c.    =  pour 
prendre  conge 


404 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


teqon  (f.)  lesson,  65 

lec-teur  (m.)  (-trice)  reader 

lecture  (f.)  reading  (349,  v.  lire) 

left  (on  the)  d  gauche;  (p.  p. 
laisse);  cf.  laisser,  175 

leger,  80  ;  legerement  lightly, 
thoughtlessly,  slightly 

legs  (m.)  legacy,  24 

lemm-e  (m.)  (geom.)  -a,  24 

lengthen  (v.)  allonger;  crottre 
(jours),  342 

Lent  car  erne  (m.) 

/£pre  (f.),  ii,  leprosy 

lepreux   (m.)   lepers 

les  the,  63,  120;  them 

less,  253,  moins;  (the)  —  le  — ; 
least  —  moindre;  —  than  moins 
que;  —  moms  de 

lesson  lec,on  (f.) 

letter,  10,  lettre  (f.);  —  paper 
papier  a  — ;  capital  —  majus- 
cule (f.);  small  —  minuscule 
(f.) 

leur  (poss.  adj.)  their,  118 

leurre  (m.)  lure;  -r  (v.)  to  — , 
29 

levre  (f.)  lip,  11 

lexicologie  (n.  f.)  scientific,  pro- 
gressive knowledge  of  words 
relating  to  their  etymology 
or  meaning  and  in  general  of 
what  is  essential  in  being  able 
to  write  a  language  correctly 

liaison  (f.)  34,  (linking) 

liberty,  4,  liberle  (f.) ;  at  —  en  — ; 
libre;  to  take  the  —  prendre 

la  —  de; liberties  prendre 

trap  de  libertes,  56 

libre  free;  -ment  -ly,  40 

lichen  (m.)  — ,  24 

lier  (v.)  to  bind,  349 

lieu  (m),  3,  place,  spot;  au  —  de, 
55,  instead  of;  —  (il  y  a) 
there  is  reason;  —  (donner), 
59,  to  give  rise  to 

lieue  (f.)  league  (distance), 
15 

life  vie  (f.);  such  is  —  ainsi  va 
le     monde;     —     (animation) 
entrain    (m.);    all    your    - 
(long)  loute  votre  (to)  vie 

ligue  (f.)  league;  (v.)  liguer  to 
form  a  — 


like,  see  200;  avoir  de  I' affection, 
de  I'amitie,  du  gout,  un  pen- 
chant pour;  I  should  like  to 
go  to  je  voudrais  bien  aller  a 
(en);  (ant.:  detester,  hair);  to 
suit  his  taste  trouver  a  son 
gout;  —  better  (best)  preferer, 
aimer  mieux;  as  you  —  a  votre 
aise  (comme  vous  voudrez: 
comme  il  vous  plaira);  now 
he  likes  it  il  commence  a  s'y 
faire  (a  y  prendre  go  At); 
—  music  gouter  la  musique; 
a  liking  du  gout  (pour) 

like  (conj.)  comme;  cf. :  lei  pere, 
telfils;  —  semblable  a  (adj.) 

likewise  (il  en  est)  de  meme,  54 

linceul  (m.)  shroud,  25 

line  (n.)  ligne  (f.);  to  the  — 
a  I'alinea;  to  write  a  line  ecrire 
un  mot;  (refl.  v.)  —  (against) 
s' aligner;  cf.  align,  adjust  or 
form  to  a  line  aligner;  (n.) 
alignement  (m.) 

linguales  (consonnes)  d,  t,  I,  n,  r, 
24 

linguiste  (m.)  linguist,  24 

linguist ique  (f.)  linguistics,  24 

lion  (m.)  lion,  17 

liquefier  (v.)  liquefy,  29 

liqueur  (f.)  liquor,  29 

liquide  (m.)  -d,  29 

Us  (m.),  30,  lily 

lisse  sleek;  -r  (v.)  to  comb  down 

liste,  53  (f.),  list 

listen  (to)  ecouter;  see  follow 

litre  (m.)  litre,  12 

little  petit;  a  —  un  peu  (de),  253 

live,  361  (v.),  vivre;  to  be- 
have like  a  gentleman  savoir 
vivre;  to  come  to  life  again 
revivre;  survive  survivre  (a); 
cf.  demeurer  (reside);  habiter 
(to  live  in,  inhabit);  loger 
(habiter  habituellement) ;  loger 
en  garni  to  occupy  a  room  (in 
an  apartment  house);  un 
logement  provisoire  temporary 
lodging;  (:  partie  de  maison 
plus  modeste  qu'un  apparte- 
ment  part  of  a  house  more 
modest  than  an  apartment); 
garni  ou  meuble  furnished  apt. ; 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


405 


live — Continued 

qu'on    loue    avec    ameublement 
(rented  with  set  of  furniture) ; 
maison  pen  logeable:  (ou  Von 
ne    pent    loger    commodcment) 
not  a  very  comfortable  house; 
she  lives  with  her  mother  elle  \ 
vit  aupres  de  sa  mere;  in  society  i 
dans   le    monde;    comfortably 
(on  vit)  bien;  bien  vivre  to  lead 
a  good  life;  people  die  as  they 

—  telle  vie,  telle  fin;  faire  la  vie 
to  —  fast;  on  lui  sauva  ses 
jours  they  saved  his  (her)  life; 
he    who    wishes    to    —    long 
avoids    excess    qui   veut   oiler 
loin  menage  sa  monture;  long 
live  America!  vive  I'Amerique! 
long  live  the  free  countries! 
vivent  tous  les  pays  libres!  to 

—  on  good   terms  (en  bonne 
intelligence);    to  —  like   cats 
and  dogs  comme  chien  et  chat; 
faire   bon  menage   their   mar- 
ried life  is  happy;  to  —  on 
vivre  de;  when  in  Rome  do  as 
the  Romans  do  il  faut  vivre  a 
Rome    comme    d    Rome;    ap- 
prendre  d  vivre  to  teach  how 
to  live,  etc.;  you  will  not  find 
a  soul  vous  ne  trouverez  ame 
qui  vive;  on  n'y  voit  plus  ame 
vivante   no    living    soul   there 
(any  more);  to  —  (high)  well 

faire  bonne  chere; only 

for    himself     ;    v —    dans    la 
pauvrete;  from  hand  to  mouth 
aujour  le  jour;  1 —  in  straight- 
ened circumstances  v —  d  I'e- 
troit;  colloq.:  lead  a  struggling 
existence    tirer   le   diable   par 
la  queue;  1 —  on  their  meagre 
salary  vivoter  de  leur  maigre 
salaire;  Us  n'ont  que  de  quoi 
vivre  they  keep  body  and  soul 
together;  1 —  by  begging  men- 
dier  sa  vie;  on  his  savings  de 
ses  economies;  on  what  does 
she  live?  De  quoi  vit-elle?  1 — 
in  hope  v —  d'espoir;  il  faut 
manger  pour  vivre  et  non  pas 
vivre  pour   manger  one  must 
eat  to  live  and  not  live  to  eat ; 


on  their  income  de  leurs  rentes; 
at  his  expense  d  ses  depens  (m.) ; 
living  is  expensive  in  America 
il  fait  cher  vivre  en  Amerique; 
la  cherte  des  vivres  high  cost  of 
food  (living);  rise  in  price  of 
commodities  le  haussement  du 
prix  des  denrees;  according  to 
their  means  selon  leurs  moyens; 
—  free  sans  attache  (f.);  1 — 
on  his  wits  vivre  d'industrie 
(f.):  un  chevalier  d'industrie; 
vous  le  faites  v —  you  feed  him ; 
un  roman  vecu  a  novel  based  on 
fact  (or  seemingly  so);  lui a-l- 
on  coupe  les  vivres?  did  they  cut 
off  his  income  (pension)?  on 
lui  tattle  (rogne)  les  morceaux 
he  is  fed  on  too  little  or  spar- 
ingly ;  si  Dieu  lui  prete  vie  if 
he  lives  long  enough;  you  will 
have  food  and  lodging  vous 
aurez  le  vivre  et  le  convert; 
v—  sur  ses  amis  1 —  on  his 
friends;  life-annuity  une  rente 
viagere;  while  alive  en  son 
vivant;  the  quick  and  the 
dead  les  vivants  et  les  marts; 
while  his  uncle  lived  du  vivant 
de  son  oncle;  burned  alive 
brule  vif;  very  life-like  pris  sur 
le  vif;  stung  to  the  quick 
pique  au  vif;  dead  or  alive 
mort  ou  vif;  while  he  lived  de 
son  vivant;  provisions  are 
expensive  les  vivres  sent  cheres; 
to  earn  a  living  gagner  sa  vie; 
il  a  de  quoi  vivre  he  has  enough 
to  live  on;  a  keen  interest  un 
vif  intertt;  la  lettre  tue,  mais 
I' esprit  vivifie  the  letter  killeth, 
but  the  spirit  giveth  life; 
1 —  amicably  vivre  en  accord; 
avoir  I' ame  chevillee  au  corps 
he  has  nine  lives;  la  caisson 
des  vivres  provision  wagon; 
colloq.:  se  la  couler  douce  to 
take  life  easy;  compter  les 
morceaux  to  give  a  scanty 
allowance;  diner  par  caeur  to 
go  without  dinner;  such  is 
life  ainsi  va  le  monde;  live 
again  in  his  works  se  survivre 


406 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


live — Continued 

dans  ses  outrages;  revivre  dans 
ses  enfants  to  live  again  in 
his  children;  a  sa  guise  as 
he  likes;  le  printemps  ranime 
toute  la  nature  Spring  revives 
all  nature;  he  lives  a  life  of 
lassitude  (inert  life)  il  traine 
une  miserable  existence;  mener 
grand  train  to  1 —  in  great 
style;  mener  une  vie  reglee  to 
live  a  regulated  life  (une  vie 
heureuse);  il  gagne  sa  vie  he 
gets  his  livelihood;  (:  il  ne 
vit  que  de  ses  bras)  :  by  the 
labor  of  his  hands;  habiter  un 
garni  to  live  in  a  furnished 
apt.;  il  demeure  au  no.  IQ; 

.  il  habile  I'Amerique;  chacun 
doit  vivre  selon  sa  condition 
everyone  should  live  accord- 
ing to  his  station;  he  is  not 
expected  to  live  le  mcdecin  I'a 
condamne;  il,  donne  signe  de 
vie  he  is  still  alive;  une  vive 
replique  a  smart  reply;  les 
danseurs  sont  animes  dancers 
are  alive;  une  avenue  vivante 
a  lively  avenue;  le  Jran^ais 
n'est  pas  une  langue  morte, 
mais  bien  une  langue  vivante 

litre,  68 

"local"  (or  city)  E.  V.  (  =  ad- 
dressed) 

loch  (m.)  — ,  24 

locution,  55  (f.),  expression 

loge  (f.),  12,  box  (theat.); 
lodge;  (v.)  to  lodge  -r 

logic  (n.)  logique  (f.) ;  -al  logique; 
see  follow 

loi  (f.)  law,  1 6 

loin  (adv.)  far;  -tain  distant,  96, 
105;  (v.)  eloigner  (s') 

Londres,  31,  London 

long,  304,  long,  40;  —  time  long- 
temps;  —  (in  length)  de  lon- 
gueur (or:  long  de);  -er  plus 
long;  — ,  24,  longtemps;  no  -er 
ne  —  plus;  no  —  than  pas 
plus  long  que  (de);  -er  still 
longtemps  encore,  24 

loom  metier  (m.);  profession  (ft);   j 
see  follow;  his  trade  son  metier 


lors  (de)  at;  -que  when,  54;  the 
time  of 

loss  per te  (f.);  (v.)  per  Are 

louange  (f.)  praise,  17 

louera  (fut.  of  louer),  10,  will 
praise  (rent) 

Louis  Lewis,  17 

Louise  Louisa,  17 

loup,  67  (m.) 

lu  (p.  p.  lire)  read,  349 

Luc  Luke,  23 

lueur  (f.)  glare  (light),  17 

lui  (pron.)  he,  78;  a  —  his,  27; 
—  -  meme  himself 

lui  (p.  p.  luire),  350,  shone 

luisants  (v.  luire,  350)  (m.),  pat- 
ent leather  shoes 

lundi  (m.)  Monday,  125 

lutte  (f.)  struggle  (fight),  334 

luxe  (m.),  13,  luxury 

Luxembourg  —  (m.),  19 

lyr-e  (f.)  lyre,  8;  -ical  lyrique 


\\ 


ma,   ta,   sa,    118,   my,   your,    his 

(her) 

M.,  4,  Mr. 
machin-e    (f.)     — ,    8;     -ist,    22, 

mecamcien 

Madame,  3,  Madam  (Mrs.),  73 
madone  (f.)  madonna,  12 
maigre    lean,    36;    -rir    to   grow 

thin 

main  (adj.)  principal 
main,  65  (f.) 
maint  (adj.)  many  a,  257 
mais  but ;  —  oui,  39,  why,  yes !  30 
maison  (f.)  house,  14:^/0  — ,  99 
maitre  (m.)  master 
majuscule  (f.)  capital,  5 
mal   (m.)   evil,   u;   (adv.)   bad; 
—  un;  —  mis;  —  ill  (with  cer- 
tain adj.  in  English);  mal,  64 
malade  (m.,  f.)    (le,  la)  patient 
malade  (adj.)   ill   (sick);  -ie  (f.), 

57 

male  male,  9 

man  homme;  —  of  war  vaisseau 
(m.)  de  guerre  (f.):  -ly  virile; 
good  —  (fellow)  bonhomme 
(m.) 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


407 


manage  conduire,  regir,  diriger; 

gerer;  (him),  (savoir)  comment 

le  prendre;  to  —  (in  a  way) 

jaire  en  sorte  que;  -able  docile, 

traitable;   -r   gerant,    directeur; 

stage  —  regisseur;   house   — 

menagere  (f.) 
manege,  64 

manger  (v.),  228,  to  eat 
maniere     (f.),      168,     sort,     29; 

manner  (way),  55 
manne  (f.)  manna,  18 
manuscript  manuscrit  (m.);  old 

— •  m —  ancien 
marc  (m.)  mark,  23 
marc  (m.)  residuum  (skin,  pulp, 

seed),  23 

March  mars  (m.),  180 
marchandise,  57  (f.)i  mdse. 
mardi  (m.)  Tuesday,  5;  —  gras 

Shrove  — 
mark,    54,    signe    (m.);    marque 

(f.}; forme,  54, — ;  (v.)  marquer 
marque  (f.),  54,  mark;  -r  to  — , 

25 

marquis,  65 

marraine,  67 

marrons  (habits)  maroon  dress 

Mars  jo;  —  March 

marsouin  (m.)  porpoise,  17 

masculin  (m.),  9,  -e 

master  wat/re  (m.);  (v.)  />osse- 
der,  connattre  parfaitement: 
savoir  a  fond 

mat  (m.)  mast,  9 

moduli  (dead),  33  (adj.) 

materiaux  (see  construire)  mate- 
rials; matieres  (f.)  (qui  entrent) 
dans  la  construction  construc- 
tion material;  on  r  assemble 
des  idees  etc.,  pour  la  composi- 
tion ideas  are  (being)  gathered 
for  composition 

materiel  (implements)  (m.);  es- 
prit —  material  mind;  cf. :  ma- 
terial; etoffe  (f.) ;  see  weave 

matin  (m.)  mastiff  (dog),  9 

matin  (m.)  morning;  -ee  (f.) 
forenoon 

maxime  (f.),  12,  -m 

may  (can) ;  see  pouvoir,  329 

May,  1 80,  mat  (m.) 

Mayence  Mainz 


mean  (adj.)  sordide,  mesquin; 
-ness  mesquinerie  (f.) 

mean  (v.)  signifier,  vouloir  dire, 
331;  -ing  sens  (m.);  significa- 
tion (f.) ;  -less  depourvu  de  sens 

means  (money)  les  moyens  (m.); 
by  —  of  au  moyen  de;  through 
the  influence  of  —  par  (I'entre- 
mise)  le  m —  de,  99;  according 
to  his  —  selon  ses  moyens; 
having  recourse  to  en  faisant 
usage  de;  par  le  (an)  mo  veil  d" 

medecin  (m.)  doctor 

meditate  (v.)  mediter;  soumettre 
a  des  reflexions  (a  nn  examer 
interieur) ;  ri'flcchir  a  (consider 
to  think  seriously  (the  matte; 
over);  se  creuser  la  tete  tt 
rack  (his)  brain;  (plan)  pro- 
Jeter;  combiner  (to  scheme;  to 
contrive);  complotcr  to  plot; 
se  recueillir  to  collect  one's 
thoughts;  prier  to  pray;  plonge 
dans  all-absorbed  in  (tout  a 
son  travail)  his  work 

meet  (v.)  rencontrer;  oiler  a  la 
rencontre  de  to  go  and  meet 
(part  way);  see  to  connect; 
to  come  across  — ;  cela  ne  se 
rencontre  guere  that  is  met 
rarely;  -ing  (n.)  rencontre; 
assembler  (f.);  reunion  (f.); 
il  a  toujours  bien  rencontre 
circumstances  always  favored 
him 

meilleur  better,  92 

meme  (adj.),  3,  same;  (conj.) 
quand  —  even  if  (+  Cond.); 
aujourd'hui  —  this  very  d_ay; 
venez  quand  meme  come  just 
the  same;  il  en  est  de  —  de 
(so  with)  likewise,  54;  meme 
lorsque  even  when,  56 

menager  (v.)  to  husband,  to 
save,  58 

mener  (v.),  229,  to  lead  (by  the 
hand),  337 

menu  (m.)  — ,  13 

mepris,  32;  -er  to  scorn 

mer,  65,  sea;  in  the  open  —  (au 
large)  en  pleine  mer 

merchandise  (mdse.)  marchan- 
dise (f.);  see  bargain 


408 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


mere  mother,  6 

merit  merite  (m.);  demerit  de- 
merite  (m.),  considere  comme 
si  (as  if);  au  point  de  vue  du 
m — ;  I>H  du  d — ;  see  voir 

mes  (poss.  adj.),  118,  my 

met  (v.  meltre) 

metre  (m.)  meter  (39  inches),  n 

mettre  (v.)  to  put  (on),  351 

meuble  (m.);  -e,  56,  furnished 

Mextque,  64 

Michel- A  nge  Michael  Angelo,  24 

midi  (m.),  187;  304 

miel,  64 

mien  (le),  39,  mine,  129 

mienne  (la),  129 

mteux,  95 

mil  (m.)  millet,  25 

mil  1000;  mille  1000;  304 

mill  moulin  (m.);  saw —  sciene 
(f.);  wind —  moulin  d,  vent 

mille  (m.)  mile;  millesime,  56, 
date  on  coins 

million  (m.)  million,  304 

minime  very  small  (slight),  12 

mimstere  (m.)  department 

ministre,  53 

minuit,  305,  139 

minuscule  small,  5 

minute  (f.),  32 

minutie,  32  (f.),  minuteness 

misfortune  malheur  (m.) 

mistake  (n.)  faute,  p.  5;  to  — 
je  tromper  (de);  se  meprendre, 
356;  see  misunderstand  and 
blunder;  une  meprise  mistaking 
a  person,  etc.,  for  another; 
c'etait  d  ne  />aj  s'y  meprendre 
there  was  no  -ing  it;  c'es*  d 
»e  £a.s  5*y  m —  there  is  no 
—  it;  par  meprise  by  m — ; 
sans  faire  de  faults  without 
(making  any)  mistake 

misunderstand  (see  356,  prendre) 
(v.)  il  entend  mal  he  -s;  ne 
pas  comprendre;  il  prend  la 
chose  au  mal  he  takes  offense 
at  it;  c'est  d  ne  pas  s'y  me- 
prendre there  was  no  mistak- 
ing it;  se  tromper  to  be  mistak- 
en; se  tromper  de  to  take  the 
wrong  [way];  elle  s' abuse  she 
deceives  herself;  il  se  meprend 


he  mistakes;  elle  se  meprend 
she  forgets  herself;  v.  v.  adres- 
sez  mal  you  mistake  your  men ; 
prendre  tout  en  mauvaise  part 
to  take  things  amiss;  p —  mal 
ses  conseils  not  to  take  kindly 
to  his  advice;  les  tourner  en  mal 
to  misinterpret  them :  il  ne  veut 
rien  entendre  he  won't  listen; 
donner  a  entendre  que  to  inti- 
mate that ;  il  n'y  entend  rien  he 
can't  make  it  out 

mixtion  (f.)  — ,  33 

Mile.  Miss,  73 

Mme.  Mrs.,  Madam,  4 

mode,  68  (m.,  f.) 

modern,  78,  moderne,  nouveau,  55 

modest-e,  32  (adj.) ;  -ie  (f.)  -y 

modulation,  46  (f.) 

moelle  (f.)  marrow,  16 

mceurs  (f.)  customs,  30 

moi,  3,  I  (disjunctive  pron.); 
I;  d  — !  help;  etre  a  —  to  be 
mine  (my  own),  99,  5;  78 

moi-meme,  7  (intensive  pron.), 
myself,  57 

mains  (au),  5,  at  least;  less,  39; 
d  —  que  unless,  60;  de  —  en 
— .  39;  —  (le):  as  neuter,  254 

mois  (m.)  month,  180 

Moise,  12,  Moses 

moitie  (f.)  half,  304 

mol,  79 

mollesse  (f.),  47,  indolence 

moment,  179 

momentane  (adj.),  22,  momen- 
tary 

man  my,  118 

monde,  69,  hulled  (husked) 

monde  (m.),  9,  world  (universe); 
2 1 1 ;  tout  le  —  everybody  (all) 

monde  (m.)  world,  405,  society; 
du  —  company 

monnaie  (f.)  coin,  mint,  change, 
37,  3°6 

monosyllabe,  30 

monosyllab-le  -e  (f.);  -ic  -ique 

monsieur  Mr.,  Sir,  4;  le  —  the 
gentleman,  73 

mont  (m.)  peak 

montagne  (f.)  mountain,  58 

month  mois  (m.);  -ly  mensuel; 
tous  les  mois,  180 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


409 


mood     (gr.),    144,    mode     (m.); 

(temper)  humeur  (f.) 
more  plus;  davantage;  the  — ,  39; 

— over  de  plus;  —   (besides) 

d'ailleurs 

morgue    ({.),    12,    morgue;    arro- 
gance (scornful  look) 
morrow  le  lendemain;  see  follow 
mart  (m.)  (-e)  the  dead  person; 
1      3,  dead  (died),  319 
mart  (f.)  death,  40,  65 
morue  (f.)  codfish,  13 
most     (men)     la     plupart     des 

hommes;    -ly    surtout;    princi- 

palement;  at  —  au  plus 
mot  (m.)  word,  5;  —  d  —  word 

for  — 
mother  mere  (f.) ;  grand —  grand' 

mere  (f.);  ( —  -in-law)  step — 

belle-mere     (f.);     -   -     tongue 

langue  maternelle  (f.) 
motte   (f.),   9,  clod;  —  de  terre 

lump  of  earth 
mou,  79,  soft  (molle,  f.) 
moulin  mill,  5;  352 
mourir  (irreg.),  318,  29 
mousse  (m.)  cabin-boy,  68 
mousse  (f.)  moss,  68 
moyen       (cours)       intermediate 

(course) :    see    means;    moyen 

dge,  38,  Middle  Ages 
mu  (m.)  ( 1 2th  letter  of  the  Greek 

alphabet)  name,  13 
muet,  78,  mute,  deaf 
mulct,  67 

multi-plier,  56  (v.),  to  -ply 
mur  (adj.)  ripe;  -ir  to  ripen 
mure  (f.)  mulberry,  13 
Muse  (f.)  — ,  26 
musical,  46 

musicien  musician,  46 
musique  (f.)  music),  46 
must  (one)  faut-il,  5 ;  266 
must  I  faut-il?  —  (see  devoir)  or 

(list:  irreg.  verbs) 
mute  muet  (see  adj.) 
myope  (m.)  short-sighted,    14 
myosotis      (m.)      forget-me-not, 

H 

myself  moi-meme;  intensive  pro- 
noun 

myriade  (f.)  myriad,  14 

mystere,  64 


N 


nacre,  65 

name  (n.)  nom  (m.);  —  (v.) 
nommer;  porter  le  nom  de 
to  bear  the  — ;  first  —  prenom 
(m.) 

narcotique,  37 
nasal  (adj.)  — ,  17 
nation  (f.)  — 
national,  54,  (adj.) 
ne...pas,  etc.,  3,  not,  119 
ne  (e),  (v.  naitre)  born,  194,  352 
necessary  (it  is)  il  est  necessaire; 

see   Subj. 
nectar  (m.)  — ,  u 
needle  (n.)  aiguille  (f.) 
nef,  65 
negation    (f.),     57;    negatif   (-ve, 

119) 

negliger,  188 
-ent  (adj.),  188 
negre,  66 

nenni  (obsolete)  no,  18  (Fables) 
nerf    (m.),    31,    80,    36,    nerve, 

sinews,  36 
neuf  (adj.),  79,  23 
neuf  nine,  303 
neutre  neuter,  55 
never    ne    ...   jamais,    etc.;    — ! 

jamais!  more      jamais, 

jamais,  119 
neveu  nephew  (m.),  35 
next  suivant  (n.  or  adj.);  — to 

pres  de;  —  line  a  la  ligne  sui- 

vante;  see  follow 
nez  (m.)   nose,  9;  —  a  — ,  41, 

face  to  face;  224 
ni  ...  ni  neither   ...    nor,  119;   ni 

or,  5 
niais,  78 
nid  (m.)  nest,  36 
niece  (f.),  12,  niece 
nier  (v.),  59,  to  deny 
noble  (adj.)  noble,  12 
Noel  (m.)  Christmas,  7;  la  (fete 

de)  Noel,  68 
nceud     (m.)     knot,     bow;     (see 

nouer),  16 
noir,    91,    black;    dark;    -cir    to 

blacken,  241 
noir  (m.)  negro 
noix,  65 


4io 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


nom  (m.)  name,  4,  231 
nombre,  53,3O3;cf.  No.  =  numero 
nombreux,  80,  numerous,  35 
nombril  (m.)  navel,  25 
nominatif;  subject;  (ce)  qui  or: 

what 

nommer  (v.)  to  name,  47 
non,   8,   not;  —  que,    163,   not 

that;  et  —  but  not;  je  pense 

que  —  I  think  not 
(ne)  ...  non  plus  either,  57 
non  compris  not  including,   56, 


nord,  64 


not  (neg.)  pas;  —  (a  book)  but 
non  (un  litre)  mais,  57 

note  (v.)  marquer,  remarquer, 
prendre  note  de 

note  (n.)  14;  billet  (m.)  note  (f.); 
bill 

nothing,  119,  rien;  not  anything 
rien;  -ness  chaos  (m.) 

notice  (v.)  noter,  remarquer 
(take  —  )  observer,  s'apercevoir; 
cf. :  bear  well  this  in  mind 
notez  bien  que:  (n'oubliez  point 
que;  retenez  bien  ceci);  to  give 
—  donner  avis  (connaissance) ; 
avertir  (warn);  to  tell  before- 
hand prevenir;  without  a 
moment's  —  sans  avis  pre- 
alable;  to  bring  to  your  know- 
ledge porter  a  votre  connais- 
sance; until  further  —  jusqu'a 
nouvel  ordre  (avis  contraire); 
within  short  —  a  court  delai; 
public  — !  avis  (m.)  au  public; 
look  out !  attention  (faites  — )/ 
foreword  avis  au  lecteur;  two 
heads  are  better  than  one 
deux  avis  valent  mieux  qu'un 

notion  (f.)  — ,  33 

notions  (v.)  noter,  32 

noire  our,  118 

noire  (le)  ours,  129 

noueux  knotty,  17 

nous  we,  us,  81,  156 

nouveau,  79 

nouveau-ne  new-born,   56 

November,  180,  novembre 

nu,  88,  naked 

nuance  (f.)  shade,  56 

nuit,  65  (f.),  night,  348 


nul,  113,  78 

number,  303,  no.  (numero}; 
nombre  (m.);  —  compter  (par- 
mi);  etre  au  nombre  de;  see 
follow 

numeral,  56,  303 

numero  (m.)  no.  (:  number);  27 

O 

o,   4 

oasis  (f.),  30 

object,   55,   objet  (m.);   (direct) 

—  regime  (m.);  -s  de  premiere 
necessite  most  necessary  arti- 
cles; —  (aim,  goal);   (gram.) 
synonyme  de:  complement;  cf. : 
avoir  pour  —  to  have  in  view; 
-ion    (n.)    —    (f.);   faire  des 
-s  to  object 

-tif  (the  opposite:   le    contraire 

de)  subjectif 
obole,  64 

obscur  -e;  -ite,  54 
observe     (v.)     remarquer;    faire 

une  observation  a  call  attention 

to    (remind   him,   etc.);  faire 

remarquer    to    bring    to    (his) 

notice 

obus  (m.),  31,  shell 
occuper  (s'en),  54,  to  take  it  up; 

to  consider  it 
occur    (v.)    se    trouver,    ar river, 

194;  -rence incident  (m.);  daily 

—  ce  qui  arrive  frequemment 
(tous  les  jours);  —  ce  qui  se 
rencontre 

Oceanie,  192 

o'clock  heure  (f.);  in  the  evening 

du  soir;  305 

October,  180,  octobre  (m.) 
ode  (f.)  ode,  12 
odieux  infamous,  40 
(Edip-e  (m.)  -us,  16 
ceil  (yeux)  (m.)  eye  (s),  47 
aeillet  (m.)  pink 
ceuf  (m.)  egg,  31,  15 
ceuvre  (f.)  work  (art);  deed,  69 
offend     (v.)     offenser;     blesser; 

froisser;   — ,  p.  5   (to  do  in- 


justice to) 
offe 


"ense  (n.)  offense  (f.) 
offenser  (v.),  5 
offi-cier  (m.)  -cer,  58 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


411 


oh!  oh!  4,  ah!  —  la,  la!  oh  my! 

oie,  67 

oignon  (m.)  onion,.  1 6 

oindre  (irreg.  v.),  354;  see  f rotter 

old  (adj.)  vieux  —  age;  (vieux) 
ancien  franqais  old  French; 
one  year  —  un  an;  age  d'un  an 

omission  suppression  (f.) ;  —  (f.) ; 
omission  of  the  article  sup- 
pression de  I' — ,  76 

omit  (v.)  supprimer,  351 ;  omettre, 
manquer  a  faire  (dire);  negli- 
ger;  cf. :  leave  out,  fail  to  do 
(say) 

omnibus,  70  (m.) 

on,  81,  pronoun,  135 

on  (upon)  sur;  —  foot  a  pied; 
—  Monday  (s)  le(s)  lundi(s); 

—  fire  en  flammes;  —  my  way 
chemin    faisant;    and    so    - 
ainsi  de  suite 

once,  64 

once  une  fois  (que);  twice  deux 
fois;  see  follow 

oncle,  67 

one  un  (e);  only  —  un  seul; 
ne  —  que  ;  in  (into)  one  en  un 
seul  (settlement  un);  —  by  — 
un  a  un;  he  is  the  —  c'est  luil 

one  (pron.)  on;  (/')  on;  celui 
(celle);  on  ecrira  done  one  may 
then  write;  any  —  quelqu'un; 
every —  tous  (toutes);  —  an- 
other I'un,  I'autre,  etc.;  — self 
soi-meme;  si  I' on  veut  (cf . :  si  on 
le  veut) 

-    armed     manchot;    --     eyed 
borgne 

only  (seulement)  ne  —  que  (but) 

ont  (v.  avoir)  have,  81 

onze  eleven,  38;  303 

onzieme,  304 

open  (adj.)  ouvert  (e);  mouth  — 
bouche  ouvert  e;  in  —  air  en 
plein  air;  with  —  arms  d 
bras  -s;  —  house  (tenir): 
to  keep  tenir  table  ouverte; 
(Ant.:  closed  ferme) 

open  (v.),  320,  ouvrir;  —  the 
eyes  —  les  yeux;  (confide) 

—  son  cceur  a;  —  an  account 
(bank)  —  un  credit  d;  to  start 
(store)  —  un  compte  a; 


not  -ed  Sundays  qui  n'ouvre 
point  le  dimanche;  easily  -ed 
qui  s'ouvre  facilement;  the 
curtain  rises  la  scene  s'ouvre; 
(flowers):  —  (s'epanouir);  — 
itself  s'ouvrir;  wide  —  tout 
grand  ouvert;  to  be  —  to  con- 
viction etre  pret  d  accepter  le 
pour  ou  le  contre 

open:     see  ouvrir 

opening  ouverture;  entree  (f.) 

openly  franchement,  ouvertement 

openness  franchise  (f.);  candeur 
d'dme  (f.) 

opera  (m.)  opera,  8 

opinion  (n.)  —  (f.);  see  follow 

opium  (m.),  26 

opportune  opportun 

opportunity  occasion  (f.);  cf. : 
opportunite  (f.)  seasonable- 
ness;  seasonableness  gives 
everything  its  price  I'a-propos 
fait  le  merite  or:  donne  du  prix 
d  tout;  a  propos  opportunely 

oppresse,  47,  oppressed 

option  choix  (m.);  -al  facultalif 

optique,  12,  optical 

or  (conj.)  now 

or  (m.)  gold 

oracle,  64 

orbite,  65 

ordinaire,  3,  usual 

ordre  (m.)  order;  commande  (f,), 

oreille  (f.)  ear;  -r  (m.)  pillow 

orfevre  (m.)  gold  (silver) smith,  II 

organe  (m.)  organ,  medium 

orge,  54 

orgue,  68 

origin  (n.)  origine  (f.);  -ally,  45, 
d  I' origine 

orme  (m.)  elm,  12 

orphelin,  66 

orthography,  53,  orthographe  (f.) ; 
spelling  epellation  (f.);  (v.) 
orthographier  to  write  words 
with  the  prdper  letters 

os  (m.),  30,  bone 

osciller  (v.)  to  oscillate,  25 

oser  (v.)  to  dare,  175 

ossature  (f.)  (bony)  frame,  31 

osseux  bony,  87 

oter,  53  (v.),  to  remove:  56,  -e 


412 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


other  autre;  to  -s  d  d'autres; 
— wise  autrement;  par  centre; 
see  follow 

ou  or,  38 

ou  (adv.)  where  ( — in,  — to); 
d' —  (whence),  136,  from  — ? 

ouate  (f.)  cotton  (absorbent); 
padding,  24 

oubli  (m.)  forgetfulness,  16 

oublierai  (fut.  of  oublier)  I  will 
forget 

ouest,  64 

ouf!  oh!  (now),  16 

OM*»  5.  yes:  mais  out,  24,  why 
— ;  si,  yes!  70,  je  pense  que  oui 
I  think  so 

oui-dire  (m.)  (hearsay)  reports, 
38 

ouir  (dire)  (v.)  hearsay;  ouie  (f.) 
hearing,  38,  72;  324 

ours  (m.),  30 

ourselves  nous-mimes 

out  of  Aors  <fe;  -  -  place 
deplace;  see  season 

outil  (m.)  tool,  25 

OM/re  (f.),  1 6,  goat-skin  bag 

outre-(mer)  d' —  oversea;  en  — 
besides,  moreover 

ouvert  (p.  part,  of  ouvrir),  320 

ouvrez  open,  5 

ouvrir,  320,  to  open;  spread,  48 

over  sur;  au-dessus  de 

overcome,  360,  (v.)  accabler  (de); 
see  vanquish;  (faint)  s'eva- 
nouir;  perdre  connaissance  to 
lose  consciousness;  se  trouver 
mal  (swoon);  le  malade  ne  se 
connatt  plus  the  patient  is 
(out  of  his  senses)  uncon- 
scious; sentir  un  malaise  to 
feel  discomfort 

oversight  (see  blunder) 

oversupply  see  superfluous 

own  (v.)  avoir;  ppsseder;  -er 
patron;  proprietaire  (m.);  - 
(adj.)  propre 

oxygene  (m.)  -en,  14 


Pacte  (m.),  9,  pact  (treaty);  see 
336,  conclure  and  conclue; 
trailer  de  la  paix  to  discourse 


upon  peace;  enfin  il  conclu! 
de  voyager  he  finally  decided 
to  travel;  done  (ainsi)  thus; 
partant  for  that  reason;  lui 
donner  gain  de  cause  to  decide 
in  his  favor;  lui  donner  tort 
to  —  against  him  (her);  con- 
clure a  to  lead  to;  cf . :  on  a 
conclu  a  la  mart  their  decision 
was  for  death;  voild  ce  qu'il 
faut  conclure  that  is  what  will 
come  at  last;  ils  n'ont  encore 
rien  conclu  they  have  not  yet 
arrived  at  anything;  ils  con- 
cluront  de  Id.  que  ce  n'est  rien 
(of  no  consequence)  they 
will  conclude  therefrom  that 
it  is  nothing;  la  paix  se  conclut 
peace  is  made  (decided  upon) ; 
la  paix  est  conclue  peace  is 
concluded ;  ils  ont  fait  la  paix 
peace  has  been  made  between 
them;  pour  conclure,  sa  de- 
monstration n'est  pas  juste  to 
conclude,  his  demonstration 
is  wrong;  de  telles  raisons  n'a- 
boutissent  a  rien  such  reasons 
prove  nothing;  c'est  un  raison- 
nement  qui  cloche  lame  argu- 
ment ;  la  conclusion  tiree  de  ce 
livre  conclusion  drawn  from 
this  book;  voild  la  conclusion 
(the  outcome)  such  the  case 
will  be 

page  (n.),  68;  at  —  d  la  page; 
(v.)  —  paginer;  verso:  turn 
page:  recto:  present  page 

paill-e  (f.),  9,  straw;  -asson  (m.) 
(foot)  rug  or  natte  de  paille 
(jonc) 

pain  (m.),  8,  bread,  loaf,  19; 
cake  (soap)  ;  petits-pains  (m.) 
rolls 

paint  (v.)  peindre,  354;  -ing 
peinture  (f.);  tableau  (m.) 

painter  peintre  (m.);  —  en  bdti- 
ments  house  — ,  354 

paire  (f.)  pair,  304 

paix,  65 

pal,  71  (m.) 

palais   (m.),  30,  palace;  palate, 

H 

palm-iste  (m.)  -ist,  12 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


413 


panier    (m.)    basket,    5;    waste- 
basket  corbeille  d  papier 
pacn  (m.)  peacock,  14  . 

papa,  8,  —  (daddy) 
paque  (f.),  69 
P&ques,  69 
par,    n,   by,   through,   per;   64, 

—  id  this  way ;  —  la  that  way 
paradis  (m.),  30 

parasol  (m.),  30 

pare  (m.)  park,  n 

parce  que,  46.  because 

pardon  (m.),  332,  —  (forgive- 
ness); demander  —  to  beg 
pardon;  il  vous  demande  — 
he  begs  your  pardon 

parent  (m.)  relative,  27;  also  — 
( \. .  parer) 

pure/: these  (f.),  4 

purer  (v.)  to  ward  off 

Puresse  (f.),  31,  laziness 

pcresset'x,  80,  lazy 

farfait  (adj.)  perfect,  14 

parfum  (m.)  perfume,  8;  -er  (v.) 
to  — ;  13,  -erie  (f.)  -ry;  -eur 
-e  maker  or  dealer,  21 

parla,  213,  spoke  (past  def.  or 
absolute) 

parler,  209 

par  mi  (prep.)  among  (st),  56 

parole  (f.),  226,  parole;  mot  (m.) 

paroi  (m.),  65 

paronymes  (m.)  -ym,  14 

parrain,  68 

part  (  ent)  (v.  partir),  320 

par/  (r6!e)  (n.)  ro/e  (m.);  —  (ist) 
!«•  partie;  for  my  —  <7«aM<  d 
moi  (pour  ma  part);  he  comes 
from  Mr.  B.  *'/  vient  de  la  part 
de  M.  X.;  good  naturedly  en 
bonne  part;  for  the  most  part 
pour  la  plupart;  on  his  part 
(side)  de  sa  part;  to  form  (be) 
a  part  oi  faire  partie  de; 

—  (with)  (v.)  se  defaire  de;  se 
separer  de  (se  quitter) 

portage,  64 

partake  (share)  partager;  —  (in) 
partidper  d,  64  (avoir  part  d); 
to  take  part  in  prendre  part  a; 

—  (taste)  gouter  a 
part-i  (m.)  -y;  match,  32 
partial  (adj.)  — ,  33 


partidp-e,  56,  (m.)  -le 

parti-cule  (f.),  57  -cle 

particulier,  88;  -erement  particu- 
larly, 54 

partie  (f.)  part,  game,  32 

—  de  (faire)  to  form  a  part  of,  55 

partir  (v.),  33,  320 

partitif,  124  (sens),  (adj.),  55 

par  lire  (f.),  64,  ornament 

parvenu  (m.),  13;  (p.  p.),  295, 
323 

pas   (m.)  pace   (step),  39;  ne... 

pas,  119,  not 
j   pass    (v.)    passer;   —   by    (via) 

—  par;  (go  to)  —  au  tableau 
(blackboard) ;     (vanish)     dis- 
paratlre;  —  away  mourir  ou 
passer;    (to    be   promoted    a) 
passer  capitaine;  (call  on)  — 
chez;  (to  be  looked  upon  as) 

—  pour;  etre  repute  pour;  let 
it  —  (over)  —  outre;  (go  to 
extremes)  —  du  blanc  au  noir; 
overlook   it    n'en    point    tenir 
compte;  it  will  pass  cela  peut 
passer;  assez  bien;  cela  est  sup- 
portable (sera  accepte);  cf. :  cela 
se  passera  it  will  not  last  long; 
(durer);  passez-lui   pass  him; 
un  passe-temps  a  pastime;  just 
the  time  to  slip  it  on  le  temps 
de  le  passer  (mettre);  (conclude) 

—  un  central  or:  make  faire; 
(subir)  —  un   exam-en    (-ina- 
tion) ;  (forgive)  —  (pardonner) 
une  Jaute;  that's  beyond  me 
cela  me  passe;  cf. :  c'est  trap  fort 
it's  going  too  far;  he  was  shot 
il  fut    fusille    (passe   par   les 
armes);  beyond  my  compre- 
hension cela  me  passe;  going 
through  en  passant  par;  time 
passes  by  (fuir)  le  temps  passe; 
s'ecouler    to    elapse;    s'enfuir 
to  fly  (away);  —  le  temps  to 
kill  time;   se  passer  to   take 
place;  occur; de  to  dis- 
pense;   en    passer   par   Id   to 
undergo;  to  go  through 

passage  —  (m.);  a  defective 
(incomplete)  —  passage  de- 
fectueux;  (crossing  the  Alps): 
le  passage  des  Alpes;  ct.-.fran- 


414 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


passage — Contin  ued 

chir  to  cross;  —  (tr  aver  see,  f.) 

crossing  (nav.);  right  of  way 

droit  de  passer;  rail,   crossing 

passage  d  niveau   (m.);  birds 

of  —  oiseaux  de  — 
passe  past;  56,  —  after 
passenger    (n.)    passager;    voya- 

geur  (m.);  cf.:  passager  tran- 
sient (adj.) 

passer-by  passant  (m.) 
past  passe  (n.)  (adj.)  last;  over, 

gone    by;     past     10    10    hrs. 

passees 
pdt-e  (f.),  9,  pas-te,  dough;  -issier 

-try    cook;     -isserie     (f.),     9, 

pastry  shop 
pale  (m.)  blot 
patience  (f.)  — ,  81 
patient   (n.)  le   (la)   malade;  to 

be  — ,  1 8,  avoir  de  la  patience; 

le   m —   decline    (s'eteint)    the 

—  is  failing 

-er  (v.)  to  have  patience,  18 
pdtre   (m.),    n,  herdsman;    (v.) 

pattre,  354 
patriarche  (m.),  12 
patrie  (f.),  3,  fatherland 
patriote,  65 

patroness  patronne;  protectrice 
patte,  8,  leg;  (man's)  — jambe  (f.) 
paupiere  (f.),  eyelid,  15 
pause    (rest)    pause    (f.);    repos 

(m.);  silence  (m.) 
payement  (m.)  payment 
payer  (v.)  to  pay,  230 
pays    (m.)    country;    (see    cam- 

pagne),    14  —    (m.)    country 

(whole),  57;  see  nation,  patrie 
pay  sage  (m.)  landscape,  14 
paysan  (m.)  farmer 
paysan  (-ne,  f.)  countryman,  30 
peau  (f.)  skin,  hide,  13 
peche  (f.),  n,  peach 
pecheur,  66 
peigne  (m.)  comb,  15;  (v.)  se  -r 

to  — 

peintre,  67,  354,  painter 
pelle  (f.)  shovel,  9 
pelote  (f.)  pincushion;  ball;  jouer 

a  la  —  to  play  handball 
pencil  (n.)  (see  'to  cut),  352 
peninsula  presqu'Ue  (f.) 


pensee  (f.)  thought 

penser  (a),  209 

pensum  (m.)  — ,  21 

Pensylvanie  (f.)  Pennsylvanit 

pentagone  (m.)  -n,  18 

Pentat-euque  (f.),  18,  -euch 

penultimate  penultieme  (f.) 
I' avant-derniere  (syllabe) 

percussion,  37 

£erd  (ind.  of  perdre) 

perdre  to  lose;  (p.  p.  perdu, 
13) 

perdrix  (f.)  partridge,  34 

perdu  (p.  p.  of  perdre,)  lost 

£ere  (m.),  4,  father 

/>pn7  (m.)  peril 

peripetie  (f.),  32,  incident 

per/e  (f.)  pearl;  69,  -e  —  barley 

per-mettre(\.)  (mettre),  53,  351, 
to  -mit 

person,  66 

persil  (m.)  parsley,  25 

persist  (v.)  insister;  continuer 

person  personne  (f.),  55;  -al 
personnel;  -ally  personneUe- 
ment;  en  personne 

personify  (v.)  personnifier 

perspi-re  (v.)  trans pirer;  -ration 
-  (f.);  to  be  -ring  etre  e,i 
transpiration;  all  —  etre  en 
nage  (f.);  cf.  it  transpired 
cela  commenc.a  a  etre  conn:\ 
(to  begin  to  be  known) 

persuader  (v.)  to  persuade  (set 
360,  vanquish);  (induce  him 
to  believe  or  do)  le  porter  a 
croire  or  le  decider  d  faire; 
(see  to  resolve);  n'influencez 
point  do  not  try  to  influence.' 
-.exercer  une  influence  sur  (to 
urge);  cf.  contraindre;  le  pius- 
ser  a;  se  faire  prier  to  like  to 
be  urged;  see  (pre)valoir;  win 
(over);  seduire;  conseiller  de 
advise 

perte  (f.)  loss 

peser,  11,  to  weigh;  soupeser, 
229 

petit,  92 

petition  (f.),  64 

peu  (un),  253,  a  little  (few); 
rather 

peuple  (m.)  people,  28 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


415 


peur  (f.)  fear,  59;  de  peur  que         \ 
pent,  peuvent    (pouvoir);   n'y  — 

rien  is  (are)   of  no  avail,  58,   | 

329 

phare  (m.)  beacon-light,  28 
pharynx  (m.)  — ,  34 
phcnix  (m.)  — ,  34 
phihsnphe,  12,  -r 
philosoph-y  philosophic  (f.),  25; 

to  be  in  —  faire  sa  — ;  -ical 

-ique,  25 

phonetique  (f.)  phonetics,  45 
phrase  (f.),  9,  sentence  (clause) 
phtisie  (f.)  consumption,  25 
physiognomic  (f.)  -y,  24 
physique  (f.),    14,  physics;   (m.) 

— ;  —  (adj.)  physical 
piano  (m.)  — ,  17 
piece  (f.)  piece;  room;  paper,  56 
pied  foot,  17;  de  —  en  cap  head 

to    — ,    36;    —    a    terre    (m.) 

(transient)  lodging 
piege  (m.)  trap  (see  trappe) 
pieton  pedestrian 
pilule  (f.),  64,  pill 
pin  (m.),  64,  pine-tree 
pinch  (v.)  pincer;  see  gene 
pipe,  65 

piquer  (v.)  to  sting  (prick),  356 
piqure  (f.)  sting,  13 
pis,  95,  worse 
piste   (f.)   trail;  footprints,   346; 

see  empreindre 
pitie  (f.),  64,  pity 
place  place;  lieu;   endroit   (m.); 

localite  (f.);  emplacement  (m.) 
-    (v.)    placer,   mettre,   deposer; 

to   be   (put)   placed   s<?  placer 

sur;  see  season 
place   (f.),  64;  —  ./orte  fortified 

city,  37; 

placer,  56  (v.),  to  put 
/>/ate  (f.)  wound,  14 
plaindre,    58,    355,    to    pity;    to 

be  pitied:  to  complain 
plainte  (f.)  complaint 
plait  (Indicative)  of  plaire,  355; 

38,  likes 

plan  (m.)  plan,  18 
plat  (m.)  dish 
plat  (adj.)  flat,  u 
platane  (f.)  plane-tree,  18 
plausible  — ;  see  follow 


play  (v.)  jouer;  (n.)  /e>«;  at  — 

au  jeu;  -er  (n.)  joueur 
please  (v.)  plaire  (a);  if  you  — 

s'il  vous  platt  (:  s.  y.  p.) 
plein  full;  en  — •  air  in  the  open, 

38 

pleonasme,  64 

pli  (m.)  fold;  -er  to  fold,  272 
plomb    (m.)    lead;    d   —  perpen- 
dicular 
plume,  63 

plupart,  40,  most  (of  them) 
pluriel  (m.),  53 
plus,  92,  31-9;  en  —  in  addition, 

96;  —  rf'wn,  58 
/>/z*,s  (le):  neutre  (neuter),  254 
plus -que -par fait  (m.)  pluperfect, 

31 

ne  ...  plus  jamais,  45,  no  longer 
plusieurs  (adj.)  several,  253 
poele,  68  (m.,  f.) 
poet  poete  (m.) 
Poete,  5 

poetry  poesie  (f.) 
/w'ds  (m.),  30,  weight 
poignard    (m.)    poniard,    16;    -er 

(v.)  to  stab 
poignee    (f.)    (hand)    grasp    (col- 

loq.),  1 6 

poindre  (v.)  to  dawn,  356 
point  (m.),  4,  — ;  dewx  -s  colon, 

4;  —  virgule,   4;   (v.  poindre, 

356);  H9 

pointure  (f.)  size  (glove) 
poire  (f.)  pear,  16 
pois  (m.)  pea,  16 
poivre  (m.)  pepper,  16 
£o/e  word  (m.)  North  Pole,  12 
/>o/«:e   (f.)   —   (Dept.)   force;  la 

Surete  detectives ;  a  ses  trousses 

after  him;  -r  (v.)   to  enforce 

rules  for  public  welfare 
poly  gone  (m.)  -on,  14 
polysyllab-e  (f.)  -le,  30 
pomme  (f.)  apple,  12 
—  de  terre  potato,  55 
pommier  (m.)  apple-tree,  29 
pompe  (f.)  pump,  8;  pamper  (v.) 

to  pump 

pompier  (m.)   fireman 
popular  (adj.)  populaire 
pore  (m.),  12,  pork,  23 
£or/  (m.),  63 


4i6 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


porte,  65 

porter  (v.)  to  take  (carry,  bear), 

15.6 

portion  (f.),  33,  — 
portrait,  33;  354,  (m.) 
Portugal,  64 
poser  (v.)  to  put;  lay  in  position, 

13;  see  request,  ask 
positif,  95  romparatij,  95 

bien  mieux 

beaucoup  plus 

mal  pis 

peu  mains 

position  (f.)  place  (adjectives,  82) 
position  (situation)  position  (f.); 

occupation   (f.);   emploi   (m.); 

paste;  place  (f.);  (see  adj.,  82) 
posseder,    55,    (v.)    to   own,     to 

possess,  55 
possessi-f  (m.)  -ve 
possum  (m.),  21 
paste   (f.),   10,  post  (office);    13, 

position 

posterity,  13,  posterite  (f.) 
pastiche  (adj.)  false  (hair),  13 
pot  (m.),  12,  pitcher;  aw  /CM  on 

the  fire 
pot-au-feu    (boiled)    meat    stew 

with  carrots,  etc.,  312 
pouce  (m.),  1 6,  thumb;  inch,  304 
poule,  67 
Pauls  (m.),  25,  pulse;  tater  le  — 

to  feel  the  — 

(  pourra  (on),  59,  may  (one),  329 
'.  pourront,  (pouvoir)  may  be,  55, 

(      329 

powder  poudre  (f.) ;  see  extinguish 
pre  (m.)  meadow,  1 1,  354 
precede  (v.)  preceder  (de),  54 
precipice  (m.),  58 
precis,  99;  (v.)  preciser;  la  forme 

se  -e  the  form  becomes  more 

in  evidence 
prefix  (adj.),  34,  set  in  advance; 

-er  (v.)  — 
prefixe  (m.)  -x,  34 
premier,  79,  304 
prend  (v.  prendre),  356,  takes 
prends-y  garde!  beware!  5,  172 
prennent  (v.  prendre,  356),  take 
prenom  (m.)    (Christian)   name, 

preposition  (f.)  preposition,  56 


pres  (de)  near 

preseance  (f.)  precedence,  30 

presence,    64,    pre — ;    in  —   of 

en  —  de 
present,  4,  present;  actu^el;  in  the 

-  tense  au   present;   at   the 

-  time    a    present    (actuelle- 
ment);  d  I'heure  qu'il  est  (just 
now);  to  be  —  at  etre  —  a 
(assister  a);  to  be  (there)  etre 
present;  —  (gift)  — ,  don;  ca- 
deau,  present  (m);  to  make  a 
—  faire  cadeau  de;  -ly  pour  le 
moment;    -  -     (v.)     presenter; 
introduire:    to    show    in    (an- 
nounce);— (offer)  offrir  a;  cf. : 
je  le  lui  presente  I  offer  it  to 
him  (her) ;  je  le  presente  a  lui 
(elle)    I   present    him   to   him 
(her) 

president  (m.),  188 

presider,   188 

pres-omption  (f.)  -umption,  28 

-tif,  28,  apparent  (heir) 

presupposer,  30,  to  -e 

pret  (a)  ready,  40 

preterit  (m.),  33,  — 

pretre  (m.)  priest,  53 

preuve  (f.),  98 

prevent,  164,  empecher  (de)  or 
que  (w.  Subj.);  I' elision  evite 
(I'hiatus) 

prevot  (m.),  12,  provost;  marshal 

price,  65,  prix  (m.);  avoir  le  — 
to  win  (gain)  the  prize,  65; 
see  bargain 

prie,  -es,  -ent,  209,  pray,  etc. 

prierai  (fut.  of  prier),  10,  I  shall 
pray  (request) 

priere  (f.)  prayer,  request,  17 

prima-lie  (f.),  32,  -cy 

prince,  66 

print  (v.),  346,  imprimer;  -er 
imprimeur  (m.);  -ing  impri- 
mer-ie  (f.);  out  of  —  edition 
epuisee;  (foot)  -s  traces,  em- 
preinte  (des  pieds)  (f.) 
|  printemps,  64 

proceed  (v.)  poursuivre,  358; 
see  follow 

proces  (m.)  lawsuit;  (intenter  un) 

to  prosecute  at  law,  358 
I    prochain,  54,  next  (adj.)  (coming) 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


417 


produce  (v.),  357,  produire 
(yield;  to  exhibit);  reproduire 
to  —  again;  to  republish;  cet 
arbre  produit  (porte)  des  fruits 
that  tree  bears  fruit;  sa 
charge  —  (rapporte)  tant  par 
mots  his  post  (office)  yields 
so  much  a  (per)  month;  la 
guerre  produit  (occasionne)  de 
grands  maux  war  is  productive 
(:  gives  rise  to)  of  many  evils; 
cf.  •  qu'il  fasse  connaitre^son 
avis  (opinion)  let  him  give 
his  advice  ( — );  cela  produisit 
un  mauvais  effet  (:  fit  un,  etc.] 
it  created  a  bad  impression; 
qu'il  prouve  ses  litres  let  him 
show  (montre:  exhibit)  his 
title-deeds;  la  vigne  n'a  pas 
produit  cette  annee  (or:  a  man- 
que) the  vine  was  a  failure 
(did  not  yield);  a-t-on  produit 
des  temoins?  have  witnesses 
been  brought  forward?  elle 
(introduira)  produira  sa  fille 
dans  le  monde  (society ) ;  I' A  me- 
rique  produit  de  grands  ecri- 
vains,  de  —  generaux  (:  gives 
birth  to  great  writers,  etc.); 
cf. :  —  a  donne  le  jour  a  de 
grands  homnies  (produced  fa- 
mous men);  le  produit  a  pro- 
duct (result);  donner  lieu  a 
(fournir  I' occasion  a)  to  give 
rise  to  (see  misunderstand); 
il  a  donne  lieu  a  he  was  the 
occasion  of;  —  production  (f.); 
cf. :  denrees  (f.)  produce  (:  pro- 
visions); reproduire  ces  articles 
to  publish  those  articles  again; 
reproduire  fideleme nt  la  nature 
to  imitate  (copy)  nature  faith- 
fully; droits  de  reproduction 
rights  of  printing 

professeur,  67 

profession  —  (f.);  —  (metier 
(m.)  trade) ;  see  follow 

profit  (m.)  -e,  25 

progress  (n.)  pr ogres  (m.);  see 
follow 

project  (n.)  projet  (m.);  (see 
follow),  57 

projet,  57;faire  un  —  to  form,  etc. 


prolong  (v.)  prolonger;  (adj.)  long 
(-ue);  see  follow 

prompt  (adj.)  quick  (comme  as), 
32 

prone  (m.)  short  sermon,  12; 
(instruction) ;  -r  to  boom 

pronom  sujet,  57,  nominative 

pronominal  (adverbe):    v,    156-7 

—  (verbe),  203 

pronoun  pronom  (n.),  26 

pronounce  (v.)  prononcer 

pronunciation  prononciation  (f.), 
43 

proper  names  noms  propres 

f>roph-ete  (m.),  66;  -etie  (f.)  -ecy, 
32 

proposition  —  (f.);  structure  of 
sentence 

proposition  (f.)  proposition  (sug- 
gested for  deliberation);  pro- 
posal (demande  en  manage); 
also-  of  peace  de  paix;  (rhet.) 
exposition  (f.);  (math.)  theo- 
reme  (m.);  (gram.),  56,  com- 
plete sentence:  le  sujet,  le 
verbe  et  I'attribut.  Toute  pro- 
position se  compose  de  trois 
termes  any  proposition  con- 
sists of  three  words.  N.  B. — 
In  a  phrase  there  are  as  many 
propositions  as  there  are  verbs 
(conjugated  as  per:  modes 
personnels,  p.  144)  whether 
expressed  or  understood  and 
grouped  as :  independantes, 
absolues,  principals,  ou  com- 
pletii'es;  directes  ou  indirectes, 
circonsta  ncielles,  determinatives 
(noms  ou  pronoms),  ou  expli- 
catives,  coordonnees,  58,  subor- 
donnces,  incidentes,  p.  142. 
See  also:  Lesson  XII;  pp.  282- 
4 ;  main  clause  (que)  subordi- 
nate clause;  i.  Indicatif;  2. 
Conditionnel ;  3.  I.nperatif: 
with  que  and  subordinate 
clause:  see  Subj.  or  Indicative 

propositions  completives  subor- 
donnees:  generally  after  quand, 
si,  que,  quel,  ou,  58 
-  completives  incidentes:  with 
qui,  que,  dont  (in  relative 
clauses) 


4i8 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


propositions  dr.:  les  gouts  chan- 
gent  quand  on  vieillit;  il  est 
joyeux  quand  il  sort 

—  sub.:  ils  regrettenl  la  vie  quand 
elle  leur  echappe 

—  incidente:  le  fer,   qui  est  un 
metal  precieux 

—  explicative:  le  fer  qui  est  un 
metal  precieux,  est  tire  du  sol 
de  la  lerre 

—  absolue:    (celle   qui  par   elle- 
meme  enonce  un  sens  complet) 

—  prindpale:    regit    les    autres 
propositions,  et  dans  la  cons- 
truction  reguliere   occupe   tou- 
jours  le  premier  rang:  I'ennui 
est  une  maladie,  donl  le  travail 
est  le  remede 

—  completive:  sert  de  complement 
—  directe  (remplit  le  role  de 
complement  direct);  les  anciens 
croyaient  que  la  terre  tourne 

—  indir.:  chaque  jour  nous 
avertit  que  la  mart  approche 
— -  determinative  (role  de  com- 
plement deter  minatif) :  les 
fables  que  La  Fontaine  a  com- 
posees  sont  des  chefs-d'oeuvre 

propre,  12,  own ;  clean ;  54,  proper 

propriete  (f.),  37,  property 

prose  (f.),  13 

prosecute  (v.),  358,  (see  follow] 
poursuivre 

prospectus  (m.),  30,  — 

protec-teur,  66,  (-trice,  f.),  3, 
patroness 

Protestant,  6,  protestant;  -ism 
-isme  (m.),  64 

protestantisme,  6,  Protestantism 

prouver  (v.)  to  prove,  60 

proxy,  66 

prudemment  (adv.)  prudently,  19 

prudent  (adj.)  — ,  26 

Prussia,  192,  la  Prusse;  -n  prus- 
sien 

psaume  (m.)  psalm,  28 

pseudonyme  (m.)  (pen)  name,  28 

pst!  (psitt  or  ps't)  [:  simply  to 
call  attention  while  hissing) 

psyche  (f.)  standard  mirror,  14 

publ-ic  (-ique)  (adj.),  53 

publication  publication  (f.);  ou- 
vrage  (m.) 


publisher  (n.)  editeur  (m.) 

puis  then,  304 

puisque,  167 

pull    (v.)    tirer;   —   out   retirer; 

—  through   se  tirer  d'affaire 
(:   savoir   conduire   sa   barque 
to  paddle  his  own  canoe) ;  see 
359.  extract  or  traire;  il  lira 
la  langue  he  putout  his  tongue; 
se  tirer  de  (se  degagea)  to  get 
out  of;  d'un  mauvais  pas  from 
a  bad  predicament 

pulpe  (f.)  pi  Ip,  13 

punch  (m.)  — ,  21 

punctua-te    (v.)    ponctuer    (une 

phrase);  -tion  ponctuation  (f.) 
pupil  el  eve  (m.,  f.);  -le;  orphan; 

protege 

pupille  (f.)  apple  of  the  eye,  25 
pure,  4,  pur;  —  style  style  pur; 

—  loss  en  pure  perte;    (Ant.: 
impure    impur;    foul    air    air 
vide) 

purpose  (n.)  objet,  dessein  (m.); 
see  goal,  expect;  reach  a  goal 
atteindre  un  but;  il  vise  (tire 
juste)  bien  he  aims  right  ( —  a 
good  shot);  il  vise  au  but  he 
aims  at  the  mark;  il  y  arrive 
le  premier  he  reaches  the  goal 
first;  avoir  pour  objet  to  have 
in  view  (to  be  the  aim);  le 
coucher  en  joue  to  take  aim  at 
him 

pursue  (v.)  poursuivre;  see  follow, 
358 

put  (on),  35,  mettre;  — out  (fire) 
eteindre;  —  a  question  poser 
une  q — ;  cf . :  to  ask  a  question 
faire  une  q — ;  to  ask  a  favor 
demander  unefaveur; —  (down) 
deposer;  —  (in  position)  poser; 
(place)  placer 

Pyrenees  (f.),  14,  — 

Pythagor-as,  6,  Pythagore;  -can 
-icien  (m.),  78 


quadra ge-naire,  28,  of  40  yrs.  of 

age 

-simal,  28,  — 
-sime  (f.),  28,  -a 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


419 


quadra-ngul-aire  (adj.),  28,  -ar 

-tri-ce  (f.),  28,  -x 

-ture  (f.)  — 

quadri-fi-de  (adj.),  28,  -d 

-lateral  (adj.),  28,  — 

-lie  (m.)  — ,  25 

-syllab-e  (m.),  28,  -le 

quadru-mane  (m.),  28,  — 

-/>ede  (m.),  28  -ed 

-#«,  305;  -r  (v.)  to  — 

gwai,  93 

quaker,  24 

qualifier  (v.)  to  qualify,  55 

quality  qualite  (f .) ;  merite(m.),2$ 

quand  when,  168 

gwanJ  (a)  as  for,  28 

quantieme,  304         * 

quantit-e,  55,  -y 

—  (adverbes  de),  253 

quarantaine  (f.)  (about  40),  303 

quarante  (m.),  forty,  303 

<7war/  (m.),  304 

quartier  (Latin)  Latin  Quarter, 
28 

quartz  (m.),  24 

quasi,  25;  /a  -modo,  28 

quatorz-e  (14),  303;  -/ewe  (i4th) 

<7wa/r-e  four;  -ieme fourth;  -ieme- 
ment  -ly,  303 

quatuor  (m.)  quartet  (-te),  24 

<7tte,  131 ;  253,  —  rfe;  than,  92 

gwe,  47,  why  (-f-  ne) 

quel,  135;  quelle,  etc.,  32;  what 
.(sort  of);  who 

-     que  soil  whatever  may   be, 
56,  163 

quelque,  113,  163 

quelquefois  sometime  (s),  55 

quelquun,  30,  some  (any)  one 

querelle  (f.)  quarrel;  -r  (v.)  to  — , 
29 

qu'est-ce  que  c'est  que  qa?  what 
is  that?  10 

question,  4,  question  (f.);  what  a 
—  belle  demandel  33,  unfair  — 
( —  indiscrete),  interrogation  ; 
out  of  the  —  il  ne  faudrait 
point  y  songerl  to  —  interro- 
ger;  questionner  (quiz) ;  —  (ask 
a)  faire  une  — ,  25 ;  to  put  a  — , 
58,  poser  une  — ;  to  ask  a 
favor  demander  une  faveur; 
interpeller  (Parl.)  to  interrupt; 


without  —  (undoubtedly)  hor$ 

de  doute;  it  is  a  —  of  il  s'agit 

de;  see  follow 
questionnaire     grammatical     g — 

drill,  25 

qui  (rel.)  who,  that,  which,  131 
quiconque,  135 
quidam    (m.),    19,    a    man    (by 

the  name  of?) 
quiet  (v.)  calmer;  pacifier 
quille  (f.)  ninepins,  26 
quincaille    (-rie)    (f.),    29,    hard- 
ware (store) 

quin-conce  (m.)  -cunx,  29 
quinine  (f.)  — ,  28 
quinquagesime  (f.),  -a,  29 
(Charles] -Quint,  20,  Charles  the 

Fifth 

quintal  (m.)  —  (100  wt.) 
quinte  (f.)   (V5)   mus. 
quintessence  (f.)  — ,  29 
quinteux    (adj.),    29,    subject    to 

a  fit  (of  cough) 
quintuple   (m.),  305 
quinzaine  (f.),  251,  fortnight  (-ly) 
quinze  (15),  303 
quinzieme,  303 
quite  (adv.)  tout  a  fait;  tin  pen: 

tout    aussi    bien    —    as    much 

(colloq.) 

quittance  (f.),  267;  quitte,  267 
quitter  (v.)  to  leave;  (see  partir) 
qui-vive,  170 
quoique,  163 
quotation  citation   (f.);  guilleme1 

(«  ») 
quote  (v.)  citer 


race  (f.),  9,  race;  de  bonne  — 
of  good  breed  (stock) ;  -r  trot- 
teur  (m.) 

racing  courses 

radis  (m.)  radish,  30 

rage  (f.),  9,  rage;  fury;  it  is  the 
rage  cela  fait  fureur;  or:  cela 
jouit  d'une  grande  vogue;  cf. : 
rabies;  see  enrager  (:  rager, 
pester) 

raide  (adj.)  stiff  (rigid),  16 

raideur  (f.)  stiffness,  16 


420 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


raidir  (v.)  to  stiffen 

rate  (f.)  parting  (hair),  15 

rail  (m.)  rail,  25 

raison  (f.)  reason;  -ner  (v.)  to 
reason 

rdle  (m.),  n,  rattling  (in  the 
throat);  -r  to  be  gasping  for 
breath 

ramas  (m.)  (cheap)  lot;  -ser,  313, 
to  pick  (up) 

rante  (f.)  oar,  8;  -ur,  66,  rower 
(oarsman);  -r  (v.)  to  row 

random  (at)  a  tort  et  a  travers 

rang  (m.)  rank,  18;  -er  (v.)  to 
arrange 

rangee  (r.)  row,  24 

rapide  (n.)  express- train,   12 

rapid-e,  (adj.),  12,  swift;  -ite  (f.) 
-ity 

rapporter  (se),  55,  to  refer  (to 
be  related),  53 

rapsodie  (f.),  28,  rhapsody 

rare  (adj.),  47 

ras  (adj.)  close  (shave),  u; 
-er  (v.)  to  raze,  352 

rastaquouere  (m.),  17,  prodigal 
foreigner 

raf  (m.)  — ,67;  -iere  (f.)  rat-trap 

ravoir  to  have  again  (Inf.  only) 

rayon  (m.)  ray  (of  light);  — 
(dept.  store),  14 

read  (v.),  349,  lire;  to  be  —  a 
lire;  -er  Hire  de  lecture  (f.); 
lecteur  (lectrice);  —  his  mail 
(letters)  —  son  courrier;  with 
a  magnifying-glass  a  la  loupe; 
he  longs  to  hear  from  you 
U  lui  tarde  de  vous  lire  :  (de 
recevoir  de  vos  nouvelles);  — 
—  (cursorily)  to  glance  par- 
courir;  interpreter; 

backward  a  rebours;  aloud  a 
haute  voix;  correct  proofs  lire 
des  epreuves;  ainsi  conqu  reads 
thus  (worded);  ses  propres 
termes  his  own  words;  the 
purport  of  the  letter  la  teneur 
de  la  lettre;  his  turn  to  —  c'est 
d  lui  a  lire;  at  sight  d  lime 
ouvert;  a  premiere  vue;  decipher 
dechiffrer  or:  to  read;  —  his 
thought  / —  dans  sa  pensee; 
see  to  call 


real  reel;  ce  qui  est  —  what  is  real ; 
-ly  en  realite  (f.);   reellemeni; 
a    trunk    too    heavy   —    une 
matte  reellement  trap  lourde 
reali- sable,  (pro jet)  -zable 
reality,  54,  realite  (f.);  en  realite 
realize  constater  man  erreur:   se 
rendre  compte  de  (as  a  matter 
of    fact);    realiser:   (to    make 
real)   or  accomplir;  s'en  faire 
une  idee  juste 
realization   (n.)    accomplissement 

(m.) 

reason,  raison  (f.);  see  follow 
receipt   (n.)   requ;  full  —  quit- 
tance (f.) 

receive  (v.)  fecevoir,  249 
recemment  recently,  19 
recent   (adj.)  recent 
recherche,   54,   sought    af*er,  re- 
fined 

recognition  (f.)  — ,  24 
reqoive  (v.  recevoir),  248,  16 
recommandee    (lettre)  or    chargce 

registered 
recju,    (recevoir),    248,     received; 

a  receipt 
recueil  (m. )  collection ;  -lir  (irreg. ) ; 

see  cueillir,  313 
redempteur  Redeemer,  28 
redemption  (f.)  Redemption 
rediger  to  write  (word),  53;  to 

edit 

reduce,  357,  (abate;  to  curtail); 
rendre  moindre  (to  — ,  to  les- 
sen the  number);  cf. :  trans- 
former; du  ble  wheat;  enfarine 
into  flour;  on  le  reduit  a  I'obe- 
issance  he  was  made  to  obey; 
see  taire;  on  subjugua  I' Europe; 
reduis  tes  depenses  curtail 
your  expenses;  la  reduction 
d'une  fraction  a  fraction  re- 
duced; I' affaire  est  reduite  a 
ce  point  the  matter  has  come 
up  to  this  stage;  quel  reduit 
(logement  miserable)  what  a 
lodging  (hovel)!  reduire  en 
poussiere  (dust)  to  pulverize; 
see  bargain;  cf. :  on  le  mettra 
a  la  raison  he  will  be  brought 
to  his  senses;  reduit  au  silence 
silenced;  votia  ou  U  en  est 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


421 


reduce — Continued 

reduit!  see  what  a  desperate 
situation  he  is  in!  cf. :  il  est 
aux  abois  (hard  up);  at  his 
wits'  end;  il  est  dans  de  beaux 
draps  or  ( :  dans  une  situation 
fdcheuse)  he  is  in  a  predicament 
(pretty  pickle) 

reel  (adj.),  58,  real 

refer  (v.)  se  rapporter  a;  s'agir 
de;  avoir  trait  a;  r  envoy  er; 
-ence  reference  (f.) ;  renvoi  (m.), 
5;  in  —  to  (par  rapport  a) 
touchant;  see  traire;  lettre  de 
recommandation  (f.)  letter  of 
reference 

reflux  (m.),  114 

refus  (m.),  30,  -al;  (v.)  -er  to 
decline 

regards  to  all  meilleures  amities 
a  .  .  .  or:  rappelez-moi  (nous) 
au  ban  souvenir  de  .  .  .;  see 
remembrance  (s) 

regie  (f.),  54,  rule;  ruler;  -ment 
(m.);  rules  and  regulations; 
—  generate  in  most  cases 

reglementaire  as  per  regulations 
(mil.):  in  compliance  with  the 
rules 

regler  (v.)  to  rule;  to  plan;  to 
settle  (solder  un  compte) 

reglisse,  65 

regne  (m.)  reign,  24 

regner  (v.)  to  reign;  54,  to  pre- 
vail, 24 

regulier,  58,  207,  regular 

Reims,  20 

reine  (f.)  queen,  15 

rejouir  (de)  to  rejoice,  164,  (at), 

i? 

rejouissance  (f.)  rejoicing 
relaps  (n.,  adj.)  -ing,  28 
relatif  a,  53,  bearing  on 
—  (pronom  ou  conjonctif),  131 
relativement,  58,  regarding 
relax  (v.);  la  promenade  distrait 
(distraire),  359,  a  walk  affords 
relaxation;     detendre     I' esprit 
to  —  the  mind;  elle  se  distrait 
she  -es  her  mind;  se  divertir 
to  enjoy  oneself;  s'en  donner 
a  cceur  joie  to  enjoy  ^oneself 
thoroughly;  il  se  recree  he  is 


taking  recreation ;  la  recreation 

recess  (-time) ;  rel&che  (a  I' Ope- 
ra) no  performance 
j   religieux  (adj.),  54 
1   religion  religion  (f.),  54;  profes- 
sion  (f.) 
j  remembrance    (to    all)    un    bon 

souvenir  a  tous  (:  a  la  famille, 

etc.) 
remet,  10,  (remettre),  351;  to  put 

back,  57 
remettre  (v.)  replace;  (see  mettre); 

57,  351 
remmener  (v.),   18,  229,  to  take 

(lead)  back 

remords  (m.)  remorse,  19 
remorse   (n.)   remords   (m.);   see 

follow 
remuer  (v.),   13,  to  stir  (move); 

to  till  (soil) 
rencontrer    (v.)    to   meet;    se   — 

to  meet;  to  be  met,  54 
rendre  (v.)  to  return  (give  back) ; 

to  render;  se  —  to  go  (repair) 

to 

rendu  (p.  p.  rendre),  47 
rene  (f.)  rein  (check),  68 
renvoi  (m.),  5,  reference;  310 
r  envoy  er,  310 
repas    (m.)    meal    (prendre    ses), 

30 
i   repeat    (v.)    repeter;    dire;    pro- 

noncer  de  nouveau 
repeter  (v.)  to  repeat,  228 
repetition  repetition  (f.);  —  ge- 

nerale  general  rehearsal 
replace   (v.)   remplacer;  to  take 

the  place  of 
reply  (in)  en  reponse  a 
repondre  (a),  36,  148,  92 
reponse  (f.)  answer 
repos   (m.),   12,  rest;  se  reposer 

to  — ,  267 

represent  (v.)  representer 
reptile  (m.)  — ,  28 
reputed  (to  be)  repute  pour;  (see 

estimer,  valoir):  tenir  pour  or 

considerer 
require,  310,  (v.)  exiger;  deman- 

der;  see  follow;  (falloir)  to  be 

necessary  or  must;  tout  ce  qui 

est  necessaire,  c'est  de  all  that 

is  required  is  to;   or  tout  ce 


422 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


require —  Contin  ued 

qu'il  faut,  c'est  de;  cf.:  que 
voulez-vous  de  luif  what  do 
you  want  of  him?  il  exige  cela 
de  tous  he  requires  that  of  all; 
die  est  exigeante  she  is  over- 
particular; le  voleur  demands 
la  bourse  ou  la  vie  a  thief  says- 
your  money  or  —  life!  cf. : 
requerir  (de)  to  request;  allez 
requerir  les  agents  de  paix 
go  and  request  the  police 
officers  to  come;  un  requerant 
a  plaintiff;  cette  nouvelle  merite 
confirmation  that  news  re- 
quires confirmation;  cf. :  il  se 
fait  tirer  I'oreille  (pull  the  ear) 
he  requires  much  pressing;  on 
le  prie  de  venir  (is  requested  to 
come);  aux  grands  maux  les 
grands  remedes  (m.)  desperate 
diseases  require  desperate 
remedies ;  failes  votre  demande 
par  ecrit  present  your  request 
in  writing;  il  appuie  sa  de- 
mande he  seconds  her  request; 
que  demande-t-il?  what  does 
he  want?  je  ne  demande  pas 
mieux  I  am  only  too  glad; 
demandez-l-ui  de  ask  (of)  him 
to  .  .  .;  demandez  a  monsieur 
de  venir  ask  Mr.  to  come;  on 
vous  demande  au  telephone 
you  are  wanted  on  the  'phone; 
elle  nedemandepas  mieux  noth- 
ing would  please  her  better 
residence  residence  (f.),  27 
resident  (n.)  — ,  188 
resider  (v.),  188 

resolute  resoudre;  (see  advisedly) 
respect  (m.),  33;  -er 
respectfully  yours(see  expression ) 
respect  humain  (m.)  self-respect 
responsabili-te  (f.)  -ty,  22 
ressenti  (e)  keenly  felt,  46 
ressentir  (sentir),  320,  to  feel  (in- 
wardly) ;  (discomfort,  malaise) 
rest  repos  (m.);  to  —  reposer; 

-ing  en  se  reposant 
rester  (v.),  56,  to  remain  (stay) 
restrict    (y.),    341,    restreindre; 
(see  eteindre;   (check)  :  mettre 
un  jrein  (a);  see  brake 


resultat  (m.),  59,  result 

resumer,  58,  to  sum  up 

retard  (m.)  delay,  36;  (v.)  -ei 
to  delay 

retreci,  12  (see  retrecir),  shortened 

retrecir  (v.)  to  shorten  (narrow); 
to  shrink 

return  (v.)  retourner  (de);  or: 
oiler  de  nouveau  (dans);  etre 
de  retour  to  be  back;  —  it 
rendez-le;  —  (to  come  back) 
revenir;  —  renvoyer;  rentrer 
tard  to  come  home  late;  —  to 
the  point  in  question  revenez 
au  fait  (sujet);  --  (yield) 
rapporter;  —  the  compliment 
rendre  la  pareille;  I 
thanks  je  vous  en  remercie; 

—  to  work  retournez  (remet 
tez-vous)  au  travail; (go) 

—  s'en  retourner;  etre  revenu 
to  have  —  (to  be  back) 

—  (n.)  retour  (m.);  in  —  for 
en  retour  (recompense)  de; 
by  —  post  par  le  retour  du 
courrier;  —  ticket  billet  d'aller 
et  retour;  single  —  —  d'aller 
(de  retour) 

reunion  (f.)  meeting,  3,  56 
reunir  (v.)  together;  to  combine, 

56,3 
reve  (m.),  n,  dream;  (v.)  -r  (a) 

to  — 

revient  (v.  venir,  322)  returns,  29 
rez-de-chaussee,  35,  ground  floor 
rheteur  (m.)  rhetorician,  30 
rhetor -ique  (f.)  -ic,  30 
rheumatism  (n.)  rhumatisme (m.) , 
4;  (le  fait  souffrir  makes  him 
suffer,  320)  or:  he  suffers  from 

rhum  (m.)  rum,  21 

rhume  (m.),  24,  cold  (de  ceneau) 

in  the  head 

rich  (adj.)  riche,  12;  to  (grow)  be- 
come —  s'enrichir;  devenir  — ; 
-ness  richesse  (f . ) ; riches  riche sse 
ride  (f.),  12,  wrinkle;  -r  (v.)  to  — 
ridicule,  32  (adj.),  ridiculous 
rien  du  tout,  5,  nothing  (at  all); 
rien,    119,   nothing;    pour   un 
rien  for  —  at  all  (  :  the  least 
thing),  19 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


423 


rig  (outfit)  accoutrement  (m.); 
(colloq.)  nippes  (f.)  or:  vieux 
vetements  old  (worn-out) 
clothes;  linge  use  old  linen; 
to  —  (nav.)  grcer 

rime  (f.)  rhyme,  10 

ripe  (adj  )  mur;  -n  (v.)  murir 
riposte  (f.)  retort,  13;  (v.)  -r  to  — 

rire  to  laugh,  357 

rive  (f.),  12,  shore  (bank) 

riviere  (f.),  65 

roar  rugir,  grander,  se  faire  en- 
tendre; le  bruit  du  canon  (ton- 
nerre)  the  roaring  of  the  can- 
non (thunder) ;  de  colere  anger; 
-ing  grondement,  rugissement 
(s)  (de  la  tempete  of  a  storm); 
le  lion  rugit  a  lion  roars:  le  cri 
the  cry;  [pousser  des  rugisse- 
ments]  semhlable  a  celui  de 
like  that  of;  bruit  compare  a 
noise  compared  to;  see  (tanner) 
to  thunder;  =  le  tonnerre  ne 
tombe  pas  toutes  les  fois  qu'il 
tonne  =  threats  are  not  always 
carried  out 

robe  (f.)  gown;  coat  (horse; 

roc  (m.)  rock,  47,  12 

roc  he  (f.)  stone 

rocker  (m.)  rock,  29;  (:  escarpe 
el  eleve  steep  and  high) 

roder  (v.)  to  roam  (prowl) 

roi  (m.),  4,  king 

role  (m.)  —  (part);  jouer  un  — 
to  play  a  — ,12 

romain,  66  (n.  and  adj.),  53 

romanes  (langues)  Romance 
Languages 

romsteck  (m.)  rump  steak,  21 

root  racine  (f.);  see  traire,  359; 
square  —  la  racine  carree; 
-ed  (deeply)  avoir  de  profondes 
racines;  to  take  —  prendre 
racine;  s'implanter  quelque 
part;  to  settle  somewhere; 
root  (of  a  word)  le  mot  primi- 
tif;  la  46  puissance  the  4th 
power;  il  y  demeura  longtemps 
(see  to  live) 

rosbif  (m.)  roast  beef,  13 

rose,  64,  — ;  pink  —  cf. :  le  rose 
pink  (color) 

rose  rose  (f.) ;  -  -  tree  rosier  (m.) ; 


—  color  teint  de  rose;  —  water 
cau  de  rose  (f.);  couleur  ver- 
meille  des  joues  (cheeks)  et 
des  levres  (lips));  rosy  com- 
plexion teint  rose;  voir  tout  cou- 
leur de  rose  to  see  everything 
roseate  (:  voir  tout  en  beau) 
to  be  an  optimist;  il  n'y  a 
point  de  roses  sans  e  pines  no 
rose  without  its  thorn;  no 
pleasure  without  alloy  point 
de  plaisir  sans  peine 
rosee  (f.)  dew,  64 
roti  (m.)  roast,  36;  -e  (f.)  toast 
(-ed  bread);  -r  (v.)  to  — ,  343 

one  (m.)  debauchee  (rake),  17 

ouge,     1 6,     red;     -dtre    reddish 
(sandy) 

ougeole  (f.)  measles,   15 

ougir  (v.)  to  blush 

ouille  (f.)  rust;  (v.)  -r  to  — ,  17 

ouler,  297,  to  roll 

oulis,  279,  rolling 

ue,  64  (f.),  3 

un  (v.)  courir,  312;  see  follow 

use  (adj.),  13,  artful,  cunning 

rush"  d'urgence  (urgent,  presse) 
Russe  (m.)   Russian;  Russie  (f.; 
Russia 


sac  (m.),  ii,  bag  (satchel);  —  de 
voyage  traveling-case 

sacre  (m.),  9,  coronation:  see 
ceindre;  ceignez  votre  tete  du 
bandeau  royal  crown  your 
head  with  the  diadem;  (v.) 
sacrer  to  crown 

sacre  sacred;  (v.)  consacrer  con- 
secrate; pain  benit  consecrated 
bread 

sage  wise  (good),  35 

sain  (adj.),  sound 

saint  (n.)  saint,  10 

sais  know  (savoir),  329 

sala.de  (f.)  salad,  n 

salle  (f.)  (de  classe),  9,  class- 
room; —  des  conferences,  349, 
Lecture  Hall;  —  a  manger,  74, 
dining-room;  —  de  recreation 
recess  — ,  359;  (distraire) 


424 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


salve    onguent     (m.);    see     (v.j 

frotter 
same  meme;  just  the  —  tout  de 

meme 
samedi  Saturday,  125;  le  — ,  6, 

on  — 
sang  (m.)  blood,  18;  suer  —  et 

eau  to  toil  hard,  37 
sanglant  bloody 
sanglier,  67 
sanhedrin  (m.)  — 
sanitary    sanitaire    (adj.);    cf.: 

empecher   la    propagation    des 

maladies  contagieuses  to  check 

the  spread  of  contagious  dis- 


sans  without,  55,  181 
sante,  58,  health 
satiete  (f.),  33,  satiety 
satisfaisant  (satisfaire,  347;  satis- 
factory 

Saturday  (s)  samedi;  le  —  (on)  — 
sauf    (adj.)    safe;    except,    53; 

—  conduit,  36;  —  erreur,  192 
Saul,  7 

saurait  (savoir),  329,  could  not 

(cannot) 
saut  (m.),   13,  leap;  -er  (v.)   to 

leap 

sauvage,  59,  savage;  wild 
sauve,  170;  (v.  -r) 
savant  learned,  5 ;  (see  savoir,  329) 
save   (see   89)    (v.)    sauver;   see 

devoir 
savoir  (m.)   knowledge;  —  (v.) 

to  know,  329 
say  (tell)  dire  (v.),  344;  that  is 

to  —  c'est-a-dire 
scandale,  30,  scandal 
sceau  (m.)  seal;  sceller  to  seal,  30 
scene,    65,    scene;    se   passer   to 

take  place 
scept-ique  -ical,  28 
sceptre,  3 1 
schema  schema,  24 
schisme  (m.)  schism,  24 
school  ecole  (f.);  at  (to,  in)  — 

d  I'ecole;  boarding  —  pension, 

institution      (f.);     pensionnat; 

—  day  jour  de  classe;   — boy 
ecolier;  day  —  external  (m.); 
— master    mattre    d'ecole;    - 
year  I'annee  scolaire  (f.);  Law 


—  Faculte  de  Droit;  Medical  — 
Faculte  de  Medecine  (f.) 

scholastical  scholastique 

science  (f.)  — ,  18 

scintill-er  (v.)  to  -ate,  25;  (see 
hare) 

scold  (v.)  grander;  -ing  repri- 
mande  (f.);  to  give  a  —  gran- 
der; reprimander;  reprendrt; 
cf. :  a  lecture  une  semonce 

scorbut  (m.)  scurvy,  30 

scorpion  (m.),  30 

sculp-ter  (v.)  to  -ture  (chisel),  28 

sculpteur  sculptor,  28 

sculpture  (f.)  — ,  28 

sea  mer  (f.);  over  —  d'outre-mer 

seance  (f.),  3,  sitting  (meeting) 

search  (v.)  chercher  avec  soin; 
faire  des  recherches  (f.);  in  — 
of  en  quite  de;  se  metlre  en 
quete  de  to  — ;  (n.)  perquisi- 
tion (f.) ;  investigation  (probe) ; 
visiter  or  faire  la  visile  to  go 
in  — 

season  saison  (f.);  see  opportu- 
nity; dull  —  morte-saison  (f.) ; 
timely  (etre)  de  saison  or  a 
propos;  en  temps  et  lieu  con- 
venables  in  suitable  time  and 
place;  hors  de  saison  out  of 
season 

seasons,  64 

sec  dry,  79,  23;  seeker  (v.),  226 

second,  55,  second,  303,  -e  (f.); 
-er  (v.)  to  second,  23 

secondaire  secondary,  23 

secourir,  312;  secours,  32 

secretaire  secretary 

secundo,  21 

see,  -ing  (saw,  seen),  331,  voir, 
voyant  (vis,  vu) 

seed  graine  (f.);  -y  (feel)  mal  a 
I'aise  (discomfort) ;  grenu  (beau- 
coup  de  graines)  abounding 
with  -s  (bearing  — );  ble 
grenu  wheat  gone  to  seed; 
shabby  clothes  habits  rapes; 
use  jusqu'H  la  corde  worn-out, 
threadbare 

seem  (v.)  sembler  (paraitre);  see 
Subj.  or  follow,  354 

seigle  (m.)  rye,  15 

sein  (m.)  breast 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


425 


seing   (prive)    (m.)   private  seal, 

19,  24 

seiz-e  (16),  303;  -ieme  (i6th) 
selon,  38,  according  to  (:  suivant; 

au.  dire  de) 

semblable,  57,  similar,  such 
semer  (v.)  to  sow,  229 
sempiternel  (adj.)  everlasting,  19 
sens  (m.),  30  ;  —  devant  derriere 

wrong    side    first;    —    dessus 

dessous,  31,  topsy-turvy 
sens,  53,  meaning  (sense),  59 

—  partitif,  75 
sensorium  (m.)  — ,  28 
sent  feels,  47  (v.  sentir) 
sentence  (gram.)  phrase  (f.) ;  — 

(law)  sentence  (f.) 
sentiment  (m.)  — 
sentir  (irreg.)  to  feel;  to  smell, 

320 

sentry,  67 
separate  (v.)  separer;  (ad''.)  -ly 

separement;  separation  —  (f.) ; 

(to  part)  se  quitter 
separer    (v.),    55,    to    separate; 

se  —  to  part 

sept  (7),  303;  [-ante]  for  70;  303 
septembre  (m.),  180 
septentrion    (m.)    north     (-ern), 

82 

sera  will  be,  292 
serein  (adj.)  serene,  19 

—  (n.)  night-dew,  19 
serf  (n.),  31 

serieux  (adj.)  serious,  41 

seront  will  be,  292 

serpent  (n.)  snake,  49;  (v.)  -er 
to  meander 

serre  (f.),  II,  green-house;  talon 

frein  (m.)  brake 

servant  (m.)  (-e,  f.)  domestique; 
serviteur  (m.);  servante  (f.) 

servante,  66 

serve  (v.),  321,  servir;  to  be  use- 
ful to  ( —  a);  —  at  (wait  on) 
tables  —  a  table 

servir  (v.),  321,  to  serve;  —  a 
to  be  useful  to;  —  de  to  serve 
as-  se  —  de  to  use  (make  use 
of) 

serviteur,  66 

ses  (poss.  adj.),  118 

seul  alone;  56,  single 


seulement,  5,  only;  cf. :  we  —  que 

only,  119,  (but) 
seve  (f.)  sap,  u 
several  (adj.)  plusieurs,  253 
severe  (adj.)  doux;  climat  rigou- 
reux  severe  climate ;  lois  severes 
rigid  laws;   stern  look  regard 
severe;   austere  customs  (life) 
moeurs   -s;    austere    style    of 
architecture     (:     plain,     etc.) 
architecture     severe     (f.);     -ly 
severement;  avec  severite;  sans 
indulgence    (f.);    heavy    cold 
gros  (violent)  rhume  (m.) 
shafts  traits  (m.);  see  traire 
shake  (v.)  secouer;  (hands)  serrer 
la  main;   (grasp);    (clasp)  en- 
lacer;  (or:   etreindre)  un  adver- 
saire   adversary 
shampooing  (see  f  rotter) 
shape  forme;   in   the   —   of   en 
forme  de;  (v.)  jaqonner,  donner 
la  forme  de 

sharpen  (v.),  352;  (see  to  cut) 
tools  faire  I'emoulage  des  outils 
(m.) 

shine  (v.),  350,  luire  (glitter) 
paraitre;  (glisten)  reluire;  see 
appear 

shoot  (v.)  tirer;  —  (fire)  faire  feu 

(m.);  —  (aim  at)  viser  or  — 

tres  juste;  partir  (gun,  fusil)  to 

gooff 

short  court,  bref;  in  —  en  resume, 

bref;  -ly  sous  peu 
show  (v.)  marquer,  indiquer,  mon- 
trer,  faire  voir;  prouver;  —  (n.) 
spectacle  (m.) 

shut  (close)  fermer;  (lock)  fermer 
a  de  (clef);  to  bolt  —  au  verrou 
(verrouiller) 

si,    3,    if,    146,  whether;    so,    as 
(since);  however  (+  adj.  and 
Subj.);  suppose  (  +  imperf.) 
si  (tellement),  \,  so   (to  such  an 

extent) 
sick  (ill)  malade;  -ness  maladie; 

-ly  (person)  maladif 
sied  (asseoir),  324,  fits  on   (be- 
coming), 23 
sien  (le),  129,  19 
sienne  (la),  129 
sifflet  (m.)  whistle 


426 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


siffler  (v.)  to  whistle,  47 

sign,  8,  signe;  —  of  rain,  328, 
—  de  pluie;  indice  (m.);  mar- 
que (f.);  to  make  the  —  of 
the  Cross  faire  le  signe  de  la 
croix;  —  (v.),  24,  signer;  — 
your  name  signez  (:  apposez 
votre  signature) 

signifier,  59,  (v.)  to  mean 

s'il  (si  elle)  if  it 


(he);  if  she  (it), 


117 


silence,  64,  (v.)  taire,  359;  se 
taire  to  keep  silent;  faites-le 
taire  silence  him  (gag);  taire 
un  secret  not  to  reveal  a  secret ; 
gardez  silence!  be  silent; 
rompre  le  silence:  see  rompre; 
imposez-lui  le  silence  silence 
him;  rcduire  au  s —  to  silence; 
observer  (garder)  le  s —  to  keep 
silent;  passer  sous  silence  not 
to  mention;  cf. :  rentrer  dans 
sa  coquille  (shell)  (to  draw  in 
his  horns)  to  keep  s — ;  se  tenir 
coi  (:  ne  dire  mot;  souffler  mot) 
not  to  say  a  word;  il  n'a  pas 
dit  un  trattre  mot  he  didn't 
utter  a  (single)  word;  ne  pas 
desserrer  les  dents  (se  I —  obsti- 
nement)  not  to  open  —  lips; 
il  a  la  langue  trap  longue  he 
can't  hold  his  tongue;  on  ne 
pent  lui  arracher  une  parole 
you  cannot  get  a  word  out  of 
him;  Us  lui  ont  rive  son  clou 
they  gave  him  a  clincher;  cf.: 
iirer  les  vers  du  nez  (pump) 
to  draw  him  out;  il  se  tut  he 
kept  silent;  qui  se  tail  (qui 
ne  dit  mot)  consent  silence 
gives  consent;  ces  choses  ne 
doivent  pas  se  taire  those  things 
must  not  be  kept  secret;  cf.: 
on  entendrait  voler  une  mouche 
you  could  hear  a  pin  drop; 
on  etouffa  I'affaire  the  affair 
was  hushed  up 

silex  (m.)  flint,  34 

simple  (adj.),  46,  plain,  20 

simplification  (f.),  53 

simpli-fier  (v.)  to  -fy 

sing  (v.)  chanter;  a  ravir  admir- 
ably; le  faire  —  to  have  him 


sing;  lui  faire  —  une  chanson 
to  have  him  —  a  song;  la  lui 
faire  chanter  to  have  him  sing 
it 

singe,  67 

singulier  (m.),  53 

sink  (down)  enfoncer;  -ing  (drive 
a  nail)  enfoncer  un  clou;  en- 
foncement  (m.);  —  fund  fonds 
d'amortissement  (m.);  enfoncer 
une  porte  ouverte  much  trouble 
over  a  trifle;  (to  force  an  open 
door) 

Sir  monsieur;  -s  messieurs;  (let- 
ter: Dear  Sir) 

sirop  (m.)  sirup,  28 

sitting  seance  (f.);  service  (m.) 

six  (6),  303;  -ieme  (6th) 

sizain  (m.)  6  lines  (stanza) 

sky  (n.)  del  (m.),  71;  firmament; 
les  deux  (pi.);  azur  (m.);  — 
light  lucarne  (f.);  — scrapers 
(gratte-ciel)  qui  louche  aux  nues 
(clouds) 

smile,  357,  sourire  (m.);  see  (v.) 
sourire;  jeunesse  (f.)  au  front 
riant  youth  with  its  smiling 
face;  la  fortune  vous  a  souri 
fortune  smiled  upon  you;  see 
rire;  ebaucher  (indiquer  legere- 
ment)  un  —  to  sketch  a  s — 

so  si  (tellement:  to  such  an  ex- 
tent; point);  and  so  forth;  see 
follow;  so  much  (many)  tant 
(de);  so,  so  (passable)  cammed, 
comme  fa 

sobr-e,  8,  sober;  —  de  (modere, 
retenu)  chary;  -iete  soberness 

see ur  (f.),  8,  sister 

sofa  (m.)  sofa,  9 

soft  doux;  -ly  doucement 

soi  (pron.)  self  (one),  itself,  16; 
—  -mime  oneself;  —  -disant 
self-called 

soie  (f.),  64;  soierie  (f.)  silks 

soif,  65 

soigneusement  carefully 

soin  (m.),  59 

soir  (m.)  evening;  -ee  (f.)  (entire) 
— ,  16 

soil  .  .  .  soil  (v.  etre)  either,  or,  59 

soixante  (60),  303 

sol  (m.)  soil,  25 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


427 


solde   (f.)    see  bargain;    soldier's 

pay,  12 

solder  (v.)  to  pay  (settle) 
soldier  (m.)  soldat 
soleil  (m.)  sun,  37 
solennel  (adj.)  solemn,  18 
sombre  (adj.)  gloomy   (sombre), 

20,  348 
some  (any)  du,  de  I',  de  la,  des; 

quelque(s)     or     quelqu'un     or 

(certain)  quelques-uns ;  les  uns; 

les    autres    some;    others;   — 

more  encore  d'autres 
somme,  68 
som-met  (m.)  summit;  -mite  (f.) 

the  very  top,  26 
somptueux,  28,  sumptuous 
son  his,  her,  its,  118 
son  (m.)  sound 
song  chanson  (f.);  ne  savez-vous 

qu'une  ch — ?  are  you  singing 

the  same  song  over  and  over 

again? 
songe  (n.),   10,  dream;  -r  (a)  to 

think  (dream)  of,  14 
sonner  to  ring  (peal);  to  herald, 

48;  to  ring  for 
sonore,  46 
sont  (v.)  etre,  291 
sorbet  (m.)  sherbet,  13 
sort  (v.  sortir,  321);  comes  out,  29 
sorte,  1 68;  57,  kind 
(de)  sorte  que  so  that,  29 
(est)  sorti,  194,  (sortir) 
sortie  (f.),  64,  exit 
sor/j'r  (irreg.  v.),  57,  321 
sot,  78 

sottise  (f.)  foolishness,  57 
sow  (m.),  8,  penny;  5  centimes, 

304 

soubresaut  (m.)  sudden  start,  30, 

3" 

soul  tipsy  (full),  25 

sound     (v.)    se   faire    entendre; 

sonner;  rendre  le  son  de;  —  (n.) 

son  (m.) 
sound    (adj.)   sain   (see   health), 

robuste 
soupqon  (m.)  suspicion;  -ner  (v.) 

to  suspect,  54 

soupqonneux  (adj.)  suspicious,  54 
soupir  (m.)  sigh;  -er  (v.)  to  — ,  47 
source  (f.)  spring,  16,  358 


j   sourcil  (m.)  eye-brow,  25 
I  sowrd  deaf,  36 
sourire  (v.)  to  smile,  357;  (n.)  — 

22 

souris  (f.),  67 

sows  (prep.)  under 

soulient  (v.  soutenir,  322)  sup- 
ports, 27 

souvent  often 

soyez  (e/re),  35,  291 

speak  (see  ler  Group)  fully 
illustrated;  -er  orateur  (m.) 

special  (adj.)  special,  particulier, 
53;  -ly  surtout,  principalement 

specimen  (m.)  — ,  19 

spirituel  (adj.),  78,  witty;  men- 
tal 

split  (v.)  fendre;  see  to  cut 

squelette  (m.),  30,  skeleton 

stagnant  (adj.)  stagnant 

stamp  (i  cent;  timbre- paste  de 
5  centimes;  postage (m. ) 

star  (n.)  etoile;  asterisque  (f.); 
-ry  (spangled)  etoile 

start  (n.)  commencement  (m.); 
see  finir;  debater  dans  une 
entreprise  difficile  to  make  a  — 
in  an  arduous  task;  partir 

station  (n.)  gare  (f.);  station  (f.) 

statue  (f.),  30 

still  (yet)  encore;  —  waters  eaux 
dor  mantes 

stop  pause  (f.);  —  arret  (m.); 
to  —  (v.)  s'arreter;  see  parler, 
finir 

street  rue  (f.) 

stretch  (out  one's  limbs)  s'etirer 
(colloq.);  s'allonger  en  eten- 
dant  ses  membres;  il  a  le  bras 
endormi  his  arm  is  numb; 
se  degourdir  les  membres  to 
limber  them;  s'etendre  dans 
le  fauteuil  to  —  one's  self  at 
full  length  in  an  armchair; 
see  extend;  at  a  —  d'un  trait; 
tout  d'une  haleine;  I'esprit 
tendu  his  (her)  mind  alert; 
les  bras  tendus  with  outstretch- 
ed arms;  a  —  of  imagination 
une  exageration  (MM  effort 
exagere  d' esprit);  I'auditoire 
etait  tout  yeux,  tout  oreilles 
the  audience  was  all  atten- 


428 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


stretch — Continued 

tion;  on  prete  I'oreUL  (listen 
attentively);  la  tension  des 
muscles  muscles  under  severe 
strain;  / —  d 'esprit  strain  of 
mind;  etre  suspendu  d  ses 
levres  to  drink  in  his  words 

strict,  33,  severe;  -ly  proprement, 
precisement,  exactement 

strike  (v.)  sonner;  battre;  f rapper 
d  la  porte  (knock) ;  —  out  with 
a  dash  (see  traire);  an  idea 
-s  me  il  me  vient  a  I'esprit 

study  (n.)  etude  (f.);  se  livrer  a 
/' —  to  apply  (devote)  one's 
self  to  — ;  maitrc  d'etude  super- 
visor of  studies;  —  (v.)  etu- 
dier;  student  eleve  (m.,  f.); 
etudiant  (-e) 

style  (m.),  14,  style 

su  (savoir  )  (p.  p.)  known;  au  vu 
et  au  —  de  tous  right  before 
everyone 

suave  (adj.)  — ,  17 

subject  sujet  (m.) ;  topic,  subject- 
matter;  [le  verbe  s'accorde  en 
nombre  et  en  personne  avec  le 
sujet] 

subjonctif,  58 

subordonne,  58,  dependent 

substantif  (m.),  53 

subtil  (adj.)  subtle,  25;  -ite  (f.), 
59,  delicate  points 

subtract,  359,  soustraire;  -ion, 
soustraction  (f.);  se  —  (se  de- 
rober)  a  to  avoid  (by  shrewd- 
ness or  fraud);  (to  take  off) 
retrancher;  (faire  echapper)  to 
make  (any)  one  escape;  le 
signe  —  (mains)  indique  qu'il 
faut  soustraire 

succinct  (adj.)  — ,  33 

succomber  (v.)  to  yield,  47 

such  (adj.)  tel  (-le,  f.);  —  as  tel 
que;  —  a  man  un  tel  homme 

sud  (m.)  south,  8;  le  Midi  de 
la  France;  -ern  France,  64, 
36 

suer  (v.)  to  sweat;  d.:transpirer, 
17 

suffer,  320,  souffrir  (de);  -ing 
souff ranee,  douleur  (f.) ;  -er  per- 
sonne qui  souffre;  —  losses 


eprouver  des  pertes  (f.);  — 
(for  it)  en  porter  la  peine 

suffice  (v.)  suffire  (to  be  equal 
to),  358;  souvent  pen  de  chose 
suffit  pour  calmer  une  grande 
colere;  a  little  rain  lays  a  great 
dust;  cf. :  petite  pluie  abat 
grand  vent;  a  chaque  jour  suffit 
sa  peine  sufficient  unto  the  day 
is  the  evil  thereof;  le  peu  qu'ils 
ont  leur  suffira  the  little  they 
have  will  suffice;  un  rien  suffit 
pour  le  froisser  it  takes  little 
to  hurt  his  feelings;  il  n'en 
faut  pas  davantage  pour  le 
froisserthat  is  sufficient  to  hurt 
his  feelings;  cela  suffit  or  me 
suffit  I  had  enough  or  no  n:ore, 
please;  cf.:  c'est  assez  or  en 
voila  assez  that  is  enough; 
en  vo'ld  pjur  trois  mots  that 
will  do  for  three  months;  il 
suffit  qu'il  se  prononce  his  word 
is  enough;  il  suffit  de  parler 
you  have  but  to  say  the  word ; 
cf. :  a  ban  entendeur  salut  a 
word  to  the  wise  (suffices) ;  on 
ne  se  le  laissera  pas  dire  deux 
fois  no  need  to  be  told  twice; 
contentement  passe  richesse 
enough  is  as  good  as  a  feast; 
il  en  a  par-dessus  la  tete  or:  il 
en  est  rassasie  (sick  of  it)  he 
had  enough  of  it;  cela  suffira 
d  vos  depenses  that  will  be 
enough  for  your  expenses; 
cf. :  suffit  or  cela  suffit  (it 
suffices)  enough  (:  no  more); 
Us  ont  suffisance  de  provisions 
they  have  provisions  enough; 
Us  ont  des  livres  en  suffisance 
(d  suffisance)  they  have  books 
enough  (:  a  plenty);  cinq  dol- 
lars sont  suffisants  five  dollars 
are  enough;  c'est  un  homme 
fort  suffisant  a  very  conceited 
person,  59;  supplier  a  I'insuf- 
fisance  (f.)  to  supply  the  de- 
ficiency (:  to  make  up  the 
difference) 

suffisant  (adj.)  sufficient  (suffire, 
358) 

suggerer  (v.)  to  suggest,  22,  33 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


429 


suggestion  (f.)  — ,  33 

suicide  (m.)  — ,   16;  (se)  -r  (v.) 

to  commit  — ,  16 
suie  (f.)  soot,  1 6 
suis  am,  3,  (v.  Sire,  291);  — ,  358 
Suisse  (f.),  192,  Switzerland' 

—  Swiss,  66 

suit  (n.)  habit;  (full)  —  complet 

suit  (v.  suivre,  358)  follows,  55; 
(v.)  convenir;  seoir:  il  lui  sied 
(va)  bien  it  fits  him  well 

suitable  convenable 

suite  (f.),  1 6,  continuation;  par 
— ,  56,  owing  to 

suivant  (m.);  —  que,  54;  accord- 
ing to 

suivent  (v.  suivre)  follow 

suivi  (p.  p.  suivre)  de  followed  by 

suivre  (v.)  to  follow,  358 

sujet,  57,  (as)  subject  (nomina- 
tive) 

summer  etc  (m.);  in  —  (time) 
en  etc;  pendant  I'ete;  dressed 
for  —  en  etc,  en  toilette  d'ete 

Sunday  (s)  dimanche;  le  —  (on) 

superflu  (adj.),  55.  -ous 

superfluous  superflu  (:  qui  est 
de  trop);  useless  (inutile); 
dormer  le  s —  to  give  surplus 
(money);  see  (croitre)  sur- 
crottre;  un  surcroit  de  an  over- 
supply  of;  par  surer  oil  in 
addition;  into  the  bargain 
par-dessus  le  marche;  pour 
surcroit  (comble)  de  bonheur 
to  complete  his  happiness; 
pour  s —  de  malheur  to  add  to 
his  misfortune 

superieur,  80 

superiorite  (f.),  91    (comparatif) 

superlatif  (m.),  92 

—  absolu,  97,  254 
cupervisor    inspecteur;    cf.     (v.) 

surveiller 

supplier ai  (fut.  of  supplier)  to 
implore,  15 

suppos-e  (v.)  supposer;  admettre 
par  hypothese;  inventer  (ima- 
giner)  centre  la  verite;  see 
Subj.;  suppose  (que);  cf.:  si 
c'etait  vrail  if  it  were  true 
or  suppose  it  to  be  true!  dans 
la  s —  que;  -ition  —  (f .) ;  faire 


des  -s  to  make  — (s);  allega- 
tion, conjecture  (f.);  une  — 
que  let  us  suppose  (he,  etc.) 
or  let  us  admit  that  as  an 
example  admettons  cela  comme 
exemple;  see  prepositions 

suppose  que,  56,  (v.)  supposer 

supposition  (f.),  32,  — 

suppression,  55,  omission 

supprimer,  55,  to  omit 

suprema-tie  (f.),  32,  -cy 

sur  (adj.)  sure,  8;  —  sour;  -ete 
security  (safety) ;  en  —  safe 

sur,  4,  on  (upon);  to 

sure  sur,   certain;  -ly  surement, 
assurement;    -ty    surete,    secu- 
rite  ({.);  (stand)  for  se  porter 
garant  de  (repondre  de) 
|  surement  surely,  3,  (safely) 
!  surmonter     (v.)     (see    vanquish, 
360)    to    rise    above    (passer 
par-dessus);     (to   crown)    etre 
place  au-dessus;  dominer  (over- 
look) 

surnom  (m.)  surname,  20 

surnommer  (v.)  to  surname,  20 

surprise  surprise  (f.);  see  wonder; 
ce  qu'il  y  a  d'etonnant,  c'est 
que  the  wonder  is  that:  (it  is 
surprising  he  or  she,  etc.); 
joyeuse  surprise  causee  par 
quelque  chcse  d' extraordinaire 
pleasant  (agreeable)  —  caused 
by  something  wonderful ; 
homme  etonnant!  extraordinary 
man;  commotion  brusque  sud- 
den agitation;  unexpected 
inattendu;  (saisi)  frappe  de 
-  struck  with  — ;  confus 
dumfounded !  emerveille  de 
amazed  at;  emerveille  par  son 
talent;  il  n'en  revient  pas  he 
can't  recover  from  his  s— 

suspect  (adj.),  33 

suspendre  (v.),  184,  191 

suspension  (f.),  4 

swallow  (v.)  avaler;  see  traire, 
etc. 

sweat  (v.);  suer;  (n.)  sueur  (f.); 
see  perspire 

sweep  (v.)  balayer;  sa  robe  traine 
her  gown  -s  the  ground ;  clean 
—  (faire)  table  rase 


430 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


sweet,    79;    -ness    douceur    (f.); 
gently  doucement 

swell  (v.)   (s')enfler:  gonfler  (in- 
flate) 

switch  aiguille  (f.);  -man  aiguil- 
leur 

syllable,  14,  syllabe  (f.) 

symbole  (m.)  symbol,  20 

sympalhie  (f.),  32 

symptome  (m.)  symptom,  20 

synagogue  (f.)  — ,  20 

syndic  (m.)  magistrate,  20 

syntaxe  (f.)  syntax,  20 

synthese  (f.)  synthesis,  20 
(f.)  Syria,  192 


to  (your)  thy,  118 

tabac  (m.)  tobacco,  23 

/o6/e  (f.)  table;  5e  mettre  d  - 
to  sit  at  — ;  quitter  la  — ;  or 
se  lever  de  — ;  sortir  de  —  to 
rise  or  get  up  from  — 


table,  63,  15 
tache  (f.) 


spot,  9;  (v.)  -r  to  spot 

(stain) 

tdche  (f.)  task,  u 
tact  (m.),  33,  — 

taille-crayon(s)  pencil  sharpener 
tailleur    tailor;     see    to    cut    or 

sharpen 
take,     356,    prendre;     -n     pris; 

—  (buy)  tickets;  (drink  tea) 

—  du  the 

—  off  bier  (see  remove) 

tamis  (m.)  sieve   (strainer),   30; 

-er  to  pass  through  the  — 
taon  (m.)  gadfly,  14 
tandis  que  (whilst)  while,  168 
tant,  253 
tante,  67 

tantdt  .  .  .  tantot  now,  now,  54 
tapage  (m.)  noise  (stamping) 
taper,  8,  to  slap;  —  trois  coups  a 

to    knock    three    times    at; 

pomme  tapee  dried  apple;  — 

du  pied  to  tap  on  the  floor  with 

the  foot 

tapis  (m.)  carpet,  30 
tard,  100,  (see  tdt)  late 
tardif,  54,  tardy 


las  (m.),  9,  pile,  heap;  (v.)  en- 
tasser 

taureau,  67 

taxe  (contribution),  n,  (f.)  tax; 
cf. :  mettre  un  impot  sur  le 
tabac  to  impose  a  —  upon 
tobacco;  droils  de  sortie  ex- 
portation duties;  droils  d 'en- 
tree importation  duties 

teach  (v.)  enseigner,  instruire; 
-ing  enseignement,  instruc- 
tion (f.);  to  make  him  learn 
lui  faire  apprendre;  to  lecture 
on  professer;  — to  behave  fa  ire 
la  leqon  a  (to  lecture  him);  re- 
prendre  avec  autorite;  apprendre 
a  vivre;  cf.  to  give  lessons  don- 
ner  des  lemons ;  his  terms  ses 
conditions,  etc. 

tear  (n.)  accroc  (see  crochet); 
(v.)  dechirer;  see  hook  (hang) 

teins  (v.)  teindre,  359,  dye 

teint  (m.)  complexion,  19 

teintu-re  (f.)  tincture;  -rie  (f.) 
dyeing  establishment,  29;  -rier 
(degraisseur),  19,  dyer  (scour- 
er) 

tel  (-le)  such  as  (que),  55;  268, 

tempete,  55,  storm  (tempest); 
snow de  neige  (f.),  302 

temps  (m.),  39,  time;  tempera- 
ture, 348 

— ,  58,  tense 

—  composes   compound   tenses, 
294 

—  simples  simple  tenses 

tend:  tendre  (porter)  a;  (pursue: 
see  follow) ;  il  vague  toujours 
a  ses  affaires  (he  still  attends 
to  his  affairs,  business) 

tenir,  322,  (a)  to  care  (for);  to  be 
anxious  to 

—  (de)   to  take  after;  to  have 
(information) 

—  (s'en)  d  to  abide  by,  58 
terre  (f.)  earth,  65 

les  (poss.  adj.),  118 

tele  (f.),  7,  head;  -u  (adj.)  obsti- 
nate; enlele  self-willed;  stub- 
born 

text,  55,  lexle  (m.);  old  —  ancien 
— ;  -ual  textuel,  57 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


431 


than  que,  92 

that,  129,  ce  (cet),  cette  (f.)  - 
(la);  of  — ;  de  cela;  —  is  the 
point  (question)  c'est  cela 
(voila  la  question)!  —  (relative) 

?ue,  qui;  — -  of  (or:   's)   celui 
celle  de);  —  is  to  say  c'esl-a- 

dire 

the  (m.)  tea,  25 
theatre  (m.)  theatre,  25 
thebaique,  12,  relates  to  opium 
their  leur,  1 1 8 
theme  latin  Latin  exercise  (:  24, 

from  one's  own  language  into 

Latin) 
then  (afterward)  puis  (ensuite); 

—  (conj.)  done  (alors);  let  him 
do  it  then  qu'il  le  fasse  alors! 
parlez  done  why  not  speak ! 

theocratic   (f.),  32 
there  is  (are)  voila,  1 18 
Thermopyles  (f.)  ThermopyLc 
these  (f.),  II,  thesis;  soutenir  une 

—  to  prepare  a  — •  and  uphold 
it  publicly 

thing,   70,  chose   (f.);   -.;  affaires 

(f.) 

this  (that);  what  is  this  quest 
ceci?  cf. :  qu'est-ce-ci?  129 

thousand  mil;  mille  (B.C.),  303 

thus  ainsi,  done,  de  meme;  — 
one  may  (will)  write  ainsi 
I' on  ecrira 

thym  (m.)  thyme,  20 

lien  (le),  129 

tienne  (la),  129 

tienne,  tiennent,  18,  (v.  tenir,  322) 

tient  (v.  tenir),  322 

tient  &  pen,  59,  (it  hangs  only  on) 
very  little  obstacle;  it  rests 
only  with;  it  lies  only  in  your 
power  to ;  cf . :  il  ne  tient  pas  a 
it  does  not  depend  on 

tiers  (m.)  (>£)  the  third,  305 

tiers-etat  (m.),  305 

tigre,  58.  (m-)  tiger 

tilleul  (m.)  linden-tree,  25 

timbre  (m.)  bell,  20 

paste  (m.)  postage  stamp 

time  temps  (m.);  heure;  fois  (f.); 
moment  (m.);  lose  (v.)  time 
retarder;  (at  the)  present  — 
le  —  present;  d  I' heure  actuelle; 


at  a  —  when  &  I'heure    (au 

moment)  oft  (que);  once  upon 

a  —  ily  avail  une  fois;  next  — 

la   prochaine  fois;   —  mesure 

(mus.)  (f.);  -ly  (see  season) 
timide  (adj.),  11,  timid,  bashful 
tip    bout;    —    (drink)   pourboire 

(m.) 

tirer  (v.),  359,  to  pull 
tiret  (m.),  5 
litre  (m.)  title,  12 
toast  (m.)  — ,  33;  (porter  un  — 

to  offer  [propose]  a  — ) 
to-day  a  ujourd'h ui;  this  very  day 

dss  aiijourd'hui 
toi  (disjunct,  pron.),  13.2 
toi-meme  (intensive  pron.)  your- 
self  (thyself),   57 
tolerance  (f.),  53,  — 
tolerate  (v.)  tolerer,  53 
tomber  (v.)  to  fall,  293 
tome  (m.)  tome,  12 
ton  (m.)  tune,  tone,  46 
ton     (poss.     adj.)     your     (thy), 

118 

ton-ique  (adj.)  -ic,  46 
tanner  (v.)  to  thunder,  12 
torment  tourment  (m.);   (v.   see 

follow);  torturer;  tourmenter 
torrent  (m.)  — ,  29 
tort    (m.),    121,    55;    a    —    et    a 

travers  at  random,   33;   a   — 

wrongly,  55 
tortue  (f.),  13,  tortoise 
tot    (adv.)    early,    96;    trap    - 

too  — ;  venez  bientot  come  soon ; 

tot    ou   tard   sooner   or    later, 

40 

toujours  (ever)  always,  3 
tour,  68 

tourner  (v.)  to  turn  (Index) 
tournesol  (m.)  30,  sunflower 
tons  (pron.)  all,  30,  211 
tout  (adj.),  211,  (or  pronom  in- 

defini) 

tout  a  fait  quite;  fully,  54 
tout  aussi  bien,  5,  quite  as  much 

(well) 

toutes  les  fois  que,  58,  every  time 
towards  vers   (dans  la  direction 

de);  a  peu  pres  au  temps  oil; 

—  (to)  envers,  189 
tracas  (m.)  turmoil,  30 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


trace  —  (£.);  en  porter  la  —  to 
bear  the  trace  of  it;  —  (v.) 
tracer 

train  —  (m.);  passenger  —  le 
train  des  voyageurs;  see  traire, 
etc.;  (v.)  —  for  mettre  a  I'en- 
tratnement;  (to  drill)  entratner; 
see  rompre 

traire,  35,  to  milk;  re —  to  — 
again;  see  (compounds):  ab- 
straire;  dis — ;  ex — ;  sous — . 

trait :  —  d'  union  hyphen,  7,  tiret, 
5,  a  dash;  (arrow);  shafts;  359, 
features;  (fling)  lancer  (deco- 
cher)  un  — ;  episodes  (hist.); 
effacer  d'un  —  to  strike  out 
with  a  dash;  avoir  trait  a  to 
have  reference  to;  —  de  lumi- 
ere  ray  of  light;  flashes  of  wit 
-s  d' esprit ;  chevaux  de  - 
draught-horses;  —  flourishes; 
—  pour  —  stroke  for  stroke. 

traite  (m.),  48,  treatise;  (v.)  -er 
to  treat,  56 

tranquil,  3,  tranquille,  25 

transaction  (f.),  30 

transalp-in  (adj.)  -ine,  30 

transatlant-ique  -ic,  30 

transe  (f.),  31,  in  dread 

transept  (m.),  31, — 

transferer,  31,  to  transfer 

transiger  (v.)  to  transact;  to 
come  to  terms 

transir  to  penetrate  (cold);  to 
make  any  one  shiver,  324 

transit  (m.)  — ,  30;  -aire  sub- 
ject to  — ,  30 

transitif  (adj.)  transitive  or  ac- 
tive (verb) 

transition  (f.)  — ,  30 

transit-oire  -ory,  30 

transla-te  (v.)  traduire,  359; 
-tion  traduction  (f.);  rendre 
un  passage  to  —  a  — ;  -table 
traduisible;  dijjtiUement  with 
difficulty;  -tor  traducteur;  ce 
que  Von  con^oit  bien  s'enonce 
clairement,  et  les  mots  pour 
le  dire  arrivent  aisement 
what  is  clearly  thought  out  is 
clearly  expressed,  and  words 
to  render  it,  flow  easily 

trappe   (f.),    n,  (Sing  Sing  gal- 


lows) trap;  cf. :  tendre  un  piege 
to  set  a  trap;  donner  (tomber) 
dans  le  panneau  to  run  head- 
long into  the  t — 

travail  (m.),  71 

travailler  (v.)  to  work,  22 

trovers,  189 

tread  (trample),  fouler  —  upon 
(heels)  marcher,  etc. ;  see  Jol- 
low,  359 

trefle  (m.)  clover,  28 

treize  (13),  303 

trema  (m.  ),  —  7 

tremblement  (m.)  shaking;  trill, 
29 

trembler  (v.)  to  tremble 

tres  very,  254 

tresor  (m.)  treasure,  29 

-ier  (m.)  treasurer,  29 

tribune   (f.)   platform    (orator's) 

tribune  (f.)  — ,  13 

trick  (m.)  (fear),  u;  il  a  le  — 
(colloq.)  he  is  scared;  on  trick, 
(m.),  ii,  game  (whist)  or: 
tri 

trictrac  (m.)  (game)  backgam- 
mon, 1 1 

triomphe  (m.),  48;  (v.)  -r,  360 

trip  trajet  (m.);  see  traire,  etc. 

triumph  (v.)  triompher  (de);  — 

dan  s  (in  arguing) ; (excel- 

ler) ;  (to  glory  in)  tirer  vanite  de; 
see  vanquish;  cf . :  rer.:porter  un 
avantage  sur  to  gain  a  point 
over;  (n.)  triomphe  (m.);  rem- 
porter  line  grande  victoire  (to 
win) ;  grand  succes  (m.) ;  un  s — 
fou  enormous  — ;  porter  en  t — 
see  carry;  reussir  a  succeed  in; 
parvenir  d ;  see  to  come  or  reach; 
s —  brillant;  in  t —  en  t — 

trois  three;  -ieme  third,  303 

tromper  (v.)  to  deceive,  36 

trompeur,  66 

trap,  253,  too  much  (many),  too, 
28 

trou  (m.)  hole 

trouble  (m.)  confusion,  16 

trouer  (v.)  to  make  a  hole,  17 

troupe  (f.)  troop,  16 

trouver  (se)  (v.)  to  find;  46,  to 
be  found 

truite  (f.)  trout,  16 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


433 


tu  (thou,  117),  you 
tu  (v.  se  taire,  359) 
tua  (tuer),  8,  killed;  (n.)  la  tuerie 

butchery  (slaughter),  343 
tub  cuve  (f.) ;  cuvette  (f.) ;  bath  — 

baignoire  (f.) 

Tuesday (s)  mardi;  le  —  (on)  — 
tunnel  (m.)  tunnel 
turquoise  (£.),  16 
tusk    (dent    canine)    croc    (m.); 

see  crochet;  (elephant)  defense 

(f.) 

two  deux  (2),  303 
typhus  (m.),  30 


wtt,  303,  a,  an,  one,  8;  I'un  I'autre 
one  another  (both);  d  I'un 
to  one,  24;  J?  /'««  ou  de  I'autre 
of  either 

unanime  (adj.)  unanimous,  14 

unanimite  (a  I')  (f.)  unanimously  | 

uncalled    for,    54,    que    rien    ne  \ 
justifie 

unceasingly  sans  cesse 

under  (-neath  sous);  au-dessous 
de  below;  -stood  sous-entendu  \ 

understand  (v.)  comprendre;  see 
misunderstand;  -ing  (n.)  com- 
prehension (f.);  intelligence; 
clear  —  connaissance  parfaite 
({.);  j'entends  un  bruit  I  hear 
a  noise;  il  entend  I'anglais  he 
understands  English;  see  re- 
cevoir;  donnez-nous  de  vos  nou- 
velles  let  us  hear  from  you; 
elle  n'y  entendait  pas  malice  she 
meant  no  harm;  Us  ne  veulent 
point  en  entendre  parler  they 
will  not  hear  of  it  (or:  refuse 
to);  grasp  saisir;  cela  s' entend 
(:  va  sans  dire)  of  course;  il 
n' entend  pas  de  cette  oreille- 
Id  he  does  not  see  it  in  that 
light 

unfortunate   malheureux 

unieme  (adj.),  304,  (with  21  to 
70;  from  80  on) 

uninjured  non  blesse;  qui  n'a 
eprouve  aucun  mal;  see  p.  89 

unir  (v.),  55,  to  join  (unite),  349 

unit-e  (f.)  unit,  56;  -y 

28 


unknown  to  inconnu  a 

until  jusqu'd;  —  ce  que  (with 
Subj.,  142) 

uproot  (v.)  deraciner;  detruire; 
extirper 

urge,  see  (require)  stimuler  (spur) 
or  eperonner;  exciter  au  combat 
urge  on;  -nt!  d'urgence;  on 
vous  prie  instamment  de  you 
are  earnestly  requested  to; 
je  vous  en  prie  I  do  beg  of 
you ;  implorer,  exhorter,  supplier 
avec  instance:  implore,  exhort, 
to  adjure  (beseech);  il  est 
presse  d'argeni  in  urgent  need 
of  money 

urn  urne  (f.),  64 

us  (m.),  30-1,  manners  (customs) 

usage  (m.),  53 

use  (n.)  usage  (emploi)  (m.); 
of  some  —  de  quelque  utilite 
(f.);  (own)  —  profit  (avantage) 
(m.);  personal  —  interet  per- 
sonnel (m.) ;  accepted  —  usages 
requs;  out  of  use  hors  d'usage; 
(gram.);  53,  make  —  of  it 
faites-en  usage;  for  the  —  of 
a  I'usage  (au  profit)  de;  -ful 
(of  — )  utile;  (used)  of  great 

—  d'un  frequent  emploi;  tres 
utile;  of  no  —  d'aucune  utilite 
(inutile);  (to  be)  of  no  use  ne 
servir  a  rien;  good  for  nothing 
ban  a  rien;  in  —  (terme)  usite; 
en  usage  (employe);  in  general 

-  d'un     usage    general;    to 
what  good  a  quoi  ban?  a  quoi 
cela  sert-il  (de)? 

use  (v.)  (treat)  agir  (envers); 
trailer;  user  d'egards  to  be 
considerate;  to  avail  oneself 
of  profiler  de  (saisir  a  propos); 

—  (to  make  use  of)  se  servir 
de;  to  have  no  further  (more) 

-  n'en    avoir    plus    besoin; 
cf . :  en  vain  (avoir  beau)in  vain 
(of  no  —  for);  to  abuse  user 
mal;  en  user  mal  avec;  —  oil 
user  (consommer)  del'huile  (f.); 

—  forbearance  user  de  menage- 
ments   (indulgence)   envers;  to 
get  -d  to  s'accoutumer  (s'habi- 
tuer    d);    clothes    previously 


434 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


use — Continued 

used  vetements  usages  (:  qui 
ont  dejd  servi);  avoir  coutume 
(I'habitude)  de  to  have  the 
habit  of;  see  the  Imperfect; 
see  125;  cf. :  little  used  peu 
usite;  obsolete  inusite;  d'un 
usage  restreint  restricted  use 
(usage) ;  worn-out  gloves  gants 
uses;  almost  new  hat  chapeau 
presque  neuf;  old  subject: 
sujet  use;  edition  epuisee  out 
of  print 

used  (adj.)  usite;  employe;    (v.) 
user,  53 

usual    (adj.)    ordinaire;    as    - 
comme    d    I'ordinaire;    —    de 
coutume  (d' habitude);  -ly  ordi- 
nairement 

utile  useful;  57,  -ment  usefully 

utilite  (f.),  55;  de  peu  d'  —  of 
little  merit,  55 


va,  3,  goes,  309;  vats,  309 
vacciner  (v.)  to  vaccinate 
vache,  67 

vaciller  (v.)  to  vacillate,  25 
vainc(s)  (v.  vaincre),  360,  20 
vaincu  (p.  p.  vaincre),  360,  con- 
quered 

value  valeur  (f.);  --  (merit) 
merite  (m.);  (v.)  valoir,  330; 
couter;  see  better 
vanill-e  (f.)  -a,  25 
vanquish  (v.)  avoir  ban  marche 
de  lui  to  get  the  better  of 
him  easily;  vaincre,  360,  con- 
querir  (to  triumph  over) ;  sur- 
monter  (surmount);  by  this 
sign  par  ce  signe;  woe  to  the 
-ed!  malheur  aux  vaincus; 
en  demeurer  convaincu  be  con- 
vinced of  it;  plus  qu'd  moitie 
persuade  more  than  half  con- 
vinced; se  rendre  d  I' evidence 
to  be  c —  (finally) ;  on  le  gagne- 
ra  he  will  be  won  over  fran- 
chir  les  obstacles  to  overcome 
obstacles;  la  victoire  se  decida 
en  faveur  des  Americains  Am- 
ericans won 


vapeur  (f.)  vapor,  57;  steam 
various    (adj.)    different,   divers; 
in  —  ways  de  diverses  manieres 
(fac.ons) 

vary  (v.)  varier,  diversifier,  chan- 
ger 

vaudeville  (ml),  25 
vaut  (see  valoir,  330),  is  worth 
i   veau,  67 

Vendeen  (m.)   (from    Vendee  f.), 

20 

vendeur,  66 
!  vendre  (v.)  to  sell 
i   venez  come!  venir,  322 
i   vzngeur,  66 

i  venitien  (adj.),  33,  Venetian 
I  vent  (m.)  wind,  348 
;  vente  (f.)  sale,  18 
1  venu  (p.  p.  venir,  322),  came,  3, 

194 

I    Venus  (f.),  30 
ver  (m.)  worm,  40 
verb,  57,  verbe  (m.) 
verbal  (adj.),  58,  — 
veritable  (adj.),  55,  — ,  real 
verite   (f.)    truth,   9;   dire  la   — 

to  speak  the  — 
verre  (m.)  glass,  74. 
ver s,   187,  toward (s) 
Versailles,  25 
version  latine  Latin  translation 

(into  one's  own  language) 
I   versions  (plusieurs)  (various)  ac- 
counts (interpretations) 
vert  green,  56 
;  verve  (f.),  65 
I  veu-f    (m.)     widower;     -ve     (f.) 

widow,  34 
i   veut  (veux,  veulent),  see  vouloir, 

331 
i  mande  (f.)  meat,  17 

vice  (m.),  12 

|  victoire  (f.),  48,  victory 
victori-eux  (adj.)  -ous,  360 
vie  (f.)  life;  living 
vieil    (m.)    vieille    (f.)    old,    79; 

(v.)  vieillir,  342 
vieillard,  67 
viendra  (venir),  322 
viennent   (venir),    18,   58;  —   de 

have  just 

vient  (venir),  18;  —  de  has  just 
vieux  (adj.)  old,  79 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


435 


t>if  (adj.),  79;  au  —  to  the  quick 

vigne  (f.)  vine;  -ran  (m.)  wine- 
grower, 24 

vil,  vile,  low,  25 

vilain,  ugly 

villa  (f.)  — ;  maison  de  campagne 
elegante 

village  (m.)  — ;  25 

villageois  villager;  en  villegiature 
a  (while  sojourning  in):  se- 
jour  (m.)  a  la  campagne;  il 
dine  en  v —  he  is  dining  out 

villf  (f.),  65 

vin  (m.)  wine,  8;  vinaigre  (m.) 
vinjgar 

vingl  (20),  303 

vinl  (venir),  322 

vint  (venir),  58,  (imp.  subj.) 

violent  (adj.),  188 

violer  (v.)  violate,  break,  188 

virgule  (f.)  comma,  3 

vir/7  (adj.)  virile,  25 

vision  (f.),  64 

tt'st'te  (£.),  12,  visit;  -er  (v.)  to  — ; 
faire  une  (rendre)  visile  to  pay 
a  visit 

visit  er  (v.)  to  search,  to  visit 

w/  (v.  vivre  to  live,  361)  lives 

vitre  (f.),  171 

w'/re  (f.),  12,  window  gla.*s  (pane) 

vifrier  (m.)  glazier 

t'tt'a*/  33 

vivent  (v.  w'rre  to  live,  361)  live 

vizir  (m.)  vizier,  12 

vocabu-laire   (m.)    -lary 

toca/  (adj.)  — 

vogue  (f.)  — ,  12 

iw/d,  1 1 8,  there  is  (are) 

voir  (v.)  to  see,  331 

voisin,  66,  neighbor;  le  plus  — , 
56,  nearest 

voiture  (f.)  carriage,  363 

voix  (f.),  65,  voice 

vol  (m.),  34,  flight;  theft;  (v.) 
-er  to  fly;  to  steal 

voleur,  66 

volonte  (a)  at  will,  58 

volte  (t.)  face  (to  turn)  front,  12 

Fosges   (fe*),   30 

votre  (le)  yours,  129 

votre  your,   118 

voudrais  (condit.  of  vouloir,  331), 
should  like 


vous  you,  3,  1  20 

voyage    (m.),    24,    trip;    -r    (v.) 

to    travel 
-Mr  (m.)  traveler 
voyelle  (f.),  vowel,  17 
z>rat  (adj.)  true;  -ment  truly 
vraisemblable  likely,  30 
ftt  (p.  p.)  seen,  331;"-^  (f.)  view 

(sight),  spectacle  (m.)  show 
vu,  53,  regarding 
vue  (f.)  sight;  eyesight;  view,  13 


W 


wagon-lit  (m.)  sleeper,  34 
-  -poste  (m.)  mail-coach,  34 
—  -restaurant  (m.)  dining  car,  34 

walk   (n.)   promenade   (f.);  faire 


prendre 


une   p  —   to   take   a   —  ;    (v.) 
marcher;    --    ahead    pren 
les  de-cants;  see  follow 

wander  (v.)  errer;  s'egarer;  -ing 
errant;  vagabond  (m.) 

want  (see  vouloir);  que  voulez- 
vous?  what  do  you  —  ?  or: 
what  is  your  will?  or  what  do 
you  desire?  (what  can  I  do 
for  you?)  ;  what  will  you  have 
him  do?  (que  voulez-vous  qu'il 
fasse.1)  il  le  veut  he  -s  it;  je  ne  le 
veux  pas  I  will  not  have  it! 
tout  ce  qu'il  voulait  (desirait) 
all  (anything)  he  wanted  (de- 
sired); elle  I'  a  voulu  it  is 
her  fault  (:  she  would  have 
it);  il  ne  veut  pas  he  will  not; 
avez-vous  besoin  de  lui?  do  you 
want  (need)  him?  see  request; 
see  falloir;  il  lui  faut  un  guide 
he  needs  (must  have)  a  guide; 
a-t-il  envie  de  sortir?  does  he 
wish  to  go  out?  un  ouvrage 
de  longue  haleine;  see  breath; 
cela  demande  du  temps  that 
requires  time;  we  (want) 
wish  you  to  know  it  nous  vou- 
lons  que  vous  le  sachiez;  il  le 
voulait  sans  faute  he  would 
have  it  without  fail;  cf.  : 
r  envie  lui  en  est  pas  see  his 
longing  is  over;  qui  veut  du 
froid,  qui  du  chaud  some  desire 
cold,  others  heat;  les  fleurs 


436 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


want — Continued 

veulent  de  grands  soins  flowers 
require  great  care;  il  veut  $100 
(500  frs.)  de  son  cheval  he  wants 
$100  (500  frs.)  for  his  horse; 
vous  ne  savez  pas  ce  que  vous 
voulez  you  do  not  know  your 
own  mind ;  je  veux  bien  gladly ; 
il  n'a  pas  voulu  de  toi  he  would 
not  have  you;  see  follow;  fais 
ce  que  tu  veux  go  your  own 
way;  elle  le  veut  bien  she  has 
no  objection;  elle  fait  desvoeux 
pour  votre  bonheur  she  wishes 
you  happiness;  souhaiter  un 
joyeux  Noel,  une  bonne  annee 
to  wish  a  merry  Xmas,  happy 
New  Year;  tout  comme  vous 
voudrez  just  as  you  please; 
sans  le  vouloir  (unintention- 
ally) without  meaning  to;  il 
vnulait  mefaire  tirer  lesmarrons 
du  jeu  he  wanted  to  make  a 
cat's  paw  of  me  (or:  to  pull 
the  chestnuts  out  of  the  fire 
for  him);  il  fait  d'eux  ce  qu'il 
veut  he  directs  them  as  he 
pleases;  ( :  has  great  influence 
over  them) ;  on  en  veut  a  son  ar- 
gent they  are  after  his  money; 
les  formalites  requises  or  vou- 
lues  (or:  en  regie  or  dans  les 
regies)  the  required  formali- 
ties; c'est  son  vouloir  it  is  his 
(her)  will;  tout  lui  vient  a 
souhait  everything  succeeds 
according  to  his  wishes  (see 
follow);  c'est  a  qui  I'acheterait 
everyone  wishes  to  buy  it;  il 
a  trouve  chaussure  a  son  pied 
(:  shoe  for  his  foot)  he  found 
what  he  wanted  (also  his 
match);  la  volonte  will;  quand 
on  a  de  la  bonne  volonte,  on 
ne  manque  pas  de  moyens 
when  there  is  a  will,  there  is  a 
way  (see  Infijiitive) ;  dernieres 
volontes  testament  (last  will); 
son  testament  his  — ;  mauvais 
vouloir  bad  (ill)  feeling;  mau- 
vaise  volonte  ill-will;  bonne 
volonte  readiness;  ban  gre,  mal 
gre  willing  or  not ;  de  gre  (force) 


willing,  unwilling;  de  plein 
gre  very  willingly;  volontiers 
(:  je  veux  bien)  willingly; 
gladly;  de  ban  gre  willingly;  de 
ban  caeur  with  pleasure;  de 
bonne  grace  with  a  good  grace 
(readily) 

waste-box  botte-  a  ordures  (f.); 
see  basket 

watch  (n.)  montre  (f.);  —  (y.) 
garder  (guard);  veiller  (vigil); 
y  veiller  to  —  over  it;  en 
prendre  soin  (veiller  sur  quelque 
chose)  to  take  good  care  of  a 
thing;  en  faire  son  affaire  or 
s'en  charger  to  take  it  upon 
himself  (to  see  to  it:  y 
avoir  I'aeil);  s'en  occuper:  see 
attend 

water  eau  (f.);  warm  —  de  I'eau 
chaude;  hot  —  de  I'eau  bouil- 
lante;  cool  —  —  —  fratche; 
spring  —  —  de  source;  (f.); 
lukewarm tiede 

wav-e  vague  (f.);  onde  (poet.) 
(f.)  -r  ;  (v.)  vaciller ;  chanceler ; 
hesiter;  (flicker)  vaciller  (trem- 
bloter);  —  onduler;  ondoyer; 
flatter  (float) ;  balancer;  s'agiter; 
se  mouvoir ;  tournoyer ;  -in? 
vacillation  (f.)  (rolling  boat); 
cf. :  etre  irresolu,  incertain, 
indecis,  inconstant,  non  solide 
(it  shakes:  not  firm);  to  — 
faire  signe  (de  la  main);  (ship) 
rolling :  le  roulis 

wavy  ondoyant;  onduleux;  ondule 

way  chemin  (m.);  see  follow: 
-side  (sur)  le  bord  du  —  (de 
la  route);  to  make  —  se  frayer 
un  c — ;  see  cut;  to  make  —  for 
laisser  passer  quelqu'un;  to 
give  —  to  (yield)  se  laisser 
oiler  a  (to  abandon  oneself); 
se  pousser  dans  to  make  one's 
way  into;  il  fit  son  chemin 
he  made,  etc. 

weave  (tistre  or  tttre)  tisser; 
well-woven  material  une  etoffe 
bien  tissue;  du  drop  trap  serre 
close-woven  cloth 

weaver  tisserand;  silk  —  un  t — 
de  soie;  (poet.)  :  des  jours  tissus 


GENERAL   VOCABULARY 


437 


weaver — Continued 

d'or  et  de  soie  opulent  (hal- 
cyon) days;  un  tissu  de  men- 
songes  a  tissue  of  lies;  see 
mentir  (to  lie) 

week  semaine  (f.);  -ly  hebdoma- 
daire,  251 

—  (days  of  the),  125 
what  (?),  135 

what  (that  which),  131 

what!  comment!  quoil  about  — 
de  quoi? —  is  it  qu'est-ce  (qu'est- 
ce  que  c'est)?  —  do  you  do? 
que  faites-vous?  do  —  he  says 
faites  ce  qu'il  dit;  —  is  .  .  .  ce 
qui  est;  qu'est-ce  qui  ( —  que)? 
— ever  quoi  que  ce  soil;  —  he 
speaks  of  ce  dont  il  parle  ( :  that 
of  which) ;  —  he  is  thinking  of 
ce  a  quoi  il  pense  (songe); 
—  then  ct  puts  apres?  —  she 
needs  ce  dont  elle  a  besoin; 
for  —  pourquoi  faire?  how 
many  books  que  de  livres! 

—  (pron.,  adj.)  quel  (see  adj.) 
— soever  quel .  .  .que;  see  164 

— ever  quoi  que  ce  soil;  quelque 

wheat  ble  (m.);  mais  (m.) 

when  (conj.),  168,  quand,  lorsque; 
— ever  quand;  the  time  —  d 
I'heure  ou  (que) 

where  ou  ( —  to);  136;  d'ou 
from  where? 

which  qui,  que  (see  relatives,  131) 

whist  (m.)  — ,  34 

whistle  (n.)  sifflet  (m.);  (v.)  sif- 
fler;  whistling  sifflement  (m.); 
-r  siffleur  (m.);  te  vent  siffle 
the  wind  blows  (souffle);  cf. : 
<J  tout  rompre  (see)  soujfler 
to  breathe;  essoujfle  out  of 
breath;  essoufflement  (m.)  out 
of  breathing ;  reprendre  haleine 
(f.)  to  catch  one's  breath; 
forte  haleine  strong  breath 

white    blanc    (-he);    to    get    - 
Uanchir  (washing) ;  (bleach)  — 

who,  etc.,  131;  whom,  whose, 
1 3 1 ;  to  -m  a  qui?  whose?  a  qui? 

wing  aile  (f.);  on  the  —  au  vol; 
coulisse  (f.)  (theat.);  under 
the  wing  of  sous  I'egide  (pro- 
tection) de;  -ed  aile 


winter,  64,  hiver  (m.) 
with  avec;  de;  par;  -out  sans 
withdraw  (v.)  retirer;  s'eloigner 
wonder  surprise  (f.);  etonnement 
(m.);  les  sept  merveilles  the 
seven  wonders;  —  at  s'etonner 
de;  admirer;  — -  if  se  demander 
si;  -ful  admirable;  nouvelle 
etonnante  astonishing  news! 
il  ne  peut  se  lasser  d'admirer 
he  can't  help  but  admire;  etre 
etonne  de  to  be  astonished  (at) ; 
etre  surpris  to  be  surprised; 
je  (doute)  or  suis  curieux  de 
savoir  I  (doubt)  am  anxious 
to  know ;  ce  qui  me  surprend! 
and  that  or  which  surprises 
me!  ce  qui  n'est  point  surpre- 
nant  and  no  wonder!  he  is  a 
wonder  (hero)  prodige  de  va- 
leur !  il  ne  s' etonne  de  rien 
nothing  surprises  him !  faire 
des  prodiges  to  perform  great 
deeds 

word  (n.)  mot  (m.);  —  for  — 
mot  a  mot;  (uttered)  —  parole 
(f.);  in  these  -s  en  ces  termes; 
in  other  —  en  d'autres  termes; 
man  of  honor  (word)  homme 
de  parole;  parole  d'honneur 
upon  my  word  ot  honor;  be- 
lieve me  (take  my  — )  crois 
(croyez)  men;  send  —  to  en- 
voy ez  un  mot  or  faites  dire  a 
or  faire  savoir  a;  by  —  of 
mouth  de  vive  voix;  not  to 
keep  one's  word  manquer  a 
sa  parole;  he  speaks  a  good  — 
for  il  dit  un  mot  en  faveur  de; 
il  recommande  M.  X.  a;  je 
cite  ses  propres  termes  I  quote 
his  very  words 

—  (v.)  (edit)  rediger;  thus  -ed 
(expressed)  ainsi  con^u  ^  (: 
en  ces  termes);  see  enonce  or 
ecrit 

work  (n.)  travail  (m.);  peine  (f.); 

—  done  ouvragefait—(a  faire 

to  be  done);  hard  —  (task) 

tdche  (f.) ;  ou  labeur  penible  (m.) 

worth  (to  be)  (v.)  valoir;  valeur 

worthy  digne  (de) 


438 


GENERAL    VOCABULARY 


write  (v.)  ecrire;  —  (edit)  rediger, 
composer  un   ouvrage    (book); 

-  (spell)  orthographier ;  - 
(correspond)  correspond™  par 
leltre;  --  (printed)  marquer 
(empreindre)  sur  ses  traits 
(engraved)  upon  his  face 
(features) ;  writing  ecriture  (f .) ; 
must  abide  by  your  writing 
ce  qui  est  ecrit,  est  ecrit  (you 
can't  go  back  on  your  writ- 
ing); -er  auteur,  ecrivain;  sa- 
vant; writing-desk  pupitre,  ecri- 
toire  (f.);  il  tient  les  ecritures 
(comptes)  de  he  attends  to  (the 
accounts)  or  correspondence 
of  (business);  —  out  in  full 
ecrire  en  toutes  lettres  (:  d'un 
bout  d  I'autre);  cf. :  copier  to 
copy;  —  -  up  faire  I'eloge 
de;  faire  mousser  un  succes; 
to  draw  a  few  lines  tracer  des 
lignes;  —  it  down  en  prendre 
note;  in  —  par  ecrit;  caracteres 
de  convention  conventional 
types;  contenir  tout  ce  qu'il 
faut  pour  e —  to  contain 
everything  needed  for  writing 
purposes;  sans  gout  no  taste; 
sans  soin  careless;  vile  et  mal 
hastily  and  poorly;  sans  talent 
untalented;  fertile  author  au- 
teur fecond;  cf.:  composer  des 
litres;  femme  ecrivain;  ecrivain 
public;  son  metier  de  rediger, 
etc.,  pour  le  public;  outrages 
de  I' esprit  intellectual  pro- 
ductions 


y  avoir,  116,  to  be 

(/)  y  vais  (I)  am  going  (there), 
309 

yacht  (m.),  17,  — 

yard  (m.),  24 

yatag  (h)an  (m.)  long  knife 
(Turk),  2d 

year  an  (m.);  un  an  a  — ;  304, 
(une)  bonne  et  heureuse  annee 
(see  souhaiter  to  wish)  happy- 
New  Year;  le  Jour  de  I' An 
New  Year's  day;  how  old  is 
he?  quel  age  a-t-il?  -ly  annuel 
(-le,  f.)  (adj.);  annuellement 
(adv.)  or  tous  les  ans 

yes,  24,  oui;  si  (si)  —  (indeed) 

yeux  (m.)  eyes,  71  (ceil) 

your  votre;  ton;  -s  le  (la,  les) 
votre  (-s);  -self  toi-meme, 
vous-meme  (as  intensive  pro- 
nouns) 

yours  truly  votre  bien  devout  or: 
bien  (tout)  d  vous 


zenith  (m.),  33 

zephir  (m.),  35 

zero  (m.),  303,  zero,  naught 

zest,  8;  entre  le  zist  et  le  —  so  and 
so  (or:  ni  bien  ni  mal)  mid- 
dling; — !  il  s'enfuit  why!  he 
ran  away!  315 

zone  (f.)  — ,  35 


INDEX 


REGULAR  VERBS  IN  -ER 


A 


abaisser,  224 

abandonner,  170-1,  198,  269 

abimer,  274,  298 

abonder,  109 

abonner   (s)   to  subscribe   (to  a 

paper),  345 
aborder,  214,  297 
aboyer,  230 
abreger,  228,  275 
abreuver  ($'),  to  drink  (trough) 
absenter,  187 
abuser,  433 
acharner  (s'),  105 
acheter,  130,  205,  229,  310 
achever,  152,  229,  232,  244 
accabler,  (de),  186,  270 
acceder  (a)  to  comply  (with)  228 
accclerer,  228 
accentuer,  225 
accepter,  155,  250 
accommoder,  104,  113 
accompagner ,  150,  168 
accorder,  1 10,  269,  273,  299 
accouder(s'),  203 
accoutumer,  277 
accrediter,  160 
accrocher,  191 
accuser  (de),  199,  268,  298 
acquitter,  260,  270 
addilionner,  109,  226 
adherer,  100,  188,  249 
administrer,  231 
admirer,  147,  247 
adonner  (s'),  203 
adopter,  to  adopt 
adorer,  95,  131,  209 
adosser  (s'),  205 
adresser,  205,  214,  232 
oerer,  to  air  (ventilate) 
affaisser  (s'),  297 
affamer,  96 


affect er,  220,  227 

afficher,  to  post  (bills) 

affiler,  to  hone,  352 

affirmer,  161,  173 

affliger,  to  sadden 

affluer,  188 

affubler  (5'),  to  rig  (up; 

agacer,  to  tease 

agenouiller  (s'),  203 

agiter,  169 

agreer,  161,  268 

agriffer  (s'\  203 

aheurter  (s'),  203 

aider,  1 1 6,  183,  247 

aiguiller,  189,  200 

aiguiser,  209 
'   a/mer,  137,  166,  175,  209,  285 

ajpurner,  to  adjourn 
I  ajouter,  226,  263 

alarmer  (s'),  199 

aligner,  to  align 

alleger,  239 

allonger,  244 

allouer,  263 

amasser,  to  amass 

ameliorer,  299 

amener,  185,  229,  236 

amonceler,  229,  231 

amuser,  to  amuse 

ancrer,  231 

animer,  97,  223 

annoncer,  101,  214,  226,  277 

annuler,  278 

anonner,  227 

apaiser,  169 

appeler,  229,  231 

appliquer,  143,  200 

a  p  porter,  155 

apprecier,  113 

apprchender,  140 

appreter,  161,  231 

apprivoiser,  273 

approcher,  127,  143,  205 


439 


440 


INDEX 


approprier,  235 

approuver,  128,  161-4 

appuyer,  95,  191,  206 

armer,  122,  279 

arpenter,  to  stride 

arracher,  161 

arreter,  no,  145,  222 

arriver,  133,   140,  152,    164,  233, 

278 

arroger  (s  ),  203 
articuler,  225 
asphyxier,  115 
aspirer,  107 
assassiner,  213 
assembler,  298-9 
ojsener,  to  deal  a  blow 
assisler  (d),  116,  170,  213,  235 
assommer,  to  knock  on  the  head 
assumer,  202,  252 
tmwrer,  96,  103,  131,  195 
astiquer,  to  polish  (soles) 
attacker,  101,  140,  230,  236,  270 
attaquer,  104,  218,  311 
alteler,  to  harness 
attenler,  to  try  to  kill 
alterrer,  296 
attirer,  199,  278,  297 
attraper,  263 
attribuer,  202,  269 
attrouper,  299 
augmenter,  165 
autoriser,  159,  285 
ara/er,  255,  334 
avancer,  107,  147 
aveugler,  to  blind 
aviser,  271 
avouer,  142,  166-8,  284,  299 


babiller,  227 

badiner,  225 

bailler,  to  yawn 

bdiller  (belle)  to  try  to  impose 

upon 

baiser,  198 

baisser,  232,  224,  272,  295 
balader,  185 
balancer,  97,  273 
balayer,  231 
balbutier,  225 
balloter,  279 
banqueter,  229 


baptiser,  213 

baragouiner,  227 

baraqner,  223 

barbouiller,  to  daub 

basculer,  297 

bavarder,  227 

becqueter,  229 

6g/er,  to  bleat,  212 

forcer,  115 

biffer,  213 

bifurquer,  189 

bldmer,  213,  242,  297 

blesser,  97,  133,  190,  202,  259 

bloquer,  281 

border,  275 

borner,  to  confine  to,  235 

bosseler,  229 

botleler,  229 

boucher,  106,  232,  270 

bouchonner,  to  rub  down  (horse) 

bonder,  127 

bouger,  to  budge  (stir) 

bouler,  285 

bouleverser,  238 

bourreler,  229 

bourrer,  184 

boutonner,  223 

bouse  uler,  to  jostle 

branler,  to  shake  (unsteady) 

bredouiller,  227 

ftrttfer  (luire),  350 

briqueler,  229 

briser,  204,  216,  272 

broder,  to  embroider 

broncher,  to  stumble 

brosser,  to  brush,  13 

brouiller,  248 

broyer,  274 

bruiner,  to  drizzle 

bruler,  102 


cabosser,  232 
cabrer  (se),  203,  277 
cocker,  212 

cacheter,  229,  231,  276 
cailler,  226 
cailleter,  226 
cajoler,  95,  227 
calfeutrer,  235 
calmer,  187 
calomnier,  to  slander 


INDEX 


441 


cambrer,  285 

canneler,  229 

cantonner,  227 

caqueter,  226,  229 

caracoler,  206 

caresser,  227 

carter,  246 

carreler,  229 

caserner,  223 

casser,  163 

causer,  223,  226-7,  27O 

c«fer,  228,  278 

celebrer,  228,  298 

cerner,  to  hem  (in) 

certifier,  192,  269 

cesser,  225 

chamailler  (se),  to  chop  (quarrel) 

changer,  165,  183,  215,  228,  258, 

chanceler,  229 

chanter,  91,  107,  128 

charger,  166,  214,  237,  269 

charmer,  101,  176 

chasser,  273 

chdtier,  to  punish 

chauffer,  285 

chausser,  to  shoe,  214 

chercher,  211,  216,  272,  311 

choquer,  206 

circuler,  160-5 

ctrer,  to  wax  (polish) 

ciseler,  229 

ct/er,  71,  190,  218 

civiliser,  101 

claquer,  212 

classer,  195 

clocher,  108 

clouer  (to  nail),  108 

coaguler,  226 

cogner,  206 

coiffer,  to  dress  (head) 

color  er,  186 

colleter,  229 

colliger,  to  make  a  collection  of 

books 

combler,  220 
commander,  138,  219 
commencer,  160,  174,  231 
commenter,  113 
communiquer,  195 
comparer,  5 
complimenter,  164 
comporter,  to  bear 


composer,  379,  216-19 

compter,  154,  170,  214,  261 

concasser,  273 

conceder,  269 

confectionner,  to  make  (clothes), 

91 

conferer,  214 
confirmer,  214 
congcdier,  199,  260 
conjuguer,  92,  298 
conjurer,  to  enjoin 
consacrer,  217 
conseiller,  152 
conserver,  to  preserve 
considerer,  168,  209,  268,  278 
consigner,  to  consign 
consoler,  95,  153,  185 
constater,  270 
cons  tit  uer,  227 
consulter,  169,  210,  218 
consumer,  200 
contenter,  113 
confer,  to  relate  (tell) 
continuer,  216 
contracter,  249,  270-7 
contrarier,  93,  105,  205 
contribuer,  214 
controler,  108 
converser,  89,  226 
copier,  277 
coqueter,  95 
cordeler,  97,  229 
corriger,  185,  381 
coucher,  148,  205,  216 
cow/er,  218,  240,  279 
couper,  201,  275 
courber,  272 
couronner,  247 
courroyer,  235 
cori/er,  97,  104,  164,  197 
couturer,  to  seam  (face) 
couver,  to  set  (hen) 
cracker,  to  expectorate,  158 
craqueter,  229 
creer,  129,  228 
creneler,  229 
creuser,  273 
crever,  229 

cribler,  to  dot  (mistakes) 
mer,  165,  213 
crisper,  249,  279 
critiquer,  142,  157,  170,  189 
croiser,  281 


442 


INDEX 


croquer,  to  eat  (gobble) 
ctdbuter,  297 
cultiver,  101 
cuver,  to  get  sober 


darner,  to  outwit  (game) 
danser,  to  dance 
darder,  to  dart 
dater,  116 
deballer,  to  unpack 
debander,  to  unbind 
debar  bouiller,  206 
debarquer,  97 
debaucher,  269 
debiter,  to  unstring  (tale) 
deborder,  222,  295 
deboucher,  to  turn 
debater,  241 
decacheter,  276 
decamper,  to  decamp 
decider,  295 
dechatner,  to  release 
decharger,  271 
dechi/rer,  to  decipher 
dechiqueter,  230 
dechirer,  273-4 
decider,  170,  280 
dlct/fer  (dessiller) 
decimer,  306 
declarer,  162,  270-3 
decliner,  to  decline 
decocher,  to  fling 
decoiffer  (se)  to  undress 
deconcerter,  112 
decouper,  273 
decourager,  227 
decreter,  160,  269 
dedaigner,  234 
dedier,  to  dedicate 
dc/i«r,  1 60,  203 
de/i/«r,  167 
def  oncer,  274 
deformer,  280 
degager,  297 
degeler,  229 
degouter,  103,  115,  127 
degoutter,  297 
degrader,  226 
degraisser,  to  scour 
degringoler,  297 
deguiser,  to  disguise 


dejeuner,  to  lunch,  174 

delayer,  274 

deliberer,  to  deliberate 

delivrer,  160 

deloger,  to  dislodge 

demander,    107,    138,    147,    152, 

234 

demanger,  226 
demenager,  327 
demeurer,  136,  212,  295 
demontrer,  168 
denoncer,  199 
denouer,  to  untie 
denteler,  230 
depasser,  to  exceed 
depecer,  to  cut  up 
depenser,  124,  154,  276 
deplacer,  220 
deployer,  to  unfold 
deporter,  235 
deposer,  327 
depouiller,  276 
deranger,  143,  158,  161 
derober,  to  steal  (away) 
derouter,  to  rout 
desapprouver,  164,  242 
desavouer,  197 
desesperer,  108 
deshonorer,  272 
designer,  214 
desirer,  99,  133,  160,  162 
desister  (se),  197,  203 
desobliger,  278 
desoler,  215,  259 
desserrer,  to  loosen 
dessiller,  to  open  (eyes) 
dessiner,  195 
destiner,  227 
detaler,  to  scamper 
deteriorer,  226 
determiner,  no,  235 
detester,  93,  107,  209 
detourner,  278 
detraquer,  273 
detremper,  274 
detroner,  236 
devancer,  97 
devaster,  222,  274 
developper,  113,  220 
deverser,  to  pour 
dCTtder,  184 
deviner,  123 
devisager,  185 


INDEX 


443 


devorer,  138 

ecrouler  (s'),  204,  274,  297 

devouer,  252 

eduquer,  259 

diffamer,  to  defame 

effacer,  213 

differ  er,  188 

effectuer,  270,  281 

digerer,  102,  200 

effleurer,  108 

diminuer,  165-7,  2I4 

efforcer  (s'),  to  try 

diner,  147,  158 

effrayer,  159 

diriger,  to  direct 

egaler,  96,  173 

discontinuer  ,  234,  275 

egrener,  223 

disculer,  89,  216                                    elancer  (s'),  to  rush 

dispenser,  269,  271-3                           e7ei>er,  164,  218,  224,  273,  277 

disposer,  189,  190,  209 

eloigner  (s'},  105,  197 

disputer,  206 

emanciper,  220 

dissimuler,  to  feign 

emballer,  91 

dissiper,  151-4 

embrasser,  198,  cf.  :  200 

distinguer,  213,  223 

embrouiller,  to  embroil 

diver  ger,  188 

emmener,  185,  229 

diviser,  226 

emmitoufler  (s')   to  be  wrapped 

divulguer,  339 

up  in  furs 

dompter,  273 

emousser,  to  blunt 

donner,  137,  158,  160-6 

empaqueter,  230 

dorer,  260 

emparer  (s'),  204 

doter,  to  endow 

empecher  (de),  140-1,  164 

douer,  115 

empierrer,  to  pave  (w.  stones) 

douter,  106,  138,  162-6, 

empieter,  to  encroach 

douter  (se)  de,  to  suspect 

empirer,  297 

dresser,  206,  224,  281-5 

empoigner,  153 

dttrer,  93,  95,  168,  213 

employer,  200 

emporter,  225 

E 

empresser  (s),  204 

emprisonner,  110 

ebaucher,  to  sketch,  357 

emprunter,  218,  270,  271 

ebranler,  152 

enchainer,  106,  214 

ebruiter    (s')    to    spread    about 

enchanter,  166 

(rumor) 

encourager,  227 

ecarquiller,  to  move  (eyes) 

endetter  (s  ),  108,  270 

ecarter,  to  push  (away) 

endommager,  226,  274 

ecarteler,  229 

endosser,  to  indorse  (don) 

echanger,  165 

endurcir,  235 

echapper,  94,  295 

endurer,  140 

echarper,  279 
echauder,  to  scald 

enfanter,  234 
enfariner,  to  sprinkle  (flour) 

echauffer,  to  chafe 

enfermer,  to  shut  in 

echouer,  164,  204,  295 

ew/i/er,  200 

eclairer,  200 

enflammer,  200 

eclater,  274 

enf  oncer,  223,  273 

edipser  (s'),  to  eclipse 

engager,  200,  226,  228,  268-9 

economiser,  143,  154 

engendrer,  to  breed 

ecorcher,  212 

enivrer,  to  intoxicate 

ecouler,  197,  205 

enlacer,  to  grasp  (lace) 

ecouter,  157,  213 

enlever,  169,  212,  238,  277 

ecraser,  274 

ennuyer,  90,  108 

eerier  (5'),  147,  204,  347 

enqueter  (s'),  204 

444 


INDEX 


enrager,  to  enrage 

enrhumer  (s'),  92,  204 

enrdler  (s'),  to  enlist 

enrouer  (5'),  94 

enseigner,  115,  223 

ensemencer,  229 

ensorceler,  230 

entacher,  to  spot  (blacken) 

entamer,  183,  226 

entasser,  231 

enterrer,  to  bury 

enticher  (de},  107 

entourer  (de),  219 

efl/r'  outer  (5')  to  help  mutually 

entratner,  276 

entrer,  143,  161,212,  278 

envelopper,  230 

environner,  285 

eni'isager,  135 

envoler  (s'),  to  fly  away 

epargner,  164 

f^/tr,  88 

e/ner,  109 

eprouver,  98,  99,  141,  223,  320 

ereinter,  to  tire  (out),  276 

errer,  185,  296, 

esperer,  140,  161,  228 

esquiver  (s')t  to  steal  away 

essayer,  231,  241 

essouffler,  232 

esswj^r,  230 

estimer,  95,  148,  151,  290 

estropier,  to  murder  (lines) 

etaler,  171 

etancher,  to  make  water-tight 

etinceler,  230 

etonner,  94,  133,  153,  270,  284 

etouffer,  to  choke  (stifle) 

etrenner,  257-8 

etnller,  279 

etudier,  209,  232 

evacuer,  186 

evader  (s'),  204 

eveiller,  to  wake 

eyenter,  to  fan 

evertuer  (s'),  204 

eviter,  164 

examiner,  278 

exceder,  188 

exceller,  115,  188 

excepter,  101,  113 

executer,  100,  148,  168,  236,  247 

exercer,  189,  200 


exclamer  (s'),  to  exclaim 

exciter,  227 

excMser,  220,  298 

exhiber,  171 

exj'ger,  161 

exi/er,  109 

exister,  210,  220,  224 

expcdier,  1 88 

expirer,  136,  262 

expliquer,  235,  275 

exploiter,  to  work  (mines) 

exposer,  170 

expr inter,  219,  223 

extasier  (s'),  204 

extenuer,  240 

extorquer,  268 

extravaguer,  188 

F 

fabriquer,  102,  188,  218 

/(ic/f«r  (se),  102,  154,  161,  204 

fa$onner,  91,  249 

familiariser,  232 

faner,  to  wither 

farder,  to  color  (make  up) 

fatiguer,  188,  272 

favoriser,  227 

/Iter,  to  crack  (bell) 

Jeliciter,  164,  224 

fermenter,  104 

fermer,  99,  104,  210,  336 

feuilleter,  230 

ficeler,  230 

faker,  to  drive  (in) 

/ier  («),  142,  205 

^ger,  226 

figurer,  262 

yf/er,  to  spin 

/beer,  to  fix. 

flairer,  to  scent 

fldner,  185,  285 

flatter,  203,  227,  298 

flatter,  166 

fonctionner,  185 

fonder,  235 

forcer,  261,  274 

forger,  184 

former,  269 

fouetter,  to  whip 

fouiller,  218 

/outer,  227,  274-7 

fourcher,  224 

fourrer,  to  (thrust)  poke 


445 


fracturer,  277 

f rapper,  102,  203 

frayer,  to  cut  (way) 

frelater,  to  adulterate 

frequenter,  277 

fretiller,'  226 

frictionner,  to  rub  (skin) 

frigorifier,  263 

/riser,  127,  1 68,  237 

frissonner,  90,  93 

froisser,  133 

/ro/er,  to  touch  (lightly) 

froncer,  to  frown 

f  rotter,  274 

fructifier,  284 

fumer,  97,  133,  184,  226 

f  ureter,  230 


gagner,  150-4,  161,  214 
galoper,  189 
garder,  139,  169,  172 
gargariser  (se),  204 
gaspiller,  154 
g<Jter,  226 
ge/er,  229 

gendarmer  (se),  204 
g£«er,  101,  113,  212,  225 
g/»5ttr,  279,  348 
glorifier,  164 
gonfler,  169 
gouter,  97,  106,  153 
grasseyer,  227 
gratter,  to  scratch 
graver,  190 
gresiller,  to  sleet 
grimer,  to  make  up 
grincer,  228 
grommeler,  230 
grander,  200,  213-4 
grouper,  246 
guetter,  109 
gwi'der,  337 

H 

habUler(s'),  115,  153,  159, 
Aafo/er,  361 
habituer,  93,  106,  277 
haleler,  230 
hanter,  to  haunt 
harceler,  229 
hasarder,  170 


,  2OI,  2O6,  226 

hausser,  232 
hesiter,  165,  224 
heurter,  205 
honor er,  164,  249,  269 
humilier,  no,  272 
hurler,  to  howl 


ignorer,  165,  172,  243 

imaginer,  153,  160-1,  162 

imbiber,  334 
I  imiter,  196,  221 

immatriculer  (se  faire),  to  have 

name  registered  (univ.) 
:  implorer,  158 

importer,  176 

imposer,  160,  268 

imprinter,  141,  240,  278,  346 
j   incarcerer,  no 

incendier,  89 

indiner,  272 

incomber,  268 

incommoder,  143 

inculper,  to  accuse  (law) 

inculquer,  to  inculcate 

indiquer,  171,  214,  235,  285 

infcrer,  336 

influer,  95,  188 

informer,  to  inform 

ingenier  (s),  204 

ingerer  (s'),  204 

injurier,  197 

inquieter,  to  worry 

inserer,  to  insert 

insinuer,  to  insinuate 

insister,  165 

inspirer,  225,  247 

installer,  to  install 

insulter,  to  insult 

intenter  (proces)  to  bring  a  law- 
suit 

inter esser,  171,  245,  268 

interpeller,  275 
|  interpreter,  113 

interroger,  228 

intriguer,  188 

inventer,  214 

tnw/er,  158,  188 

invoquer,  218 

wo/er,  227 


446 


INDEX 


J 

jacasser,  227 
japper,  231 
jaser,  227 
jeweler,  230 
Jeter,  229,  296 
jouer,  175,  213,  236 
juger,  164,  224 
jurer,  141,351 
justifier,  247 


later er,  274 

lacker,  to  let  go 

laisser,  144,  193 

lancer,  228 

lasser,  to  tire  (out) 

/ai>er,  76,  101,  205 

/ecfor,  227 

/eg  diser,  269 

/erer,  146,  153-6,  229 

liberer,  269 

/»*r,  87,  214 

limer,  to  file  (saw) 

limiler,  235 

/U'rer,  200,  334 

/oger,  1 08,  249 

r,  219,  299 

r,  334 


macher,  219 

majorer,  270 

maltraiter,  184 

to  manage,  168 

mander  (official),  to  send 

manger,  153,  224-8 

manij "ester,  211 

manquer,  123-5;  164-5;  196,236, 

270-3:  3H 

marchander,  to  haggle,  96 
marcher,  127,  227 
marier,  90 
marquer,  to  mark 
marqueter,  230 
marteler,  229 
mecontenter,  223 
mediter,  275 
roe/ier  (j«)  de,  204 


meler,  to  mix 

menacer,  145 

menager,  226,  238 

mendier,  to  beg 

mener,  229,  246 

mentionner,  227 

mepriser,  277 

merit er,  150,  160,  258 

mesurer,  94,  96,  12 1,  214 

mirer,  to  aim ;  to  candle  (eggs) 

modeler,  229,  232 

moderer,  to  control  (self) 

monter,  150,  270,  295 

montrer  (faire  voir),  to  show 

moquer  (se)  de,   107,  154,  204 

morceler,  230 

morigener,  214 

motiver,  to  assign  (motives) 

moucher,  to  blow  (the  nose) 

moucheter,  230 

mouiller,  to  cast  anchor 

mousser,  102 

mouvementer,  to  enliven 

mM^r,  273 

multiplier,  226 

murmurer,  152 

museler,  230 

mM5er,  215 

N 

nager,  262 
naturaliser,  258 
navrer  (de},  273 
negliger,  1 88,  269 
negocier,  115 
neiger,  no,  302 
nettoyer,  231 
nier,  165,  243 
niveler,  169,  230 
nommer,  214,  231,  252 
no/er,  to  note  (jot  down) 
notifier,  263 
numeroter,  200 

O 

objecter,  to  oppose 
oWt'ger,95,  102,  135,  340 
observer,  214,  256 
obstiner,  98 
occasionner,  185 


INDEX 


447 


occuper,  102,  112,  197,  217,  269 

offenser,  165,  238 

operer,  195 

opinidtrer  (s'),  204 

opposer,  161,  282 

oppresser,  232 

organiser,  114,  227 

orner,  219,  226 

oj<>r,  113,  135,  153 

outlier,  216,  243 

ordonner,  160,  232,  283 

oter,  212 


pdmer  (de  rire),  to  roar 

panser,  to  dress  (wound) 

parnlyser,  165 

pardonner  (a),  197 

parer,  to  bedeck 

purer,  to  ward  off 

parjurer  (se),  204 

parler,  209 

parsemer,  to  strew 

partager,  94,  153,  262,  273,  200 

participer,  to  participate 

/xwer,   135-7;   153,   167,   170-4; 

183,  255 

patiner,  to  skate 
patronner,  198 
£aiw,  107 

pajer,  125,  159,  230 
pecAer,  213 
pecker,  213 
/>«ner,  143 
p*/",  229 
pencher,  232,  296 
penetrer,  95,  101 
/>e«ser,  95,  151,  162,  173,  209 
percer,  108,  228,  285 
per  severer,  186 
per  sister,  154 
persuader,  239 
peser,  195,  219,  229,  270 
petiller,  to  sparkle 
piailler,  227 
pincer,  234 
pincer,  236 
/>*«««•,  356 
placer,  108,  228,  299 
plaisanter,  95,  248 
planter,  to  plant 


pleurer,  94,  149,  176 

/>/ier,  272 

plonger,  107,  213 

player,  230,  272 

packer,  to  poach  (bruise) 

por/er,  156,  212,  214,  276 

porter  («),  to  fare  (be) 

poser,  196 

pas  seder,  74,  168 

poudrer,  107,  214 

pouffer  (de  rire},  to  roar 

Pousser,  183,  211,  227,  342 

pratiquer,  228,  299 

precautionner,  89 

preceder,  188 

precher,  211 

precipiter,  145,  297 

preciser,  99 

prefer er,  133,  160,  254 

preoccuper,  231 

pre parer,  213,  231 

presager,  167 

presenter,  133,  143,  164-7;  23: 

presider,  188 

presser,  94,  206,  277 

pre/er,  271 

priVr,  158,  230 

primer,  226 

priver,  201 

proclamer,  no,  263 

procurer,  145,  214 

prodiguer,  247 

proferer,  185 

professer,  214,  247 

£rq/^r,  154,  237 

prohiber,  101-3,  2^4 

prolonger,  106 

promener,  127,  184,  185 

prononcer,  88,  214,  224—7 

proposer,  145,  237 

protcger,  94,  139,  234 

protester,  204,  224 

prouver,  98,  113 

provoquer,  224,  238 

publier,  no,  114 

pwuer  (d),  218 

pulveriser,  273,  274 

Q 


questionner,  149 
quitter,  160,  269 


448 


INDEX 


R 

reg/er,  114,  121,  139,  215,  260 

rabaisser,  to  lower 

regretter,  to  regret 
rehabiliter,  237 

raccommoder,  to  mend 

rejeter,  to  reject 

raconter,  167 

reldcher,  to  release 

raffoler  (de),  to  be  mad  (love) 

relancer,  to  throw  again 

raisonner,  224 

releguer  (se),  to  retire  to 

ramasser,  184 

relever,  229 

ramener,  229 

re/t>r,  349 

ranker,  to  arrange 

remarquer,  213,  271 

rammer,  to  inflame 

rembourrer,  107 

rappeler,  162,  222 

rembourser,  268,  270 

rapporter,  224 

remedier  (a),  90 

rapprocher,  299 

remercier,  69,  109 

rassasier,  92 

remonter,  140,  226 

rassembler,  99 

remontrer,  to  teach  (?) 

rasscrener,  to  clear  up,  348 

remplacer,  165,  251 

ratatiner,  204 

remporter,  215 

rdper,  to  be  worn  (shabby) 

remuer,  to  stir  (up) 

rdteler,  230 

rencontrer,  145,  160,  215 

rater,  to  miss  (fire) 

renfermer,  to  shut  in 

rattacher,  to  connect 

rengorger  (se),  204 

rattraper,  to  catch  up 

renoncer,  197 

raturer,  213 

renouer,  to  renew 

raviser  (se),  204 

renouveler,  230,  269 

rcryer,  213 

renseigner,  to  inform 

rayonncr,  to  radiate 

rentrer,  155,  295,  269 

rebeller  (se),  204 

rentrer,  102,  238 

rebrousser,  183 

renverser,  229,  296,  297 

rcchapper,  295 

reparler,  226 

rechauffer,  to  warm  up 

reparer,  140 

rechercher,  195,  232 

repasser,  185,  267 

rccidiver,  1  14,  296 

repeter,  109,  114,  218,  219 

rcclamer,  147,  202 

replier,  280 

recolter,  to  harvest 

reporter,  1  66 

recommander  ,  171,  262  278 

reposer  (w),  147,  152,  267 

recommencer,  219,  234 

repousser,  to  repel 

recompenser,  190,  214 

representer,  to  represent 

recouvrer,  197,  320 

reprimander,  215 

recreer  (se),  to  divert 

reprocher,  227,  268,  277 

r  eerier  (se),  204 

repudier,  197 

recruter,  249 

repugner,  to  feel  reluctant 

reculer,  139 

re«<fer,  1  88,  360 

rediger,  113 

re  sister  (a),  141,  273 

redouter,  140,  217 

respecter,  to  respect 

reformer,  reformer,  114,  269 
refuser,  168,  215,  250 

respirer,  165 
ressembler  (d),  222,  298 

refugier  (se),  204 

ressemeler,  230 

regagner,  to  reach  again 

resserrer,  to  bring  closer 

rcgaler,  1  06 

ressusciter,  295 

regarder,  211-15;  191 

restaurer,  198 

regarder  (d),  215 

rwter,  143,  159,  213,  244,  280 

regner,  197,  231 

resulter,  93,  109,  162 

INDEX 


449 


resume,  215 

sommeiller,  to  slumber 

retarder,  100,  143 

sommer,  269 

retirer,  197,  205,  226 

sonder,  157 

retomber,  221,  296 

songer  (a),  90,  133,  136 

retourner,  246,  267,  278 

sonner,  128,  133,  220,  295 

retracer,  278 

soucier  (s'en)   97,  121 

retracter,  197 

souder,  235 

retrancher,  226,  239 

souffler,  273 

retrouver  (re  +  trouver) 
reveiller,  to  wake  up 

souffleter,  230 
souhaiter,  149,  160-2 

revendiquer,  202 
rerer  (o),  to  dream 

souiller,  108 
soulever,  198,  228 

revolter,  112 

souper,  to  dine,  174 

rimer,  to  rhyme 
rincer,  183 
ri-sgwer,  93,  159,  I7«,  2I5 
rissoler  (to  brown) 
raer,  to  rivet 
rogner,  to  (clip)  cut  sparingly 

soupeser,  229 
soupirer,  to  sigh 
sour  ciller,  to  frown 
subsister,  163,  185 
substituer,  251 
succeder  (a),  231 

ronger,  to  gnaw 
rower,  184 
rouler,  168,  226,  275,  297 
ruer,  to  rush  (se),  kick 
ruisseler,  230 

suer,  262 
suggerer,  145 
suicider  (se),  to  commit  suicide 
supporter,  93,  268,  277 
supposer,  97,  143,  2°°.  259 

surmener,  229 

surmonter,  202,  278 

S 

surpasser,  to  surpass 

sabler,  334 

sursauter,  to  startle 

5a/er,  227 

sa/wer,  95,  I72,  184 
scandaliser  (se),  to  take  offense 

T 

sauter,  198 
sautiller,  206 

fcic/MT  (de),  169,  204,  270 
tacher,  89,  98,  270 

sauver,  170 
savonner,  232 

tacheter,  230 

savourer,  to  relish 

tailler,  213 

lancer,  214 

scier,  220 
seeker,  226 

tamponner  (se),  206 

secouer,  275 

tanguer,  279 

tdHHCf    IO5 

sejourner,  114 
sembler,  162,  176 
semer,  151,  229,  299 

taquiner,  to  tease 
torder,  to  long  (for) 
tfter,  to  feel  (pulse) 

serrer,  158 
sieger,  228 
signaler,  199 

temoigner,  71 
/eraser,  198 
terminer,  149,  150,  232-6;  248 

signer,  281 
signifier,  88 
silhouetter,  186 
simuler,  to  sham 

tirailler,  249 
iirer,  153,201,211,232,359,214 
tomber,  224-5;  293 
tanner,  to  thunder 

sifwer,  231 
soWer,  260 
solliciter,  108,  160 
sombrer,  281 

tortiller,  191,  223 
torturer,  275 
towAer,  167,  193.  236-8;  25° 

29 

450 


INDEX 


tourmenter,  170,  232 
tourner,  200,  298 
tousser,  94, 
trainer,  195,  225 
trailer,  167,  214,  250,  277 
trancher,  273 
transformer,  247 
transpercer,  139 
transpirer,  262  (perspire> 
transporter,  195,  221 
travailler,  86,  175,  237 
traverser,  189,  213,  186 
trebucher,  to  stumble 
trembler,  140,  222 
tremousser,  to  be  impatient 
tremper,  to  dip  (soak) 
trepigner,  to  stamp  one's  feet 
tressauter,  to  startle 
(richer,  222 

trimbaler  (se),  to  go  about 
trinquer,  to  click  (glasses) 
triturer,  274 

tromper,  137,  151-2;  224,  243 
trotter,  to  trot 
trouver,  127,  136,  209 
<t«rr,  127,  260 
tutoyer,  227 


U 

user  (de),  to  use;  to  wear  out 
usiter,  195 

V 

vanter,  to  boast 
vaguer,  188 
warier,  186,  236,  252 
vet//er,  1 01 
venger,  159,  165 
verifier,  261 
verser,  199 
wder,  169,  231 
fto/er,  1 88,  273 
wser,  195 
visiter,  201,  267 
vtfrer,  171 
viyifier,  to  fortify 
vivoter,  to  live  (poorly) 
vaguer,  to  sail 
»o/er,  151,  213,  274 
voleter,  230 
rower,  to  vow 

votiter  (se),    to    become    round- 
shouldered 
voyager,  160,  175,  184 


REGULAR  VERBS  IN  -//? 


abolir,  to  abolish 
aboutir  (d),  236,  246 
abrutir,  234,  248 
accomplir,  238,  268 
accroupir  (5'),  203 
adoucir,  to  soften 
affaiblir,  297 
affermir,  234 
affranchir,  141 
og*>.  15°,,  236 
agrandir,  343 
allegir,  239 
alourdir,  238 
amincir,  235 
amortir,  319 
aneantir,  240,  108 
aplanir,  248 
aplatir,  238 
appauvrir,  238 
appesantir,  238 


applaudir,  239,  224 
approfondir,  240 
arrondir,  241 
a55em'r,  321 
assortir,  321 
assoupir,  to  doze 
assouplir,  279 
assourdir,  278 
assouvir,  to  quench 
assujettir,  280 
attendrir,  234,  247 
atterrir,  296 
attiedir,  234 
avertir,  152 

B 

M<tr,  104,  240 
blanchir,  99,  236 
blemir,  236 
WoWtr  (se),  203 
ftondtr  (d«),  234 


INDEX 


451 


cherir,  105 
choisir,  220,  232 
convertir,  89,  248,  269 

D 

degarnir,  169 
demolir,  239 
desobeir  (<i),  244 
divertir,  to  divert 
durcir,  280 

E 

#>a&*>  (s'),  203 

eblouir,  to  dazzle 

eclaircir,  234 

elargir,  245 

embellir,  to  embellish 

endurcir,  to  harden 

enfouir,  to  bury  (under),  152 

engourdir,  247 

enrichir  (s')t  268 

envahir,  215,  222 

epaissir,  235 

etablir,  234,  248,  261,  281 

etourdir,  to  feel  giddy 

evanouir  (s'),  202-4 


^»«>,  230,  248 
yZ&rtr,  343 
fournir,  to  provide 
franchir,  248 
Jremir,  246 


garantir,  234,  246,  269 
garnir,  184,  235 
gemir,  198 
grandir,  149 
grossir,  342 
g«en>,  236,  269 


inveslir,  to  be  invested 


jaillir,  240 
jaunir,  242 


1  08 


languir,  198 


M 


maignr,  342 
meurtrir,  318 
WMwtr  (</e),  234,  248 
murir,  240,  242 


N 


ncnrcir,  241 


oi^V  (d),  133,  244,  266 
obscurcir  ($'),  348 
ourdir,  to  hem 


£a/i>,  95,  236,  246 
/»erf>,  267 
£<?/*>,  244 
pourrir,  235,  246 
/>««*>,  135,  1 60,  234 


raccourcir,  to  shorten 

rafraichir,  91 

raidir,  106,  245 

rajeunir,  342 

raw,  238,  254 

reflechir,  138,  154,  160,  247 

refroidir,  234 

rejouir,  161,  164,  176 

rembrunir,  348 

remplir,  107,  217,  234,  249,  268 

rencherir,  to  outbid;  to  be  dearer 

repartir,  320 

reserve  (to),  203 

ressortir,  321 

retablir  (se),  151,  234,  298 

reunir,  97,  245,  299 


452 


INDEX 


reussir  (d),  95,  99,  143,  160,  234, 

295 

reverdir,  239 
rougir,  107,  237 
roussir,  to  scorch 
rugir,  137,  274 


saillir,  94 

saisir,  238,  235,  244 

salir,  98,  1 10,  240,  244 

shir,  248 

subir,  196,  234,  249 

surgir,  to  surge  (rise) 


tarir,  296 
trahir,  152 


ttnir  (d),  244 


vernir,  to  varnish 
vieillir,  342 
vomtr,  to  vomit 


VERBS  ENDING  IN  -OIR 
Page  248 


apercevoir,  152,  161,  271 
concevoir,  88,  268,  271 
decevoir,  264 
devoir,  264,  174,  175 
(conjugated) 


(echoir)  echeant,  echu,  225, 

267,  270,  326 
percevoir,  264 
recevotr,  249  (conjugated) 
redevoir,  264 


REG.  CONJUG.  ENDING  IN  -RE 


attendre,  143,  158,  160,  192,  252 

attendre  (s')  d,  to  expect  to 

confondre,  108 

correspond™,  188" 

corrompre,  246 

defendre,  142,  152,  160 

demordre  (n'en  pas),  to  stick  to  it 

dependre  (de),  143,  245 

de  cendre,  295 

detendre^  to  distend 

entendre,  90,  92,   132,   159,  189, 

239 

etendre,  167 
fendre,  273,  280 
153,  188 


interrompre,  262,  275 

mordre,  to  bite 

perdre,  131,  153,  214 

pretendre,  163,  183 

rendre,   98,    107,   166,    170,    180, 

193,  199,  268,  330 
repondre  (a),  92,  148,  256 
repandre,  198 
retordre,  281 
rompre,  271 
suspendre,  184,  191 
tendre,  122 
tondre,  to  shear 
/ordre,  229,  280 
vendre,  140,  271,  290,  298 


LIST  OF  FRENCH  IRREGULAR  VERBS 


to  abate,  abattre,  169,   191,  298, 

334.  357 
absolve,  absoudre,  332 


abstain,  s'abstenir,   164,    176, 

322 

abstract,  abstraire,  359 
acquire,  acquerir,  310 
adjoin,  adjoindre,  193,  349 


INDEX 


453 


to  aid,  subvenir  (a),  323 
admit,  admettre,  160,  351 
annoy, 353 

anoint,  oindre,  349,  354 
appear,  paraitre,  133,  354 
assess,  repartir,  320 
assume,  201  • 

attack,  assaillir,  106,  218,  311 
attain,  333 

audit,  ouir  (les  comptes),  324 
avail,  228 


to  bake,  343 

be  2tre,  1 16,  291 

—  able,  132,  134,  329 

—  ashamed,  176 

—  at  leisure,  97 

—  aware,  329 

—  better,  162,  330 

—  becoming  (seoir),  324 

—  busy,  102,  217 

—  enamored,  357 

—  equivalent,  330 
— •  issued,  317 

— -in  need,  176 

—  necessary,  140,  326 

—  silent,  175,359 

—  waited  on,  217 

—  willing,  331 

—  worrying,  92,  102,  268 
bear,  212,  331 

beat,  battre,  237,  333 
become,  seoir  (il  sied),  324 
become,  devenir,  323,  149 
begin,  se  mettre  a,  351,   123, 

356 

believe,  croire,  137,  341 
belong,  appartenir,  93,  322 
bind,  137,  349 
bless,  benir,  312 
blossom,  102,  315 
boil,  bouillir,  312,  343 
born  (to  be),  naitre,  317,  352 
bray,  braire,  334 
bring  out, /am;  ressortir,  321 
broil,  343 


to  be  able    (or   can),  132,    142, 
329 


care,  134,  112 

'     277 

circumvent,  323 
cloister,  reclure,  336 
close,  clore,  336 
clothe,  vetir  (de),  323 
coat,  enduire,  337,  347,  140-1 
combat,  combattre,  334,  94 
come  (back),  revenir,  314 
come,  322,  132,  145,  152 
commit,  commettre,  351 
compel,  340 
complain,    se    plaindre     (de), 

355 

complete,  347 
comprehend,  324,   171 
compromise,  351 
conclude,  condure,  336,   152 
concur,    concourir    (a),    312; 

or:  to  compete 
conduct,  conduire,  337,  157 
conjoin,  349 
conquer,  360,  310 
consent,    consentir,   320,    159, 

164 

construct,  337 
contain,  contenir,  322,  222 
contradict,  344,  340 
convince,  360 
cook,  cuire,  343 
(could),  241,  329,  135,  151 
counterfeit,  347,  97 
curse,  344,  350 
curtail,  357 

D 

to  dawn,  356,  349 
deal,  225,  92 
debate,  334,  206 
decline,  325 
decrease,  342 
deduct,  343,  334~7 
delight,  355 
demand,  200 
deny,  323 
depict,  354 
describe,  345 
destroy,  343,  190,  337 
detain,,  322,  140 
deviate,  320 
discomfit,  338 
die,  318,  152 


454 


INDEX 


to  disappear,  354 
discharge,  269 
discourse,  312,  214-19 
discover,  320,  271,  193 
disguise,  347,  199 
disjoin,  349 
dislocate,  351 
disown,  351 
displease,  355 
dissolve,  345,  357 
distract,  359 
distribute,  320,  1 1 1 
divest,  323 
do  (make),  347 
draw,  359,  218,  170 
dread,  341 

dress,  vStir,  199,  323,  102 
drink,  334,  176 
drive,  223,  337 
dye,  359,  343 


to  elect,  349,  193,  152 
(re—),  349 
embrace,  347 
emit,  351 
enamel,  354 
enclose,  335 
enjoin,  349 
entertain,  322,  211 
escape,  315,  165 
exclude,  336 
experience,  320 
expire  (rent),  echoir,  326 
extinguish,  346,  152,  269 
extract,  359,  280 


to  fade,  343 

fail,  314,  164,  204,  224,  298 
fall  (choir),  325,  334.  224-5 
fear,  341,  140,  172 
feel,  320;  176 
feign,  348,  341,  227 
fence  (in),  336 
fight,  333,  203 
flee,  315;  145,  165 
flower,  315,  102,  114 
follow,  358,  152,  162 
forebode,  320,  348 


foreclose,  336 
foresee,  331,  237 
forfeit,  347 

fry,  frire  (faire  frire),  p.  p. 
frit(e) 


to  gambol,  334 

gather,  313,  155,  89 
get  a  glance,  331 

—  rid  of,  347 
gird  (on),  335 
glance,  312  (look  over) 
glitter,  350 

go  after,  309,  146,358 

—  away  (s'en  oiler),  204 

—  down,  descendre,  295 

—  out,  321 

—  shopping,  310 

—  up,  monter,  1 50 
graze,  354 

grill,  343 

grind,  213,  352,  274 

groan,  348 

grow  (up),  342 

H 

to  happen  (avenir,  advenir),  123, 

322,  195 

harm,  347,  353,  206 
hasten,  312,  204 
hatch,  345 
hate,  316,  165 
have  (own),  81 

—  recourse,  312 

hear  (ouir),  324,  344,  299 

hold,  322,  171 

hone,  352 

hunt,  aller  d  la  chasse,  309 

hurt,  95,  353,  115,  142,  122 


ill-become   (messeoir),   324 
imbibe,  334,  101 
impose,  341 
imprint,  346 
inclose,  336 
increase,  342,  343 
incur,  198,  312 
induce,  337,  343 


INDEX 


455 


to  injure,  205 
infer,  331 
infringe,  346 
inquire,  310,  147,  204 
inscribe,  345,  168 
instruct,  349,  203,  167,  93 
interdict,  344-9,  340 
interpose,  351 
intervene,  323 
introduce,  337 
issue,  354,  160 


to  join,  349,  165-9 


to  keep,  322 

know,  329,  339,  I33~7. 


to  need,  326,  165,  136 
O 

to  oblige,  332 
obtain,  322,  160 
occur,  323 
offer,  319,  155,  167 
officiate  (in),  321,  186 
omit,  351 

open,  320,  224,  190 
originate,  352 
overcharge,  270 
overcome,  360,  347 
—  grow,  342 
overlook,  216,  271 
overreach,  357 
overtake,  333,  349,  168 
owe,  266  (conjugated) 
own,  94 


to  lament,  355,  166 
laugh,  357 
lay,  356 
lead,  337 
learn,  357 
leave,  320,  127 
let  off,  270 
lie,  316,  152 
—  317,  130 
like,  134,  151 
live,  360,  125,  139,  154 
look,  97 
loosen,  357 

M 


to  maintain,  322,  279,  103 
make,  347,  176 
(may),  329,  115 
mean,  331,344 
mention,  100,  344 
milk,  359 
miss,  314 

mistake,  357,  151,  137,  204 
moan,  355 
move,  327,  355 
(must),  266 


to  paint,  354,  93,  103 
pasture,  354 
penetrate  (cold),  324 
permit,  351,  161 
pickle,  338 

please,  355,  131,  205,  298,  9: 
portray,  354 
predict,  340,  344,  200 
prescribe,  345,  237 
preserve,  338 
prevail,  330 
proceed,  358 
produce,  337,  357.  I7l 
project,  321 
promise,  351 
promote,  327,  263 
proscribe,  345 
provide,  328,  323,  279 
pull  (down),  334 
pursue,  358 
put  (on),  351,  323 
put  out,  346 


to  raid,  222 
rain,  328,  106 
rattle,  335 


456 


INDEX 


to  reach,  323,  333,  158 
read,  349.  *49 
reap,  313,  15* 
recant,  344,  203 
recognize,  339,  153 
recollect,  323,  205 
reconstruct,  340 
recover,  234 

reduce,  337,  357,  165,  273 
rejoin,  349 

remember,  323,  162,  204 
remit,  351 
remove,  321-7;  169 
repent  (conjugated),  299,  97; 

320,  204 
reproduce,  337 
request,  310,  158 
resolve,  357 
restrict,  235 
result,  324  (law) 
resume,  269 
retain,  322,  130 
retake,  357 
retort,  320 
ride,  126 
rip,  340 
rise      (spring),     358,     352-8, 

206 

roast,  343 
run,  312,  315 


to  satisfy,  347 

say  (tell),  344,  158,  165 
seat,  324,  150 
seduce,  337 
see,  331,  158,  1 66 
seized  (be),  333,  346 
send, 309,  311, 171-6 
serve,  321,  152 
set,  139;  about,  356 

—  off,  330 

—  out,  320,  351 

—  sail,  320  • 
sew  340 
sharpen,  352 
shine,  350 

(should),  134,  151,  267 
show,  331;  —  out,  337 

—  in,  337 
side,  193 
silence,  359 


sit   (down),  324,  354,   150-6; 

98 

sketch,  354 
slander,  340-4;  224 
sleep;  fall  asleep,  314 
smell,  320 
solve,  357 
smile,  357 
sport,  334 

spring  (derive),  323,  136 
squeeze,  346,  123 
stamp,  346 
stand,  160,  322,  271 
start,  311  (depart),  320 
starve,  318 
stitch,  340 
strike  (a  blow),  315,  165 

—  (knock),  f rapper 

—  (ring),  sonner 
struggle,  334,  262 
submit,  351 
subscribe,  345 
subtract,  359 
succor,  312 

suffer,  320,  140,  161,  197 

suffice,  358,  131,  140,  201 

suit,  323,  140 

summon,  354 

supply,  328 

surprise,  357 

survive,  360 

suspend  (surseoir)  law,  324 

sustain,  322 

swear,  351 

swerve,  268 


to  take,  356,  170 

—  (drink,  buy),  356 

—  care,  172,94,97,  104 

—  off,  323 

—  put,  sortir 

—  in,  entrer 

—  a  part  in,  337 

—  place  (avoir  lieu),  171 

—  (conduct  or  accompany), 
150;  see  conduire,  337 

—  teach,  349 

—  tell  (say),  344,  147 
tie  down,  332 
thrash,  333  (thresh) 
transcribe,  345 


INDEX 


457 


to  transgress,  346 
translate,  337,  359 
transmit,  351 


to  understand,  357 
undertake,  357 
undo,  347 
unlearn,  357 
use,  321,  237 


to  vanquish,  360,  166 

value  (to  be  worth),  330,  140, 

162,  169,  171,  261 
vanish,  354 
violate     (enfreindre,      contre- 

venir),  323,  346 
visit,  331 
vouch,  271 


W 

to  wage  (war),  334 

wait  (on),  321 

walk,  127 

want  (wish),  160 

warn,  323 

watch,  270 

weave,  360 

welcome,  313,  224,  250 

whet,  352 

whine,  348,  355 

(will),  150,  169,  94 

wither,  343 

wish    (will,   want),   331 

132 

worsted  (to  be),  130 
worth  (to  be),  330,  151,  22 
(would),  134,  151,  241 
to  wound,  353,  205 

wrestle,  334 
wrong  (to  be),  173 


130, 


A 
Short  History  of  Rome 

From  the  Foundation  of   the  City  to  the  Fall  of 
the  Empire  of  the  West 

By  Guglielmo  Ferrero 
Assisted  by  Corrado  Barbagallo 

Two  Volumes.     8° 

Volume  I.  The  Monarchy  and  the  Republic,  from 
the  Foundation  of  the  City  to  the  Death  of 
Julius  Caesar,  754  B.C.-44  B.C.  Volume  II. 
The  Empire 

The  leading  ideas  of  the  work  are  those  which 
Ferrero  has  developed  in  his  Greatness  and  Decline 
of  Rome;  and  the  method  of  setting  forth  his  facts  is 
the  same  too.  Only  the  sketches  are  necessarily 
shorter,  the  narrative  more  concise  and  swifter,  as  is 
proper  in  a  book  intended  for  the  use  of  classes. 

The  most  novel  feature  in  the  author's  method 
of  exposition  is,  that  instead  of  that  method  being,  as 
is  the  case  in  almost  all  textbooks,  diffuse,  it  is  organic. 
This  work  does  not  contain  a  piecemeal  account  of 
wars,  reforms,  political  crises,  the  progress  of  civiliza- 
tion and  of  culture  and  economic  developments  as 
isolated  facts.  On  the  contrary,  the  facts  are  brought 
into  relationship,  with  the  result  that  a  well-rounded 
and  organic  impression  is  conveyed.  It  is  the  method 
which  Sig.  Ferrero  pursued  in  his  large  work  and  to 
which  in  part  that  work  owes  its  success. 


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HOLTZ, M.A.,  Ph.D. 


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graphical Memoir,  and  Grammatical,  Literary,  and  Historical 
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Sedaine.  Le  Philosophe  sans  le  savoir.  Edited  by 
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Nouvelle  Historique,  with  a  Biographical  Sketch  of  the  Author, 
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Part  I.  Chaps.  I.-XIII.  Part  II.  Chaps.  XIV.-XXIV. 
With  three  maps  of  the  period.  Part  III.  Chap.  XXV. 
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